Dynamic Characteristics

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation
1

Static transfer function – how the output related 
to input if the input is constant

Dynamic transfer function – also called time 
response

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 2

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FIGURE 1.27 The dynamic transfer function specifies how a
sensor output varies when the input changes instantaneously in
time (i.
(i.e., a step change)
change)..

Curtis Johnson
Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
3
Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation
All rights reserved.

2.1.3: Mathematical model structure

Input and output relationship of a linear measurement
system - ordinary differential equation (ODE):
−
dny d n 1y dy
an n + an−1 n−1 +K+ a1 + a0 y
dt dt dt
−
d mu d m 1u du
=bm + bm−1 +K+ b1 + b0 u
m−1
dt m dt dt

where,
h
u = input, y = output; u and y varies with t
n>m
a, b = constant coefficients
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 : Transfer
Function of An Accelerometer
xi Applying 2nd Newton’s
xo Law: F = ma
ma
k m

Differential equation:
dxi dxo d 2 xo
k ( xi − xo ) + c( − )=m 2
dt dt dt
d 2 xo c dxo k c dxi k
+ + xo
= + xi
dt 2 m dt m m dt m
Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 5

Dynamic characteristic
- the output response of the instrument against
time when the input is varied
- the
h relation
l i between
b any input
i andd output for
f
nth order system can be written as:
−
dny d n 1y dy
an n an−1 n−1 +K+a1 +a0 y = b0 u
+
dt dt dt

- 3 types of response: zero order response, first

order response and second order response
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Dynamic response of zero order instrument
(i.e. n = 0)

- the
h zero order
d instrument
i is
i representedd by
b

or

(y=output, u=input, K=b0/a0=static sensitivity)

- the output responses linearly to the input

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 7

Eg: potentiometer

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 Dynamic response of first order instrument
(i.e. n = 1)
dy
a1 + a 0 y = b0u
dt

- dividing the equation by a0, and apply D-operator

a 1 dy + b
y = 0 u;
a 0 dt a0

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 9

- the operational transfer function

u(t) y(t)
Sensor

- The time constant; T, represents the time taken for

the output to reach 63% of the final value and it
reaches its final value (≈99%) at around 5T.
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Eg.:
Eg .: Thermocouple

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 11

Characteristic first-
first-order time response of
a sensor.

t y(t) %
T
2T 0.86466 86.466
3T 0.95021 95.021
4T 0.98168 98.168
5T
10T 0.99995 99.995

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Characteristic first-
first-order time response of
a sensor.

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 13

General equation as function of time following a 
step input is given as:

where,
yi = initial output from static transfer 
function and initial input
yf = final output from static transfer function 
 fi l   f   i   f  f i  
and final input
T = time constant = 63% time

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 14

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Characteristic first‐order exponential time response of a sensor
to a step change of input.

yf

yi

Copyright ©2006 by Pearson

Curtis Johnson Education, Inc.
Process Control Instrumentation Technology, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
8e] Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 15 07458
All rights reserved.

A se
sensor
so measures
easu es temperature
te pe atu e linearly
ea y with
t a stat
staticc
0
transfer function of 33 mV/ C and has a 1.5‐s time
constant.. Find the output 0.75 s after input changes
constant
from 200C to 410C. Find the error in temperature this
represents..
represents

* Time response analysis always applied o the output of

the sensor because it is only the output of the sensor
that lagged

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 16

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Given static transfer function:
function:

Hence, initial and final output of the sensor are:

are:
yi =

yf =

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 17

Time response
p of first
first--order system,
y

Substitute the value of yi and yf,

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 18

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The corresponding temperature for sensor output of
932..7 mV,
932

Since the actual temperature is 41ºC

41ºC,, hence the error
in temperature is
is::

error =

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 19

When t = 5T
y 7.5 =

The corresponding temperature for sensor output of

1348..3 mV is
1348 is::
T=

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 20

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Dynamic response of second
second--order instrument
(i..e. n = 2)
(i
d2y dy
a2 2
+ a1 + a 0 y = b0u
dt dt

Applying D operator

b0u
y =
(a 0 + a1D + a 2 D 2 )

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 21

Applying Laplace Transform (with all initial

conditions equal to zero) and rearranging the
equation::
equation

where
where,
h ,

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The time response is given as:

where q=amplitude and a= ξωn is output

damping ratio

Eg..: Accelerometer
Eg

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 23

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 FIGURE 1.29 Characteristic second-order oscillatory time response
of a sensor.

Copyright ©2006 by Pearson

Curtis Johnson Education, Inc.
Process Control Instrumentation Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Technology, 8e] Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation All rights reserved.25

(ξ=0)

(1>ξ>0)

(ξ≥1)

Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 26

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Lecture04 SME3242 Instrumentation 27

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