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DC To DC Converter (Chopper)

1. A DC-DC buck converter efficiently steps down DC voltage through switching. It contains an inductor, diode, switch, and capacitor. 2. When the switch is closed, current flows through the inductor and loads the inductor with energy. When open, the diode freewheels current to maintain output voltage. 3. By varying the switch duty cycle, the average output voltage can be controlled and lowered without loss, functioning similarly to a DC transformer.

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ATULYA ALOK 17BEE0065
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60 views26 pages

DC To DC Converter (Chopper)

1. A DC-DC buck converter efficiently steps down DC voltage through switching. It contains an inductor, diode, switch, and capacitor. 2. When the switch is closed, current flows through the inductor and loads the inductor with energy. When open, the diode freewheels current to maintain output voltage. 3. By varying the switch duty cycle, the average output voltage can be controlled and lowered without loss, functioning similarly to a DC transformer.

Uploaded by

ATULYA ALOK 17BEE0065
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DC to DC CONVERTER

(CHOPPER)

1
Types
• Buck converter
• Boost converter
• Buck-Boost converter

2
Objective – to efficiently reduce DC voltage
The DC equivalent of an AC transformer

Iin Iout

+ +
DC−DC Buck
Vin Converter Vout
− −

Lossless objective: Pin = Pout, which means that VinIin = VoutIout and

Vout I in

Vin I out
3
Here is an example of an inefficient DC−DC
converter
R1 The load

+ +
Vin R2 Vout
− −

R2
Vout  Vin 
R1  R2
R2 Vout
 
R1  R2 Vin

If Vin = 39V, and Vout = 13V, efficiency η is only 0.33

Unacceptable except in very low power applications


4
Taken from “Course Overview” PPT
!
Another method – lossless conversion of
39Vdc to average 13Vdc
Stereo Switch closed
voltage Switch open
39
+
39Vdc Rstereo
–
0

Switch state, Stereo voltage DT

Closed, 39Vdc T
Open, 0Vdc

If the duty cycle D of the switch is 0.33, then the average


voltage to the expensive car stereo is 39 ● 0.33 = 13Vdc. This
is lossless conversion.

5
Buck converter

6
Switch is turned on (closed)
+ vL -

• Diode is reversed biased. S iL +


+
Vd C RL Vo
VD
 
• Switch conducts inductor
current vL

VdVo
• This results in positive opened opened
closed closed
inductor voltage, i.e: t

v L  Vd  Vo

Vo
• It causes linear increase in iL

the inductor current iLmax


diL IL
vL  L iLmin
dt
1
L
 iL  v L dt DT T
t

7
Switch turned off (opened)
+ vL -
• Because of inductive energy
S iL
storage, iL continues to flow. C
+
Vo
Vd D RL

• Diode is forward biased


vL

VdVo
• Current now flows opened opened
closed closed
(freewheeling) through the t
diode.

Vo
• The inductor voltage can be iL

derived as: iLmax

vL  Vo IL
iLmin

(1-D)T
t
DT T

8
9
10
• One way of analyzing the operation of the
buck converter is to examine the inductor
voltage and current.
• Buck converters and dc-dc converters in
general, have the following properties when
operating in the steady state:

11
12
13
Design of inductor

14
15
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19
Design of Capacitor

20
• In the preceding analysis, the capacitor was
assumed to be very large to keep the output
voltage constant.
• In practice, the output voltage cannot be kept
perfectly constant with a finite capacitance.
• The variation in output voltage, or ripple, is
computed from the voltage-current
relationship of the capacitor.
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