POLYNOMIALS

3 7
For example: 5, –9, , , , etc.
CONTENTS 8 15
 Variable :
 Introduction It is a symbol whose value changes according to
the situation.
 Constants, Variables For example : x, y, z, ax, a + x, 5y, – 7x, etc.

 Algebraic Expressions  ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

 Factors, Coefficients (a) An algebraic expression is a collection of

terms separated by plus (+) or minus (–) sign.
 Polynomial, Degree and Types For example : 3x + 5y, 7y – 2x, 2x – ay + az,
etc.

 Value & Zeroes of Polynomial (b) The various parts of an algebraic expression
that are separated by ‘+’ or ‘–’ sign are called
terms.
 Geometric Meaning of Zero
For example :
 Division of Polynomial Algebraic No. of Terms
expression terms
  Remainder and Factor Theorem (i) –32 x 1 –32 x

 Applications (ii) 2x + 3y 2 2x and 3y

(iii) ax – 5y + cz 3 ax, –5y and cz
 Algebraic Identities, Factorization 3 y xy 3 y xy
(iv) + – +9 4 , ,–
 Types of Factorization x 7 8 x 7 8
and 9 and so on.
Types of Algebraic Expressions :
 INTRODUCTION
(i) Monomial : An algebraic expression having
 Algebra is that branch of mathematics which only one term is called a monomial. For ex.
treats the relation of numbers. 8y, –7xy, 4x2, abx, etc. ‘mono’ means ‘one’.
(ii) Binomial : An algebraic expression having
 CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES two terms is called a binomial. For ex. 8x +

3y, 8x + 3, 8 + 3y, a + bz, 9 – 4y, 2x2 – 4z,
In algebra, two types of symbols are used : 6y2 – 5y, etc. ‘bi’ means ‘two’
constants and variables (literals).
(iii) Trinomial : An algebraic expression having
 Constant : three terms is called a trinomial. For ex.
It is a symbol whose value always remains the ax – 5y + 8z, 3x2 + 4x + 7, 9y2 – 3y + 2x, etc.
same, whatever the situation be. ‘tri means ‘three’.
 (iv) Multimonial : An algebraic expression  Polynomial in one variable :
having two or more terms is called a
The algebraic expression like 8x, 7x + 3, 4y – 3,
multimonial.
8x2 + 5, 6 – z2, x2 – 5x + 6, 3y2 + 8y + 9, etc. each
of which involves only one variable (literal) are
 FACTORS AND COEFFICIENTS called polynomials in one variable.
 Factor :  Polynomials in two or more variables :
Each combination of the constants and variables, An algebraic expression, whose term or
which form a term, is called a factor. involves/involve two or more variables (literals)
such that the exponent of each variable is a whole
For examples :
number, is called a polynomial in two or more
(i) 7, x and 7x are factors of 7x, in which 7 is variables.
constant (numerical) factor and x is variable
(literal) factor. For examples :

(ii) In – 5x2y, the numerical factor is –5 and (a) 3x2 – 6xy + 8y2 is a polynomial in two
variables x and y.
literal factors are : x, y, xy, x2 and x2y.
(b) x + xy3 – 8x2yz – 15 is a polynomial in three
 Coefficient :
variables x, y and z.
Any factor of a term is called the coefficient of
the remaining term.  DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL
For example :
The greatest power (exponent) of the terms of a
(i) In 7x ; 7 is coefficient of x polynomial is called degree of the polynomial.
(ii) In –5x2y; 5 is coefficient of –x2y; –5 is For example :
coefficient of x2y,
(a) In polynomial 5x2 – 8x7 + 3x :
Ex. 1 Write the coefficient of :
(i) The power of term 5x2 = 2
(i) x2 in 3x3 – 5x2 +7
(ii) The power of term –8x7 = 7
(ii) xy in 8xyz
(iii) The power of 3x = 1
(iii) –y in 2y2 – 6y + 2
Since, the greatest power is 7, therefore degree of
(iv) x0 in 3x + 7 the polynomial 5x2 – 8x7 + 3x is 7
Sol. (i) –5 (ii) 8z (iii) 6 (b) The degree of polynomial :
(iv) Since x0 = 1, Therefore (i) 4y3 – 3y + 8 is 3
3x + 7 = 3x + 7x0 (ii) 7p + 2 is 1(p = p1)
 coefficient of x0 is 7. (iii) 2m – 7m8 + m13 is 13 and so on.

