CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related literature of the study, it

contains some subs chapter. They are pragmatics, speech act, locutionary

act, illocutionary act perlocutionary act, concept of movie, synopsis of

frozen movie and previous study.

A. Pragmatics

Study about the meaning of the language would be closely between

two branches of language science. Semantics and pragmatics. Whereas

those branches deal with the meaning of the language and they are totally

different. Yule (1996:4) stated Semantics is the study of relationship

between linguistic form and entities in the world, that is how the words

literary connect to thing. Semantics includes micro linguistics that concern

on science of literal meaning of the language, it's not influenced by the

context. In other hand pragmatics includes macro linguistics that focus on

the science of the meaning of the language base on the context and the

meaning would has got different meaning when is stated in the different

context or science about the intended meaning base on the context.

Levinson (1983:5) stated pragmatics is a study of language usage.

Pragmatics allows us to interpret what speaker/writer intended meaning of

the utterance that stated, whereas the utterance is unclear.

Pragmatics deals with the context to differentiate between

pragmatics and semantics. Grundy (2000:13) context can help readers or

 listeners to determine the meaning of what is said. Because of the context

listeners/readers could interpret what the intended meaning of the

language which is conveyed by speakers/writers. The listeners should

know who the addressee and what is the relationship between them, and

when / where the communication is take place.

For example:

What time is it?

Semantically, the meaning of utterance is asking about the time and

pragmatically it has got different meaning if stated by the teacher of school

to his students that come late, base that context the meaning is you are too

late to attendant to this class/ it's too early. So the reader must know the

context or when/where the utterance is stated. And if the utterance is said

in different context the meaning is also would be different. For some

people study about pragmatics is more challenging than others science of

linguistics, because pragmatics is study about the intended meaning which

force someone to interpret the meaning of sentences/utterances base on the

context which has impact in determining the meaning itself.

B. Speech Act

We have known that language is inseparable part of human life. It

is the particular tool of communication to convey thought, opinion,

message etc. In specific situation we need to understand about the

language deeply, that's why language becomes widely discussion among

other sciences. Speech act was originally by philosopher J. L. Austin and

developed by John R. Searle. Austin (1955:12) stated in his book, in which

 by saying or saying something we are doing something. It indicates that in

utterances that is stated, there is an action that performed. According to

Searle (1979) a language is performing speech acts such as making

request, statements, giving comments, etc.

Other experts who concern at this branch of science also gives

definition about speech act. Yule (1996: 47) said that speech act is actions

performed via utterance Then, Mey (1994: 111) viewed that speech act are

actions happening in the world, that is, they bring about a change in the

existing state of fairs. In addition, Parker (1986: 14) defined speech act as

every utterance of speech act constitutes some sort of fact.

From the definition of speech act of the experts above, it can be

concluded that speech act is doing action used utterances. When we state

utterances, it is not just we convey sentence without any purpose. But it's

also has got meaning inside utterance itself. In uttering sentence at the

same time we perform action, as the hearer must clarify in what ways the

utterance said to be performing actions. Here three kinds of acts that are

simultaneously performed: locutionary act, illocutionary acts, and

perlocutionary act (Levinson, 1983:236).

C. Types of Speech Acts

George Yule (1996:48) writes on his book that in any occasion, the

action performed by producing the utterance will consist of three related

act. It is appropriate with Austin (1975:13-14) that isolates three basic

senses in which in saying something one is doing something. In this

condition, there are three basic kinds of acts perform in speech;

locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocution act.

1. Locutionary Act

Locutionary act is the literal meaning of an utterance or

semantically. Peccei (1999:4) writes in his book that locution is the

actual form of words used by the speakers and the semantic meaning.

Yule (1996:48) also defined locutionary act, which is the basic act of

utterance or producing a meaningful linguistic expression. In addition

Levinson (1983:236) stated in his book locutioanry act is the utterance

of a sentence with determined sense and reference. It can be conclude

that locutionary act is the original meaning of the sentence without

context influences, it means context hasn’t got connection between the

meaning and where/when the utterance is stated. For example I buy a

car, the meaning of that utterance is I buy a car of the literal meaning.

2. Illocutionary Act

Illocution is what the speaker is doing by uttering those words:

commanding, offering, promising, threatening, thanking, etc (Peccei,

1999:44). It means when we state utterance it would be an

interpretation of what action inside it. Then Yule (1996:48) said that

we form an utterance with some kind of function in mind. It means in

every utterance that stated by speaker then action is performed.

Another definition is the making statement, offer, promise etc.

Levinson (1983:236). In my opinion of the definition of illocutionary

act is what speaker meant from what he say base on the context. For
example I want it, to interpret what speaker intent to the hearer should

know the context.

Illocutionary Act Categories

Searle (1979) proposed that speech act could be grouped into

general categories based on the relation of word and world. There are

five basic kinds of actions that one can perform on utterance, by means

of the following types: representatives, directives, commissives,

expressive, and declaratives.

a. Representatives

Speaker who asserts a proposition as true does so in force

of his or her believe, Mey (2001:120). It means representing the

thing by utterances that appropriate with what the speaker believes.

