CLASS IX

MATHEMATICS
Chapter 1 – NUMBER SYSTEMS

# Book to be followed: NCERT

 REAL NUMBERS

Rational numbers Irrational numbers

𝑝
( a number that can be written in the form of 𝑞 , ( a number that cannot be written in
𝑝
P and q are integers and q≠ 0) the form of 𝑞 , where p and q are

Integers and q ≠ 0)

Includes Natural numbers, Whole numbers, Non Terminating non repeating

Integers. (These can be written in Decimal
form )
Eg. 0.313113111311113

Or √2
Or 7.950950095000950000
(We cannot put a bar on any digit as
nothing is repeating although they
are forming a sort of pattern)

Terminating rational Non -terminating repeating

number rational number
𝑝
All numbers in the form of 𝑞
( lowest form ) These are numbers ( fractions) in lowest form

where factors of denominators are only 2 or 5 where factors of denominators include

or both. numbers other than 2 and 5 also.
1 1 1 1
Eg. = = 0.125 Eg. = = 0.8333 … … . = 0.83̅
8 2×2×2 12 3×2×2
1
(It is Terminating decimal) or 3
= 0.3333333 … … . = 0. 3̅

1 1 5 5
or = = 0.05 or = = 0.83̅
20 2×2×5 6 2×3

( It is also Terminating decimal)

 NOTES
Chapter 1
Number system
In this chapter we are going to study about real numbers.
Real numbers are of two types
i) Rational numbers
ii) Irrational numbers or non rational numbers
In earlier classes we have learnt about counting numbers starting from 1 i.e. 1,2,3,4,………
These are called natural numbers denoted by N
N = { 1,2,3,4,……………….}
Whole numbers include ‘0’ plus all natural numbers
W = { 0,1,2,3,4,………………}
We can represent whole numbers on a number line at an equal distance from ‘0’ and on RHS
of ‘0’. Also we can take the mirror images of all natural numbers on LHS OF ‘0’. These are
called negative integers.
Now we have whole numbers, positive and negative integers, collectively known as Integers
( denoted by Z)
Z ={ ……………….., -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…………..}
3 −2 100 𝑝
But still there are some numbers like , , , etc in the form of where p and q are
5 5 103 𝑞
integers and q ≠ 0.
Now collection of such numbers is known as collection of rational numbers and is denoted
by Q
𝑝
Q={ where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0}
𝑞

Thus rational numbers include natural numbers , whole numbers and integers
To find rational numbers between given rational numbers
1 1
Ques: Insert 5 rational numbers between and 3 .
5

Sol : First we will make the denominators same

Decimal Representation of rational numbers
8
Find the decimal representation of .
3

Types of rational numbers

Rational numbers are of two types :
(i)Terminating
(ii)Non terminating repeating

𝒑
Conversion of a terminating decimal number into form
𝒒
15
(i) 0.15 =
100

15 ÷5
=
100 ÷5

3
= 20

675
(ii) 0.675 =
1000

675 ÷25
=
1000 ÷25

27
= 40
 −256875
(iii) -25.6875 =
10000

−256875 ÷625
=
10000 ÷625

−411
=
16

• Put as many zeros in denominator as the number of digits in decimal part.

• If possible, reduce it to lowest form.
𝒑
Converting non terminating repeating decimal number in ⁄𝒒 form

Pure reccuring Mixed Reccuring

All digits after decimal are At least one digit after decimal is
repeating. not repeating and then some digits are repeating
̅̅̅̅, 0.5̅ ,
Eg 0.23 Eg 0.1 6̅ ,
̅̅̅̅̅
8.168 5. 6 ̅̅̅̅̅
893

̅ into 𝒑 form.
Ques: Convert 0.𝟕
𝒒

Sol Let 𝑥 = 0.7̅

𝑥 = 0.77777777 …………
Multiplying both sides by 10, we get,
10 𝑥 = 7.77777777…………
10 𝑥 = 7. 7̅
10 𝑥 - 𝑥 = 7. 7̅ - 0.7̅
9𝑥 =7
7
𝑥 =
9
7
Thus 0.7̅ =
9
 ̅̅̅̅ in 𝒑 form.
Ques: Convert 0.𝟔𝟑
𝒒

Sol ̅̅̅̅
Let x = 0.63
x = 0.63636363…..
̅̅̅̅
x = 0.6363 -----------------(i)
multiplying both sides by 100, we get,
̅̅̅̅
100 x = 63 . 63 -----------------(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get,
100x – x = 63. ̅63
̅̅̅ - 0. ̅̅
63̅̅

99 x = 63
63
x =
99
7
x =
11
7
̅̅̅̅ =
Thus 0.63
11

𝒑
̅ into
Ques: Convert 2.𝟒 form
𝒒

Sol: Let X = 2.4̅ -----------------------(i)

Multiplying both sides by 10, we get,
10X = 24. 4̅ --------------------(ii)
Subtract (i) from (ii)
9X = 24. 4̅ - 2. 4̅
9X = 22
22
X=
9
22
Thus 2. 4̅ =
9
⎈ IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
𝑝
• cannot be expressed in form
𝑞
• decimal representation is non repeating non terminating
eg √5 , √3, √2, √17 ( square root of all non perfect square numbers )
• 0.53053005300053000053……..
 2.313113111311113………..