 DEFINITION OF POLYNOMIAL EXAMPLES 

A polynomial is an algebraic expression in Ex.2 Find which of the following algebraic

which each variable involved has power expression is a polynomial.
(exponent) a whole number. 1
(i) 3x2 – 5x (ii) x +
For example : x
In 3x2 – y5 + 8z, the power of variable x in the (iii) y–8 (iv) z5 – 3
z +8
term 3x2 is 2, the power of variable in the term
– y5 is 5 and the power of variable z in the term Sol. (i) 3x2 – 5x = 3x2 – 5x1
8z is 1 (z = z1). Therefore, the algebraic It is a polynomial.
expression
3x2 – y5 + 8z is a polynomial.
 1 (iv) Cubic Polynomial :
(ii) x + = x1 + x–1
x It is a polynomial with degree 3 (three).
It is not a polynomial. Ex. 15y3, x3, 8z3, x3 – 5x2, 3y2 + y3,
(iii) y – 8 = y1/2 – 8 2 + 3z – 2z2 + 6z3, 7y – 2 – 12y3, etc.

1
Since, the power of the first term ( y ) is ,  VALUES OF A POLYNOMIAL
2 
which is not a whole number.  For a polynomial f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2.
(iv) z5 – 3
z + 8 = z5 – z1/3 + 8 To find its value at x = 3;
Since, the exponent of the second term is replace x by 3 everywhere.
1/3, which in not a whole number. Therefore, So, the value of f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2 at x = 3 is
the given expression is not a polynomial.
f(3) = 3 × 32 – 4 × 3 + 2
Ex.3 Find the degree of the polynomial :
= 27 – 12 + 2 = 17.
(i) 5x – 6x3 + 8x7 + 6x2
Similarly, the value of polynomial
(ii) 2y12 + 3y10 – y15 + y + 3
f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2,
(iii) x
(i) at x = –2 is f(–2) = 3(–2)2 –4(–2) + 2
(iv) 8
= 12 + 8 + 2 = 22
Sol. (i) Since the term with highest exponent (power)
(ii) at x = 0 is f(0) = 3(0)2 – 4(0) + 2
is 8x7 and its power is 7.
=0–0+2=2
  The degree of given polynomial is 7.
2
(ii) The highest power of the variable is 15 1 1 1 1
(iii) at x = is f   = 3   – 4   + 2
2 2
  2
  2
  degree = 15.
3 3
(iii) x = x1  degree is 1. = –2+2=
4 4
(iv) 8 = 8x0  degree = 0
Ex.4 Find the value of the polynomial 5x – 4x2 + 3 at:
 TYPES OF POLYNOMIALS (i) x = 0 (ii) x = –1

Sol. Let p(x) = 5x – 4x2 + 3.
(i) Constant Polynomial :
(i) At x = 0, p(0) = 5 × 0 –4 × (0)2 + 3
It is a polynomial with degree 0 (zero).
=0–0+3=3
Ex. 20, –8, –1, 1, 5, 7, , etc.
(ii) At x = –1, p(–1) = 5(–1) –4(–1)2 + 3
(ii) Linear Polynomial :
= –5 – 4 + 3 = – 6
It is a polynomial with degree 1 (one).
3 5  ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL
Ex. –8x, 3x, x, x + 2 , 3 x–2, 5y – , z+
2 7
1 etc.

 If for x = a, the value of the polynomial p(x) is 0
i.e., p(a) = 0; then x = a is a zero of the
(iii) Quadratic Polynomial : polynomial p(x).
It is a polynomial with degree 2 (two) For example :

2 2 2 (i) For polynomial p(x) = x – 2; p(2) = 2 – 2 = 0

Ex. 6x2, y2, z , x – 3x, x2 – 3, 8 – 3y2,
5  x = 2 or simply 2 is a zero of the polynomial
5x2 + 3x + 2, 7 – 2z + z2, etc. p(x) = x – 2.
 (ii) For the polynomial g(u) = u2 – 5u + 6; Sol. (i) p(x) = 3x + 1 
g(3) = (3)2 – 5 × 3 + 6 = 9 – 15 + 6 = 0  1 1
   p    = 3 × – + 1 = –1 + 1 = 0
  3 is a zero of the polynomial g(u)  3 3

