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Forced Convection Heat Transfer

The document describes an experiment to evaluate heat transfer coefficients for forced convection of air through a heated pipe. Air is blown through the pipe and temperature and pressure measurements are taken. Calculations are performed to determine heat flux, heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, Stanton number, and friction factor. These calculated values are compared to theoretical empirical formulas to check accuracy. Key elements of the experimental apparatus and procedure are described, including instrumentation for temperature, pressure, and flow measurements. Calculations of heat input, bulk air temperature, and heat transfer parameters are also outlined.

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Hani Banat
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88 views6 pages

Forced Convection Heat Transfer

The document describes an experiment to evaluate heat transfer coefficients for forced convection of air through a heated pipe. Air is blown through the pipe and temperature and pressure measurements are taken. Calculations are performed to determine heat flux, heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, Stanton number, and friction factor. These calculated values are compared to theoretical empirical formulas to check accuracy. Key elements of the experimental apparatus and procedure are described, including instrumentation for temperature, pressure, and flow measurements. Calculations of heat input, bulk air temperature, and heat transfer parameters are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Hani Banat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Forced Convection Heat Transfer

Objective:
To evaluate the heat transfer coefficient for forced convection turbulent air flow
in a pipe with a uniform cross-sectional area.

Background Information:

By blowing air through a heated pipe and measuring the temperature profile
and pressure drop of air, we can find the forced convection heat transfer
coefficient (h) and hence several heat transfer parameters such as Nusselt number
(Nu) and Stanton number (St) for air. We can also find the friction factor (f) for
air. All these parameters can then be compared with the values obtained from
empirical formulas to check their accuracy.

The experimental heat transfer rig as shown in below consists of a fan,


orifice plate and thermally insulated copper pipe heated over approximately 6
ft. of its length and provided with thermocouples, selector switches, Cambridge
potentiometer, three manometers, "Variac" variable transformer, 0-5 amp
ammeter, 0-300 V voltmeter, 0-50°C mercury in glass thermometer. The pipe is
provided with two pressures tapping at a pitch of 5 ft., and also 7 thermocouples

The figure 1 shows the copper tube surrounding by a lagging and all needed
dimensions, the zero point shows the heating tape position (Note that this point
represents the reference to the points from 1 to 13), the points from 1 to 13 shows the
thermocouple positions at different positions along the tube.

Figure 1
Experimental Procedure:

Switch on the fan with the inlet valve fully open. Note: NEVER FULLY CLOSE
THE FAN INLET VALVE WHEN THE HEATER IS ON. When this has been done
the heater can be switched on with the variable transformer SET AT ZERO. Increase
the voltage to give a voltage value corresponding to the main supply. Leave the
apparatus to warm up for at least thirty minutes to attain steady temperature
conditions. The maximum tube temperature (thermocouples 1 to 7) should not exceed
150 Co. the following readings can then be taken:

1. Fan pressure.
2. Pressure drop across the orifice plate.
3. Air temperature at inlet of the test pipe.
4. Barometric pressure/Ambient temperature.
5. Pressure drop over the test length.
6. Thermocouple reading on the pipe-thermocouple 1 to 7.
7. Thermocouple inside and outside the lagging-thermocouples 8 to 13.
8. Ammeter readings.
9. Voltmeter reading.

Calculations:

*Air mass flow rate:

2 ∆ Po Kg
ṁ=ρ air Ao C d
√ ( )
ρ air s

W h ere : ∆ P o=ρw g ∆ ho

Pfan + Patm
ρair =
RT¿

(¿ ∆ hw =13.56 ∆ h Hg )

ρair : Air density (kg /m 3 ).

ρw :water density (1000 kg/m3).

Ao :Orifice Cross sectional Area(m2 ).

C d :Orifice Disc h arge coefficient ( 0.613 ) .

Pfan : Fan Pressure(N / m 2) .

Patm : Atmosp h eric Pressure(N /m2) .

∆ Po :Orifice Pressure Drop(N /m 2 ).