The type representatives are stating, describing, affirming,

boasting, concluding, claiming, assessing and etc. For example:

“the earth is circle”, this utterance is representatives that describing

about the shapes of the earth.

b. Directives

Peccei (1999: 51) said that speakers direct the hearer to

perform some future act which will make the world fit with the

speaker’s words. An effort on the part of speaker to get the hearer

to do something, Mey (2001:120). Then Yule (1996:54) stated that

directives are those kinds of speech act that the speaker use to get

someone else to do something. It can be conclude that directive is

speaker attempt to get the addressee to do something. The types of

 directives are commanding, ordering, requesting, warning,

suggesting, inviting, and etc. For example, please give me your

autograph it belongs to directive in requesting the autograph of

addressee.

c. Commissives

Speakers commit themselves to a future act which will

make the words fit their words (Peccei, 1999:51). Base on the

definition above it can be conclude that commisives are the

speaker's commitment to future action, the types of

commisivesarepromising, vowing, planning, threatening, offering,

warning etc. for example: I promise I'll be in one hour. It is

commisive that speaker promising to addressee to show s/he will

arrive in one hour.

d. Expressive

Expressive includes act in which the word states what the

speaker feels, cutting (2002:17). It means concern with the

expression of psychological. The expressions such as thanking,

apologizing, welcoming, condoling etc, for example “I’m sorry”,

that’s the example of apologizing of expressive speech act.

e. Declaratives

Joan Cutting (2002:16) stated declarative these are words

and expression that change the world by their utterances.

Declarations which effect immediate changes in the institutional

state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extra linguistic

 institutions (Levinson, 1983:236). Based on the theories above, it

can be conclude that the declarative relates with act changing the

world immediately. The types of declaratives are

excommunicating, declaration war, firing, christening, and etc. For

example utterance: “I pronounce you husband and wife”. This

utterances show that it's belong to declarative that after uttering

that sentences both of human immediately had marrying status.

3. Perlocutionary Act

It is the consequent effect of the utterance on the hearer through

the uttering of linguistic expression, or the overall main of the

utterance (Peccei, 1999:44). That deals with the effect an utterance to

hearer. Levinson (1983:236) wrote on his book perlocutionary act is

the effect on the audience by means of uttering a sentence. It means

audience fells good/sad after uttering a sentence. Cutting (2002:16) the

perlocutionary effect, what is done by uttering the words, it is the

effect on the hearer, the heare’r reaction. It means perlocutionary is

effect or reaction on the hearer. Then Yule (1996:48) on his book stated

assumption that the hearer will recognize the effect you intended. It

means speaker assumes that the hearer would recognize the effect

trough the uttering of speaker. It can be concluded that the

perlocutionary act is the effect or reaction of the utterance trough

addressee's feeling after speaker uttering or illocutionary force. For

example: here's your coffee that utterance would give feeling happy to

hearer, or on the contrary of this example: your father passed away

 that utterance would give felling unhappy to hearer. Its also important

when determain and describing the perlocutionary act must be

konwing the context relation, because different context would be

different interpreting.

D. Movie

1. Definition of Movie

Movie is defined as a motion picture considered especially as a

source of entertainment or as an art form Webster’s third new international

dictionary (1981:1480). The development of the movie is very amaze

starting of technology expansion. People build the movie factory in many

country and right now the aces to get movies easily because of internet.

Furthermore people watch the movie is not just for entertainment only but

also we can get the lesson from movie.

2. Kinds of Movie

There are many kinds of movie based on the types of its

development and divisions, here they are:

a. Action/disaster, it's stories whose central struggle plays out

mainly through a clash of physical force.

b. Adventure, it's stories whose central struggle place out mainly

through encounters with new worlds.

c. Comedy, it's stories whose central struggle causes hilarious

result.

d. Coming-of-age drama, it's stories whose central struggle is

about the hero finding his/her place in the world

e. Crime, it's stories whose central struggle is about catching a

criminal.

f. Detective, it's stories whose central struggle is to find out what

really happened to expose the truth

g. Epic/myth, it's stories whose central struggle play out in the

midst of clash of great force or in the sweep of great historical

change.

h. Fantasy, it's stories whose central struggle plays in two world,

real world and imaginary world.

i. Gangster, it's stories whose central struggle is between a

criminal and society.

j. Horror, it's stories whose central struggle focuses on escaping

from and eventually defeating a monster.

k. Love/romance, it's stories whose central struggle is between

two people who each want to win or keep love to his/her

couple.

l. Science fiction, it's stories whose central struggle is generated

from the technology and tools of scientifically imaginable

world.

m. Social drama, it's stories whose central struggle is champion

and a problem or injustice in society

n. Thriller, it's stories whose central struggle pits an innocent hero

against a lethal enemy who is out to kill him or her.

 Base on the kinds of those movies, this research

analyzes frozen movie that typed fantasy combined little

comedy touch film. This film shows the imaginary world to be

like a real one.