= u2 – 5u + 6. 1
  x = – is a zero of p(x) = 3x + 1.
3
Also, g(2) = (2)2 – 5 × 2 + 6 = 4 – 10 + 6 = 0
(ii) p(x) = (x + 1) (x – 2) 
  2 is also a zero of the polynomial
   p(–1) = (–1 + 1) (–1 – 2) = 0 × –3 = 0
g(u) = u2 – 5u + 6
and, p(2) = (2 + 1) (2 – 2) = 3 × 0 = 0
(a) Every linear polynomial has one and only
one zero.   x = –1 and x = 2 are zeroes of the given
(b) A given polynomial may have more than polynomial.
one zeroes. (iii) p(x) = x2   p(0) = 02 = 0
(c) If the degree of a polynomial is n; the  x = 0 is a zero of the given polynomial
largest number of zeroes it can have is
also n.  m  m
(iv) p(x) = x + m  p    =    + m
For example :    

If the degree of a polynomial is 5, the =–m+m=0

polynomial can have at the most 5 zeroes; if m
the degree of a polynomial is 8; largest   x = – is a zero of the given

number of zeroes it can have is 8.
polynomial.
(d) A zero of a polynomial need not be 0.
1 1
For example : If f(x) = x2 – 4, (v) p(x) = 2x + 1  p   = 2 × +1
2 2
then f(2) = (2)2 – 4 = 4 – 4 = 0
= 1 + 1 = 2 0
Here, zero of the polynomial f(x) = x2 – 4
is 2 which itself is not 0. 1
  x = is not a zero of the given
2
(e) 0 may be a zero of a polynomial. polynomial.
For example : If f(x) = x2 – x, Ex.6 Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the
then f(0) = 02 –0=0 following cases :

Here 0 is the zero of polynomial f(x) = x2 – x. (i) p(x) = x + 5 (ii) p(x) = 2x + 5

(iii) p(x) = 3x – 2
EXAMPLES 
Sol. To find the zero of a polynomial p(x) means
Ex.5 Verify whether the indicated numbers are to solve the polynomial equation p(x) = 0.
zeroes of the polynomial corresponding to
(i) For the zero of polynomial p(x) = x + 5
them in the following cases :
p(x) = 0  x + 5 = 0  x = –5
1
(i) p(x) = 3x + 1, x = –
3  x = –5 is a zero of the polynomial
p(x) = x + 5.
(ii) p(x) = (x + 1) (x – 2), x = – 1, 2
(ii) p(x) = 0   2x + 5 = 0 
(iii) p(x) = x2, x = 0
5
m    2x = –5 and x =
(iv) p(x) = x + m, x = – 2

5
1  x=– is a zero of p(x) = 2x + 5.
(v) p(x) = 2x + 1, x = 2
2
 (iii) p(x) = 0  3x – 2 = 0   (ii) A general equation of a linear polynomial is ax + b.
The graph of y = ax + b is a straight line which
2
   3x = 2 and x = . b 
3 intersects the x-axis at  , 0 .
 a 
2
 x= is zero of p(x) = 3x – 2
3 Zero of the polynomial ax + b is the x-coordinate
of the point of intersection of the graph with x-
 GEOMETRIC MEANING OF THE ZEROES OF axis.
 A POLYNOMIAL
(iii) Let us consider the quadratic polynomial x2 – 4x + 3.
Let us consider linear polynomial ax + b. The The graph of x2 – 4x + 3 intersects the x-axis at
graph of y = ax + b is a straight line. the point (1, 0) and (3, 0). Zeroes of the
For example : The graph of y = 3x + 4 is a polynomial
straight line passing x2 – 4x + 3 are the x-coordinates of the points of
through (0, 4) and (2, 10). intersection of the graph with x-axis.

x 0 2 x 1 2 3 4 5
y  3x  4 4 10 y  x 2  4x  3 0 1 0 3 8
Po int s A B Po int s A B C D E

y The shape of the graph of the quadratic

polynomials is  and the curve is known as
B(2, 10) parabola.
y

A(0, 4)

