Designation: E192 − 13

Standard Reference Radiographs of

Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* imaging. When performing digital X-ray imaging of these

1.1 The reference radiographs provided in the adjunct to this castings, refer to Digital Reference Image Standard E2660.
standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities 1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
occurring in thin-wall steel investment castings.2 Use of this as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathemati-
standard for the specification or grading of castings requires cal conversions to SI units that are provided for information
procurement of the adjunct reference radiographs which illus- only and are not considered standard.
trate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
intended to provide the following: safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
degree through radiographic examination. bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities
and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, 2. Referenced Documents
specifications and drawings.
2.1 ASTM Standards:3
1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows: E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
1.2.1 Graded—Six common discontinuity types each illus- E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
trated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity. Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
1.2.2 Ungraded—Twelve single illustrations of additional dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
generally regarded as discontinuities. E2660 Digital Reference Images for Investment Steel Cast-
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting ings for Aerospace Applications
sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness. 2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings for
1.4 This document may be used where there is no other
Aerospace Applications4
applicable document existing or for other material thicknesses
for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement 3. Terminology
has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this standard
NOTE 1—The set of reference radiographs, produced with X-rays in the may be found in Terminology E1316, Section D.
range from 130 to 250 kVp, consist of 16 plates (81⁄2 by 11 in. (216 by 279
mm)) in a 93⁄4 by 111⁄2-in. (248 by 292-mm) ring binder. 3.2 The terms relating to discontinuities present in these
reference radiographs are described based upon radiographic
1.5 These film reference radiographs are not intended to appearance. The terms “darker” and “lighter” as used in this
illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in standard refer to the optical density of a radiographic film.
aerospace investment castings when performing digital X-ray Where other radiographic imaging media are used, these terms
should be understood to refer to areas of greater or lesser
1
radiologic transmission, respectively.
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3.2.1 Gas:
E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E192 - 04 (2010)ε1. 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/E0192-13. contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The reference radiographs are considered to be applicable to all thin-wall steel Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
castings, requiring close tolerances. Such castings generally include those made by the ASTM website.
4
the lost wax, frozen mercury, ceramicast or shell mold processes. Available from ASTM Headquarters, Order RRE0192.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 E192 − 13
3.2.1.1 gas holes—round or elongated, smooth edged dark TABLE 1 Range of Illustration
spots, occurring individually, in clusters, or distributed ran- Illustration
domly throughout the casting. Plate Thick- Applicable Casting
Illustrations
ness, in. Thickness, in. (mm)
3.2.2 Shrinkage: (mm)
3.2.2.1 shrinkage cavity— an area with distinct jagged Graded:
Gas holes ⁄ (3.2)
18 ⁄ (6.4) and under
14
boundaries. Gas holes ⁄ (9.5)
38 Over 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 (6.4 to 12.7), incl
3.2.2.2 shrinkage, sponge—an area, lacy in texture, with a Gas holes 3⁄4 (19) Over 1⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl
very diffuse outline.
Shrinkage cavity 34⁄ (19) All thicknesses
3.2.2.3 shrinkage, dendritic—a distribution of very fine
lines or small elongated cavities that may vary in darkness and Shrinkage, sponge ⁄ (3.2)
18 ⁄ (6.4) and under
14

Shrinkage, sponge ⁄ (9.5)

38 Over 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 (6.4 to 12.7), incl
are usually unconnected. Shrinkage, sponge 3⁄4 (19) Over 1⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl
3.2.2.4 shrinkage, filamentary—usually a continuous struc-
Shrinkage, dendritic ⁄ (3.2)
18 ⁄ (6.4) and under
14
ture of connected lines or branches of variable length, width Shrinkage, dendritic ⁄ (9.5)
38 Over 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 (6.4 to 12.7), incl
and darkness, or occasionally, a network. Shrinkage, dendritic 3⁄4 (19) Over 1⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl
3.2.3 Heterogeneities: Shrinkage, filamentary 34⁄ (19) All thicknesses
3.2.3.1 foreign material less dense—irregularly shaped in-
dications darker than the adjacent material, but lighter than gas Foreign material, less dense ⁄ (3.2)
18 ⁄ (6.4) and under
14

Foreign material, less dense ⁄ (9.5)

38 Over 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 (6.4 to 12.7), incl
holes of similar magnitude. Foreign material, less dense 3⁄4 (19) Over 1⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl
3.2.3.2 foreign material more dense—irregularly shaped
Ungraded:
indications lighter than the adjacent material. Discrete Discontinuities:
3.2.4 Discrete Discontinuities: Foreign material, more
dense ⁄
38 (9.5)
3.2.4.1 hot tears—ragged dark lines of variable width and Hot tear ⁄
38 (9.5)
numerous branches. They have no definite lines of continuity Cold crack 3⁄ 8 (9.5)
and may exist in groups. They may originate internally or at the Cold shut 3⁄ 8 (9.5)
Misrun 3⁄ 8 (9.5)
surface. Core shift 3⁄ 8 (9.5)
3.2.4.2 cold cracks— straight or jagged lines usually con- Defective Mold:
Mold buckle, positive ⁄
38 (9.5)
tinuous throughout their length. Cold cracks generally appear Mold buckle, negative ⁄
38 (9.5)
singly. They start at the surface. Mold ridge 3⁄ 8 (9.5)
Excess metal in cracked 3⁄ 8 (9.5)
3.2.4.3 cold shut—a distinct dark line or band of variable core
length and definite smooth outline. Diffraction pattern:
Columnar ⁄ (9.5)
38
3.2.4.4 misruns—prominent dark areas of variable dimen- Mottled ⁄ (9.5)
38

sions with a definite smooth outline.

