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AC-AC Controllers: EE307 - Power Electronics Spring 2019

This document discusses different types of AC-AC controllers, including on-off controllers, phase angle controllers, and full-wave controllers. It provides examples of how to calculate output voltage, power factor, and currents for different controller configurations. Specifically, it examines a single phase full-wave controller with equal delay angles of π/2, and calculates the (a) rms output voltage as 120V, (b) input power factor as 1, (c) average thyristor current as 8A, and (d) rms thyristor current as 8A.

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Abdullah Nasir
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82 views

AC-AC Controllers: EE307 - Power Electronics Spring 2019

This document discusses different types of AC-AC controllers, including on-off controllers, phase angle controllers, and full-wave controllers. It provides examples of how to calculate output voltage, power factor, and currents for different controller configurations. Specifically, it examines a single phase full-wave controller with equal delay angles of π/2, and calculates the (a) rms output voltage as 120V, (b) input power factor as 1, (c) average thyristor current as 8A, and (d) rms thyristor current as 8A.

Uploaded by

Abdullah Nasir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9.

AC-AC Controllers
EE307 – Power Electronics
Spring 2019
Introduction
• Control of AC power by varying the RMS value of AC voltage
applied to load
• AC Regulator: Converts a fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac voltage
into variable ac voltage.
• Replaced transformers due to compact size, fast control, high
efficiency
• Applications:
• Industrial heating
• Light controls
• Speed control of induction motor
• Ac magnet control
Types of Controller
• On-off controller
• Thyristor connects load to ac source for a few cycles and disconnects load
from source for another few cycles
• Phase angle Controller
• Thyristor connects load to the ac source for a portion of each cycle of
input voltage
• Classified as:
• Single phase controllers
• Three phase controllers
• Unidirectional or half wave control
• Bi-directional or full wave control
ON-OFF Controller
• AC supply is connected to the load for a certain number of cycles
and turned off for a another certain number of cycles
• Thyristor 𝑇1 Triggers for positive half cycle
• Thyristor 𝑇2 trigger for negative half cycle
• Both thyristor have firing angle 𝛼 = 0

𝑉𝑠 𝑟𝑚𝑠

Single Phase Full-Wave Controller


On- Off Controller Output
n m
• 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘 − 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑛
𝑘=
𝑚+𝑛
• 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑣𝑚 ) = 2 𝑉𝑠(𝑟𝑚𝑠) sin 𝜔𝑡
• Input voltage connected to load for n cycles, and disconnected from load for m
cycles
• Output rms voltage:
1ൗ
2𝜋 2
𝑛 1
𝑉𝑜(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = . න ( 2 𝑉𝑠(𝑟𝑚𝑠) sin 𝜔𝑡)2 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝑛 + 𝑚 2𝜋 0
𝑉𝑜(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = 𝑘𝑉𝑠(𝑟𝑚𝑠)
• This indicates that by changing the duty cycle, we can change the output
voltage
• As a result the output power will also change

𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑟𝑚𝑠): 𝑉𝑠 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑟𝑚𝑠): 𝑘. 𝑉𝑠


𝑘. 𝑉𝑠 𝑘. 𝑉𝑠
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑚𝑠 : 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑚𝑠 :
𝑅 𝑅
𝑘. 𝑉𝑠 2 (𝑉𝑠 )2 . 𝑘
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟:
𝑅 𝑅
Input Power Factor (PF)
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑃𝐹 =
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 − 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝑃𝑜
𝑃𝐹 =
𝑉𝐴

𝑉𝑜
𝑃𝐹 =
𝑉𝑠

𝑃𝐹 = 𝑘
Example 1
An ac voltage controller has a resistive load of 𝑅 = 10Ω and an input rms
voltage 𝑉𝑠 = 120𝑉, 60𝐻𝑧. The thyristor is switched on for 𝑛 = 25 cycles
and is off for 𝑚 = 75 cycles. Determine:
a) The rms output voltage 𝑉𝑜
b) The input power factor (PF)
c) Average and rms current of thyristor
Peak Current:
𝑉𝑚 169.7
𝐼𝑚 = = = 16.97𝐴
𝑅 10
Average Current:
𝑘𝐼𝑚 16.97
𝐼𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = × 0.25 = 1.33𝐴
𝜋 𝜋
RMS current of thyristor:
𝑘𝐼𝑚 16.97
𝐼𝑇𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 𝐼𝐴 = × 0.25 = 4.24𝐴
2 2
Phase Controller

• Single-phase half-wave AC Phase Controller with resistive load


• Power flow to the load is controlled by delaying the firing angle of the thyristor
T1
During +ve HC
• Thyristor T1 is forward biased
• At 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼, thyristor T1 starts conducting
by applying gate signal
• Load is directly connected to the source
through T1
• Output Voltage is same as source in the
interval 𝛼 < 𝜔𝑡 < 𝜋
• At 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋, current becomes 0, T1
commutates naturally
During –ve HC
• Diode D1 is forward biased and starts
conducting
• D1 conducts from 𝜋 < 𝜔𝑡 < 2𝜋
• Load is directly connected to the source
• We get negative output voltage and output
current
• At 𝜔𝑡 = 2𝜋 , supply voltage and current
becomes 0, D1 will turn off
Single-Phase Half-wave Phase Controller Output
RMS value of Output Voltage
1ൗ
𝜋 2𝜋 2
1 2 2
𝑉𝑜 = න 2𝑉𝑠 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + න 2𝑉𝑠 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝛼 𝜋

1ൗ
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼 2
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 2𝜋 − 𝛼 +
2𝜋 2

3
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛼 = 0; 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛼 = 90°; 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠
4
Average DC Output Voltage

𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = න 2𝑉𝑠 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + න 2𝑉𝑠 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝛼 𝜋

𝑉𝑠 2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = cos 𝛼 − 1
2𝜋
Single Phase Bidirectional Phase Controller
Output RMS Voltage of Bidirectional Phase Controller
Single Phase Full-wave Controller with Common Cathode

• Thyristor T1 and diode D1 conduct together during positive half cycle


• Thyristor T2 and diode D2 conduct together during negative half cycle
• Common terminal for gating signals of T1 and T2, only one isolation circuit
is required.
• Due to two power devices conducting at the same time, the conduction
losses increase and efficiency is reduced.
Single Phase Full-wave Controller with One Thyristor

• Four diodes act as bridge rectifier


• Voltage across T1 is always unidirectional
• Thyristor current falls to zero, it naturally commutates
• Problem arises with inductive load
A single phase full wave AC voltage controller has a resistive
load of R = 10Ω and the input voltage Vs = 120V(rms), 60Hz. The
delay angles of thyristors T1 and T2 are equal: α1 = α2 = π/2.
Determine (a) the rms output voltage Vo, (b) The input PF, (c)
The average current of thyristors IA and (d) the rms current if
thyristor IR

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