D
x O y

(i) Let us consider the graph of y = 2x – 4 intersects A C

the x-axis at x = 2. The zero 2x – 4 is 2. Thus, the x' O 1 2 3 4 5 x
zero of the polynomial 2x – 4 is the x-coordinate –1
B
of the point where the graph y = 2x – 4 intersects –2
the x-axis. y'

x 2 0 (iv) Now let us consider one more polynomial

y  2x  4 0 4 –x2 + 2x + 8. Graph of this polynomial intersects
Po int s A B the x-axis at the points (4, 0) (–2, 0).

y Zeroes of the polynomial –x2 + 2x + 8 are the

x-coordinates of the points at which the graph
intersects the x-axis. The shape of the graph of the
given quadratic polynomial is  and the curve is
O A known as parabola.
x' x
–1
–2 x  2 1 0 1 2 3 4
–3 y 0 5 8 9 8 7 0
–4 B
Po int s A B C D E F G
y'
 y y
D
9 E
8 C
7 F
6
5 x' x
4 O A
B 3
2
A 1 y'
x' G
x
–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
Condition : b 2  4ac  0 and a  0
y'
For example : y = (x – 1)2
The zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, The graph of y = (x – 1)2 will cut x-axis at one
a  0 are the x-coordinates of the points where the point (1, 0). Zero of the polynomial of the point of
graph of y = ax2 + bx + c intersects the x-axis. There intersection with x-axis.
are three types of the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c.
Case III :
Case I :
Here the graph of the quadratic equation will not
Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c intersects the x-axis at cut the x-axis. Either the graph will be completely
two distinct points A and B. The zeroes of the above the x-axis or below the x-axis So the
quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c are the x- quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c has no zero in
coordinates of the points A and B. this case.
y For example : y = x2 – 2x + 4
Graph of y = x2 – 2x + 4 will not intersect the
x-axis and the graph will be above the x-axis. The
polynomial x2 – 2x + 4 has no zero.
y
x' x
O A B

y' x' x
O

Condition : b 2  4ac  0 and a  0 y'

Let y = –x2 + 2x – 2
For example : Quadratic polynomial x2 – 7x + 12 Graph of y = – x2 + 2x – 2 will not intersect the x-
Graph of y = x2 – 7x + 12 will cut x-axis at the axis and the graph will be below the x-axis.
two distinct points (3, 0) and (4, 0). Zeroes of the The polynomial –x2 + 2x – 2 has no zero.
polynomial are 3 and 4.
y
Case II :
x' x
Here the graph intersects the x-axis at exactly one –2 –1 O 1 2 3
point i.e., at two coincident points. These two –1
coincident points A and B coincide and becomes –2
one point A. Zero of the quadratic polynomial is
the x-coordinate of point A. –3

y'
 In Brief : It means that a polynomial of degree y
two has at most two zeroes.
Cubic polynomial : Let us find out geometrically
how many zeroes a cubic has. x' O x
Let consider cubic polynomial x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6.
y'
x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
y  x 3  6 x 2  11x  6  6  1.875 0 0.375 0  0.375 0 1.875 6 In brief : A cubic equation can have 1 or 2 or
Po int s A B C D E F G H I
3 zeroes or any polynomial of degree three
Case 1 : can have at most three zeroes.

The graph of the cubic equation intersects the Remarks : In general, polynomial of degree
x-axis at three points (1, 0), (2, 0) and (3, 0). n, the graph of y = p(x) passes x-axis at most
Zeroes of the given polynomial are the x- at n points. Therefore, a polynomial p(x) of
coordinates of the points of intersection with degree n has at most n zeroes.
the x-axis.
EXAMPLES 
y
Ex.7 Which of the following correspond to the
6 I graph to a linear or a quadratic polynomial
5 and find the number of zeroes of polynomial.
4
3 y y
2 D
1 H
C E G (i) (ii)
x' x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x'
O
x x'
O
x
–1 y' y'
B F
–2
–3 y y
–4
–5
(iii) (iv)
–6 A
x' x x' x
O O
y' y' y'
Case 2 : y y
The cubic equation – x3 x2
intersects the x- O x
x'
axis at the point (0, 0) and (1, 0). Zero of a
(v) (vi)
polynomial x3 – x2 are the x-coordinates of
x' x
the point where the graph cuts the x-axis. O
y' y'
y
y
y

O x' x
O O
x' x (vii) (viii)
x' x

y'
y' y'