3.2.4.5 core shift—a variation in wall thickness.
3.2.5 defective mold, is illustrated by such common defects rejectable in commercial practice.5 The ungraded illustrations
as mold crack, mold ridge, rattail, scab, and fin. These have been included to establish the appearance of the radio-
conditions appear as areas or lines of different darkness than graphic indications they represent in thin-wall steel castings.
the adjacent material. Illustrations of the defect include: The alloys used are listed in Table 2.
3.2.5.1 mold buckle, positive—a lightened irregularly
4.2 The ASTM penetrameters included on each graded plate
shaped area lightest near the center and gradually increasing in
were used for contrast and resolution control only, and in
darkness away from the center.
accordance with Practice E1025. All of the references are
3.2.5.2 mold buckle, negative—a darkened irregularly original radiographs. The radiographic technique used was in
shaped area darkest near the center and gradually getting accordance with Guide E94 and produced a density from 2.00
lighter away from the center. to 2.25.
3.2.6 Diffraction Pattern:
3.2.6.1 columnar—few or many lines or arrays of linear 5. Basis for Application
indications that are both darker and lighter than the surround- 5.1 The reference radiographs may be applied as acceptance
ing area. standards in a variety of ways tailored to the specific applica-
3.2.6.2 mottled—indistinct areas of darker and lighter im- tion. Application of these reference radiographs as acceptance
ages. standards should be based on the intended use of the product
and the following considerations (see Note 2):
4. Description
5
4.1 The range of radiographic illustrations is given in Table Each grade of a given discontinuity type is contained in an individual
approximate 2 by 23⁄4-in. (51 by 70-mm) machined casting block. These blocks were
1. The graded discontinuities are illustrated in eight grades. inserted in steel keeper plates with radiographic characteristics equivalent to the
These grades range from that discernible at a 2-1T quality level casting blocks. The assembled plates were then radiographed to obtain the various
or better to that evident of poor workmanship and commonly gradations shown.

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 E192 − 13
TABLE 2 Alloys Used 5.1.4 Where the reference radiographs provide only an
Illustration Alloy ungraded illustration of a discontinuity, an acceptance level
Gas holes, 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm), 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm), and 3⁄4 4330 may be specified by referencing a maximum discontinuity size,
in. (19 mm) or a percentage of the discontinuity size illustrated.
Foreign material less dense, 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm), 3⁄8 in. (9.5 4330
mm) and 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) 5.1.5 Where the reference radiograph contains multiple
Shrinkage cavity, 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) 4330 discontinuities, as in the case of gas holes, acceptance may be
Shrinkage, sponge, 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) AMS 5355A based upon the aggregate size of the discontinuities, maximum
Shrinkage, sponge, 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) and 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) 4330
Shrinkage, dendritic, 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm), 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm), and 4330 discontinuity size in the reference radiograph, the spacing
3⁄4 in. (19 mm)
between discontinuities, or a combination of these and/or other
Shrinkage, filamentary, 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) 4330
criteria.
Foreign material more dense 4330
Cold shut ACI HK 5.1.6 As a minimum the acceptance criteria should contain
Hot tear 4330 information addressing; zoning of the part (if applicable), the
Cold crack 4330
Misrun 4330
maximum acceptable severity level for each discontinuity type,
Core shift 4330 and the specified area that the reference radiograph is to be
Mold buckle, positive AMS 5382B applied.
Mold buckle, negative AMS 5360A
Mold ridge AMS 5382B NOTE 2—Caution should be exercised in specifying the grade of
Excess metal in cracked core ACI CF-8M discontinuity to be met in a casting. Casting design coupled with foundry
Diffraction pattern, columnar ACI HK practice should be considered. It is advisable to consult with the
Diffraction pattern, mottled ACI HK manufacturer/foundry before establishing the acceptance criteria to ensure
the desired quality level can be achieved.
5.2 Film Deterioration—Radiographic films are subject to
wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the
5.1.1 The discontinuities in the specified reference radio- image deteriorates over time is a function of storage
graph are acceptable in the specified unit area of the casting conditions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference
being examined. The size of this unit area should be specified radiograph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in
in the acceptance criteria. image quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be
5.1.2 Any combination or portion of these radiographs may periodically examined for signs of wear and tear, including
be used as is relevant to the particular application. Different scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-
grades or acceptance limits may be specified for each discon- graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which
tinuity type. Furthermore, different grades may be specified for could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs
different regions or zones of a component. should be replaced.
5.1.3 Special considerations may be required where more
than one discontinuity type are present in the same area. Any 6. Keywords
modifications to the acceptance criteria required on the basis of 6.1 aerospace; discontinuities; investment castings; refer-
multiple discontinuity types must be specified. ence radiographs; steel; x-ray

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee E07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E192 - 04
(2010)ε1) that may impact the use of this standard. (June 1, 2013)

(1) Added 1.5 (2) Added E2660

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