∆ ho :Orifice Pressure Drop head ( m H 2 O ) .

∆ hw :Water Head ( m H 2 O ) .

∆ hHg : Mercury Head ( m Hg ) .

g : gravitational acceleration(9.81 m/s 2).

R :GasConstant (0.2871 kJ /kg . K ).

T ¿ : Air Inlet Temperature ( K ) .

*Heat Flux:

1. Heat Input by Heating Tabe:

IV
Q 1= ( kJ / s ) .
1000
I : Electrical Curren ( A ) .
V : Electrical Voltage ( V ) .

2. Heat Lost through Lagging:

0.0415 2 π × 1.750
Q 2= × ×T mean ,lag (kJ /s ).
1000 ro
ln
ri( )
r i∧r o areinside∧outside radii of t h e lagging ( m ) .
T mean ,lag : Mean Temperature Dorp Across Lagging ( K ) .

3. Heat Flux through Tube Wall:


Q −Q2
∅= 1 ( kJ / m2 s ) .
A∫ .
∅ : Heat Flux T h roug h Tube Wall ( kJ / m2 s ) .
A∫ . :Internal Pipe Wall Area ( m 2 ) .
W h ere A∫ .=π D ¿ Ltot
D ¿ =32.4 mm
Do =40 mm
t copper=1.2 mm
t lagging=19mm
Ltot =1750 mm

4. Heat Input by Conduction:


∆T
Q 3=380.6 ( 2 π ŕ t copper ) ( kJ /s ) .
∆x
kJ
Q 3 : Heat Input by Conduction ( ) s
.

D ¿ +t copper
ŕ : Mean raduis of Copper Tube= (m) .
2
∆T
: Ist h e Slope of t h e Linear Part for ( T −b ) Grap h( K /mm).
∆x

Figure 2 shows the T-b graph (the temperature for points from 1-7), and
shows how to find the slope.

5. Total Heat Input Up to Chosen Section:


b kJ
Q tot =( Q 1 −Q 2 ) ×
1750
+Q 3 ( ) s
.

b : Is t h e Lengt h ¿ 0 up ¿ c h osen section ( mm ) .


6. Bulk Mean Air Temperature:
Q
T b=T ¿ + tot
ṁC p
C p=Specific Heat of Air at Inlet Temperature.
7. Forced Heat Transfer Coefficient:
∅
h=
(T w −T b)
T w =T h e WallTemp . at Heat Balance Point is taken¿ Figure 2 .
The heat balance point is taken at the midpoint between 4 and 5, because it is
neither close to the entrance nor close to the end, and the (T-b) relation is still
linear up to that point.
8. Finding Nusslet Number, Stanton Number, and Friction Factor (
Nu , St ,∧f respectively)Theoretically and Experimentally and comparing
between them:

Theoretically Experimentally
h D¿
Nu 0.023 ℜ0.8 Pr 0.4
K
Nu
St 0.023 ℜ0.2 Pr 0.6
ℜ Pr
2 D¿ ∆ P
f 0.046 ℜ−0.2 (
ρU 2m ∆ x
) **

∆P
** For hydrodynamic fully developed region =const . which is represent
∆x
the test length pressure drop over the test length (1525mm).
ṁ
U m=
ρA
ṁ D ¿
ℜ=
Aμ
Cp μ
Pr=
K
The properties ρ , μ ,C p ,∧K must be found from tables atT b.
ρ : Air Density (kg /m3 ).
µ: Dynamic Viscosity ( N s /m2 )
Cp : Air Specific Heat (J /kg K )
K : Air thermal conductivity ( W /m K ) .
Test Results:

Room temperature:…......................

Barometric pressure:……………...

Air inlet temperature:……………..

Fan pressure:……………………....

Orifice pressure drop:……………..

Test length pressure drop:…………

Heater current:…………………….

Heater voltage:…………………….

Thermocouples Actual Lagging Temp


Ref. No. Temp (Co) Diff (Co)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

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