Zeroes of the cubic polynomial are 0 and 1. y y

Case 3 :
(ix) (x) x' x
y = x3 x' x O
O
Cubic polynomial has only one zero.
y' y'
Sol. (i) The graph is a straight line so the graph is of dividend obtained as remainder by the highest
a linear polynomial. The number of zeroes is degree term of the divisor.
one as the graph intersects the x-axis at one
Step 4 : Continue this process till the degree of
point only.
remainder is less than the degree of divisor.
(ii) The graph is a parabola. So, this is the graph
 Division Algorithm for Polynomial
of quadratic polynomial. The number of
zeroes is zero as the graph does not intersect If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with
the x-axis.
g(x)  0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and
(iii) Here the polynomial is quadratic as the graph r(x) such that
is a parabola. The number of zeroes is one as
p(x) = q(x) × g(x) + r(x)
the graph intersects the x-axis at one point
only (two coincident points). where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).
(iv) Here, the polynomial is quadratic as the graph The result is called Division Algorithm for
is a parabola. The number of zeroes is two as polynomials.
the graph intersects the x-axis at two points.
Dividend  Quotient  Divisor  Remainder
(v) The polynomial is linear as the graph is
straight line. The number of zeroes is zero as
 EXAMPLES 
the graph does not intersect the x-axis.
(vi) The polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a Ex.8 Divide 3x3 + 16x2 + 21x + 20 by x + 4.
parabola. The number of zeroes is 1 as the Sol.
graph intersects the x-axis at one point (two
coincident points) only. 3x2 + 4x + 5
3x 3
x+4 3x3 + 16x2 + 21x + 20 First term of q(x) = = 3x2
(vii)The polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a 3
3x + 12x 2 x
parabola. The number of zeroes is zero, as the – – 4x 2
graph does not intersect the x-axis. 4x2 + 21x + 20 Second term of q(x) = = 4x
4x2 + 16x x
(viii) Polynomial is neither linear nor quadratic as
– –
the graph is neither a straight line nor a 5x
5x + 20 Third term of q(x) = =5
parabola is one as the graph intersects the x- 5x + 20 x
axis at one point only. – –
(ix) Here, the polynomial is quadratic as the graph 0
is a parabola. The number of zeroes is one as
the graph intersects the x-axis at one point Quotient = 3x2 + 4x + 5
only (two coincident points). Remainder = 0
(x) The polynomial is linear as the graph is a Ex.9 Apply the division algorithm to find the
straight line. The number of zeroes is one as quotient and remainder on dividing p(x) by
the graph intersects the x-axis at only one g(x) as given below :
point.
p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3, g(x) = x2 – 2
 WORKING RULE TO DIVIDE A POLYNOMIAL Sol. We have,
 BY ANOTHER POLYNOMIAL