E. Synopsis of Frozen Movie

In the winter landscape, Iceman worked so hard to earn the giant of

ice block, they cut the ice by the tools that were brought by them and they

sing a song about how the beautiful and dangerous of the ice to escort their

work. They piled the block of the ices into the wagon. After their job was

done they went away in the night.

The landscape was changing to the kingdom named Arendelle.

There lived two little princes and their family. One of them had got

dangerous power that could control and manipulate ice named princes

Elsa. The other named Princes Anna. In an accident, Elsa shoot Anna a

chunk of snow on her head unintentionally which colored her hair to be

white instantly. From that accident their parents prohibited Elsa used her

power again and keep her away into her room.

Ten years later, they became teenage princess, but another accident

happened one more time, king and Queen or their parents died in their

journey because their ship was crushed by the storm profound ocean, and

the news was heard by two princess and they felt so sad.

Three years later after the accident, that day was summer, Elsa

come of age, the kingdom prepared for coronation of princes Elsa to be a

queen, the gate of the kingdom was opened. While the gate opened
princess Anna used a chance to go out from the castle and meet a prince

Han of southern isles. In short meeting they decided to married, But

Princess Elsa refused the crazies decision because they have met recently.

Princess Anna tried to convince her sister, but she made Elsa be angry, her

power blew up no control and change the world to be eternal winter, she

left the castle and decided to keep away from another people, intent to

make others feel save without her exist.

Princess Anna chased after her sister purposed to persuade to stop

the eternal winter and entrust Arendelle kingdom to princess Han

temporary. In the middle of her journey, she met kristoff and his pet sven

who help her to find princes Elsa. They arrived in a beautiful place which

full of accessories of ice that hang on around the branch of tree and met

olaf. Finally they found princes Elsa and asked her to stop the immortal

winter, but Elsa couldn’t stop and Elsa hurt the heart of Anna with the

sharp ice unintentionally. The ice wounded her heart. The solution is true

love would heal her. Anna remembered Han and supposed that Princes

Han is her true love and Kristoff decided to bring Anna back to the castle

directly, he entrusted Anna to Hans then leaved, but Han betrayed her. She

was conscious that Han wasn’t her true love and remember Kristoff who

loved her. Meanwhile, previously Han reached place of Elsa and arrested

to bring as prisoner.

In other scene. Kristoff remember going back to the castle which

Anna was leaved. Whereas, Elsa was tied with long big chains. But she

could release herself from the ties, they fought each other, Han defeated
 Elsa. Han swing his sword to cut off Elsa body. Kristoff and Anna almost

reached each other but she saw her sister in the dangerous condition of

attaching of Han. She was going to save Elsa and blocking the Han's

attaching with her body. At the same time the body of Anna changed to be

statue of ice. Elsa hug statue of Anna and feel so sad, suddenly Anna

changed back to be a human because of act of true love of sister, true love

of sisters, Elsa realized that who can control his power was the true love,

finally she could stop the winter and everyone felt so happy, then Han was

captured to throw away to his place southern isles.

Elsa used her power to create wide rug of ice and decorate the hall

of castle with her power, and give Olaf clod of cloud which keep his body

from melting cause the warm condition, finally they danced together and

continue their activity.

F. Previous Study

In doing this research, the researcher has already read some

previous study that related to this research, from the previous study

researcher has got references that can be used to know how to conduct the

study to analyze the illocutionary act in frozen movie script by Jennifer

lee.

Previous study is written by Ningrum (2013). The title is an

analysis of illocutionary act found in selected spoken slogan on televisions

advertisement, that focused on the analysis of illocutionary act.She used

qualitative research design and used content analysis technique to

analyzing the data.In this research Ningrum found the illocutionary;

declaration (declaring), representatives (affirming, informing, stating,

concluding, believing, asserting, illustrating, promoting and motivating),

expressive (praising), directives ( advising, commanding, suggesting,

illustrating, motivating, recommending), commisives (promising, offering,

serving, inviting, persuading, promoting), and the dominant illocutionary

act are representatives and commisives.

Others previous study is written by Aziz (2013), the title is

illocutionary acts and politeness strategies performed by the main

characters in twilight movie. This research focused to analyze

illocutionary acts and politeness strategies are performed by the main

characters of twilight movie. This research approach is library research

with descriptive qualitative design. He used content analysis in analysing

the data. He found the types of illocutionary acts used in twilight movie

are assertive (stating, informing, claiming, and complining), commisive

(offering and promising), directive (asking, commanding and beggaging)

expressive (welcoming, refusing, apologizing, thanking, and praising),

declarative (declaring). Then he found six politeness strategies are tact

maxim, generosity maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, and

sympathy maxim.

This study focused on what are the illocutionary act and

perlocutionary act used, in other hand both of previous studies above just

concern with illocutionary act only. After checked the writer found the gap

between this research and previous studies above which haven’t conducted

yet, they are locutionary act and perlocutionary act. Hence this study
intend to analyse two parts of speech act, illocutionary act and

perlocutionary act in making little complete in speech act analysis.