Some important results

i) Negative of irrational number is irrational
ii) Sum of a Rational number and an irrational number = Irrational number
iii) Product of a Non zero rational number and an irrational number = irrational number
iv) Sum , product , difference , quotient of two irrational numbers may not be irrational

❖ How to find an irrational number between 0.23 and 0.25?

Steps (i) Clearly, we have 0.23 < 0.25
(ii) now we observed that both have ‘0’ before decimal
(iii) Also first digit after decimal is same i.e. 2
(iv) At second place of decimal, they have ‘3’ and ‘5’
So, we consider the following non terminating non repeating numbers between 0.23 and 0.25
0. 239 399 3999399993……………..
0. 2414114111411114……………..
0. 2405005000500005……………..
0. 24994999499994………………..
All these number are greater than 0.23 and less than 0.25

❖ How to examine that a number is rational or irrational?

2
Ques: Check whether (2 + √2) is rational or irrational
2 2
Sol: (2 + √2 ) = (√2) + 22 + 2(2) √2

= 2 + 4 + 4 √2
= 6 + 4 √2 which is irrational number
As 4 √2 is a product of rational and irrational number, so it is irrational
Again 6 + 4 √2 is a sum of rational and irrational
So 6 + 4 √2 is irrational
2
Thus, (2 + √2) is irrational

❖ Representation of an irrational number on number line

Represent √𝟐 on number line

Steps (i) Draw a straight line
 (ii) Mark a point 0 on it and take equal divisions on its L.H.S
(iii) Mark these divisions as 1, 2, 3. Mark 1 as B
(iv) Draw a ray AB making a right angle at division ‘B such that AB = BC = 1 unit
(v) Join C to A
(vi) By Pythagoras theorem, distance AC represent √2 units
(vii) Now with centre ‘O’ and radius = OA, mark an arc on LHS of ‘O’ on number
line. This mark will cut the number line between ‘1’ and ‘2’
(viii) Mark this point at ‘D’

Thus, Distance OD = OA= √2 Units and ‘D’ represents √2 on number line

Similarly, we can represent √3, √5, √10 , … … … etc. on number line.
 Visualisation of rational numbers on number line using successive magnification

Eg: Representing 3.765 on number line

❖ Exponents of real numbers

Rationalising the denominator
To make the denominator of a fraction free from square root, we multiply the numerator and
denominator by an irrational number.
Such a number is called rationalising factor.

2
Eg 1: Rationalise the denominator of .
√7
2 2 √7 2√7
= x =
√7 √7 √7 7

√3− 1
Eg 2: If = a + b √3, find the value of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
√3+1

√3− 1 √3− 1
x ( rationalising factor of denominator (a + b)
√3+1 √3−1
is (a – b) and of (a – b) is (a + b) )

2
(√3−1)
= 2
(√3) − (1)2

2
(√3) + (1)2 − 2(1)(√3)
= (using (𝐴 − 𝐵)2 = (𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐵 ))
3−1
and (𝐴 + 𝐵)(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝐴2 - 𝐵 2)

4−2√3
=
2
= 2 − √3
Comparing with a + b √3 , a = 2 and b = -1,

NOTE:
Students are advised to
1. Kindly read the summary points given on page number 27 on NCERT book
thoroughly.
2. Refer to the link https://www.vedantu.com/ncert-solutions/ncert- solutions-class-9-maths-
chapter-1-number-systems for solutions to NCERT exercises ( Ex 1.1 to Ex 1.6)

3. Write down the solutions to the exercises and assignment in Maths Register/ Practice
copy
 ASSIGNMENT
Chapter – 1
NUMBER SYSTEM
1 2
Q1. Find a rational number between and .
2 3

Q2 What type of decimal expansion of √2 is ?

−1
Q3. Simplify (16) 4 × 4√16.

Q4. Simplify ( 5 + √8 ) + (3 - √2 ) – (√2 – 6)

Q5. Find three irrational numbers between 3 and 4.
3
Q6. Write in decimal form and find what kind of decimal expansion it has?
13
𝑝
Q7. Express the following in form
𝑞

i) 0.15 ii) 0.675 iii) 0.6̅ ̅̅̅̅

iv) 0.831
Q8. Find two irrational numbers between 0.35 and 0.36.
Q9. Evaluate the following using laws of exponents:

−3
3 −2 25 2 −1⁄
i) 53 × 5−3 ii)( ) iii) ( ) iv) ( 625) 4
5 64
1⁄ 1⁄
v) (125) 3 × (27) 3

Q10. Visualise 3.678 on the number line using successive magnification.

Q11. Simplify
2
i) (√11 − √5) ii) (√8 − √2 ) (√8 + √2 )

Q12. Rationalise the denominator of the following:

3 √5+1 1
i) ii) iii)
√5+1 √2 √6−√5

√5+2
Q13.i) If = a + b√5 , find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
√5−2

√3+1
ii) If = a + b√3 , find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
√3−1
5+2√3
iii) If = a + b√3 , find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
7+4√3
7+3√5
iv) If = a + b√5 , find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
7−3√5