p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 and g(x) = x2 – 2
Step 1: First arrange the term of dividend and the x–3
x3
divisor in the decreasing order of their x2–2 x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 First term of quotient is 2 = x
degrees. x3 – 2x x
– +  3x 2
Step 2 : To obtain the first term of quotient divide the – 3x2 + 7x – 3 Second term of quotient is 2 = –3
highest degree term of the dividend by the – 3x2 +6 x
highest degree term of the divisor. + –
7x – 9
Step 3: To obtain the second term of the quotient,
divide the highest degree term of the new We stop here since
 degree of (7x – 9) < degree of (x2 – 2) 2t2 + 3t + 4
4 3 2
t2 – 3 2t + 3t – 2t – 9t – 12
So, quotient = x – 3, remainder = 7x – 9 2t4
– 6t2
Therefore, – +
3t3 + 4t2 + 9t – 12
Quotient × Divisor + Remainder 3t3 – 9t
– +
= (x – 3) (x2 – 2) + 7x – 9
4t2 – 12
= x3 – 2x – 3x2 + 6 + 7x – 9 4t2 – 12
– +
= x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 = Dividend 0
Therefore, the division algorithm is verified. Here, remainder is 0, so t2 – 3 is a factor of
Ex.10 Apply the division algorithm to find the 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12.
quotient and remainder on dividing p(x) by 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12
g(x) as given below
= (2t2 + 3t + 4) (t2 – 3)
p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g (x) = x2 +1–x
Ex.12 Check whether first polynomial is a factor of
Sol. We have, the second polynomial by applying the
division algorithm.
p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g(x) = x2 + 1 – x
x2 + 3x + 1, 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2
x2 + x – 3
x – x + 1 x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5
2
Sol. We divide 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2 by x2 + 3x + 1
x4 – x3 + x2 3x2 + 4x + 2
– + – 4 3 2
x3 – 4x2 + 4x + 5 x2 – 3x + 1 3x + 5x – 7x + 2x + 2
3x + 9x + 3x2
4 3
x3 – x2 + x
– – –
– + –
–4x – 10x2 + 2x + 2
3
–3x2 + 3x + 5
–4x3 – 12x2 – 4x
– 3x2 + 3x – 3
+ + +
+ – +
2x2 + 6x + 2
8
2x2 + 6x2 + 2
We stop here since – – –
0
degree of (8) < degree of (x2 – x + 1).
Since, here remainder is zero.
So, quotient = x2 + x – 3, remainder = 8
Hence, x2 + 3x + 1 is a factor of
Therefore,
3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2.
Quotient × Divisor + Remainder
Checking
= (x2 + x – 3) (x2 – x + 1) + 8
3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2
= x4 – x3 + x2 + x3 – x2 + x – 3x2 + 3x – 3 + 8 = (3x2 – 4x + 2) (x2 + 3x + 1) + 0
= x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5 = Dividend = 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2 = Dividend
Therefore the Division Algorithm is verified.
REMAINDER THEOREM AND FACTOR
Ex.11 Check whether the first polynomial is a factor THEOREM 
of the second polynomial by applying the
division algorithm. Remainder Theorem : Let p(x) be any
polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one
t2 – 3; 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12. and let a be any real number. If p(x) is divided by
the linear polynomial x – a, then the remainder is
Sol. We divide 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12by t2 – 3
p(a).
 Proof : Let p(x) be any polynomial with degree EXAMPLES 
greater than or equal to 1. Suppose that when p(x)
is divided by x – a, the quotient is q(x) and the Ex.14 Find the remainder when 4x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 4
remainder is r(x), i.e., p(x) = (x – a) q(x) + r(x) is divided by

Since the degree of x – a is 1 and the degree of 1

(a) x – 1 (b) x + 2 (c) x +
r(x) is less than the degree of x – a, the degree of 2
r(x) = 0. This means that r(x) is a constant, say r.
Sol. Let p(x) = 4x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 4
So, for every value of x, r(x) = r. (a) When p(x) is divided by (x–1), then by
Therefore, p(x) = (x – a) q(x) + r remainder theorem, the required remainder
will be p(1)
In particular, if x = a, this equation gives us
p(1) = 4 (1)3 – 3(1)2 + 2(1) – 4
p(a) = (a – a) q(a) + r
= 4 × 1– 3 × 1 + 2 × 1 – 4
= r,
=4–3+2–4=–1
which proves the theorem.
(b) When p(x) is divided by (x + 2), then by
Ex.13 Find the remainder when x4 + x3 – 2x2 + x + 1 remainder theorem, the required remainder
is divided by x – 1. will be p (–2).
Sol. Here, p(x) = x4 + x3 – 2x2 + x + 1, and the p(–2) = 4 (–2)3 – 3 (–2)2 + 2(–2) – 4
zero of x – 1 is 1.
= 4 × (–8) – 3 × 4 – 4 – 4
So, p(1) = (1)4 + (1)3 – 2(1)2 + 1 + 1
= – 32 – 12 – 8 = – 52
=2
 1
So, by the Remainder Theorem, 2 is the (c) When p(x) is divided by,  x   then by
 2
remainder when x4 + x3 – 2x2 + x + 1 is divided
remainder theorem, the required remainder
by x – 1. Ans
will be
So, we can say 3 2
 1  1  1  1
(i) Remainder obtained on dividing polynomial p   = 4   – 3   + 2   – 4
 2  2  2  2
p(x) by x – a is equal to p(a) .
(ii) If a polynomial p(x) is divided by (x + a) the  1 1 1
= 4 ×   – 3 × –2× –4
remainder is the value of p(x) at x = –a.  8 4 2
(iii) If a polynomial p(x) is divided by (ax –b), the 1 3 1 3
=– – – 1– 4 = – – 5
remainder is the value of p(x) at x = b a 2 4 2 4
2  3  20 25
(iv) If a polynomial p(x) is divided by (b–ax), the = =
remainder is equal to the value of p(x) at 4 4
x = ba . Ex.15 Determine the remainder when the
polynomial p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 2x + 1 is
(v) (x–a) is a factor of polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0 divided by x – 1.
(vi) (x + a) is a factor of polynomial p(x) if Sol. By remainder theorem, the required
p(–a) = 0 remainder is equal to p(1).
(vii) (ax – b) is a factor of polynomial p(x) if Now, p (x) = x4 – 3x2 + 2x + 1
b   p(1) = (1)4 – 3×12 + 2 × 1 + 1
p   = 0.
a =1–3+2+1=1
(viii) (x – a) (x – b) is a factor of polynomial p(x), Hence required remainder = p(1) = 1
if p(a) = 0 and p(b) = 0.
Ex.16 Find the remainder when the polynomial   27a + 36 +9 – 4 = 27 – 12 + a
f(x) = 2x4 – 6x3+ 2x2 – x + 2 is divided by x + 2
 26a + 26 = 0
Sol. We have, x + 2 = x – (–2). So, by remainder
  26a = – 26 
theorem, when f(x) is divided by (x–(–2))
the remainder is equal to f(–2).    a=–1
Now, f(x) = 2x4–6x3 + 2x2 –x + 2 Ex.19 Let R1 and R2 are the remainders when the
 f(–2) = 2 (–2)4 – 6(–2)3 + 2(–2)2 – (–2)+2 polynomials x3 + 2x2 –5ax–7 and

 f(–2) = 2×16 – 6 × –8 + 2 × 4 + 2 + 2 x3 + ax2 – 12x + 6 are divided by x + 1 and

x – 2 respectively. If 2R1 + R2 = 6, find the
  f(–2) = 32 + 48 + 8 + 2 + 2 = 92 value of a.
Hence, required remainder = 92 Sol. Let p(x) = x3 + 2x2– 5ax – 7 and
Ex.17 Find the remainder when q(x) = x3 + ax2– 12x + 6 be the given
p(x) = 4x3 – 12x2 + 14x – 3 is divided by polynomials.
1 Now, R1 = Remainder when p(x) is divided by
g(x) = x –
2 x+1
Sol. By remainder theorem, we know that p(x)   R1 = p(–1)
 1
when divided by g(x) =  x   gives a   R1 = (–1)3 + 2(–1)2 – 5a × – 1– 7
 2
1 [ p(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 5ax–7]
remainder equal to p   .
2   R1 = – 1 + 2 + 5a – 7
Now, p(x) = 4x3 – 12x2 + 14x – 3  R1 = 5a – 6
3 3
1 1 1 1 And, R2 = Remainder when q(x) is divided by
 p   = 4   – 12   + 14   – 3
2 2 2 2 x–2

1 4 12 14  R1 = q (2)
 p  = – + –3
2 8 4 2  R2 = (2)3 + a × 22 – 12 × 2 + 6
1 1 [ q(x) = x3 + ax2 – 12x–6]
 p  = –3+7–3
2 2    R2 = 8 + 4a – 24 + 6
1 3  R2 = 4a – 10
 p  =
2 2
Substituting the values of R1 and R2 in
1 3 2R1 + R2 = 6, we get
Hence, required remainder = p   =
2 2
2(5a – 6) + (4a – 10) = 6
Ex.18 If the polynomials + ax3+ 3x – 4 4x2  10a – 12 + 4a – 10 = 6
and x3– 4x + a leave the same remainder
when divided by (x–3), find the value of a.  14a – 22 = 6

Sol. Let p(x) = ax3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4 and  14a = 28  

q(x) = x3–4x + a be the given polynomials.    a=2
The remainders when p(x) and q(x) are divided
by (x–3) are p(3) and q(3) respectively. Factor Theorem :
By the given condition, we have If p(x) is a polynomial of degree n  1 and a
is any real number, then (i) x – a is a factor of
p(3) = q(3) p(x), if p(a) = 0, and (ii) p(a) = 0, if x – a is a
 a × 33 + 4×32 + 3× 3– 4 = 33 – 4×3+a factor of p(x).
 Proof : By the Remainder Theorem, Hence (x – 1) is a factor of p(x).
p(x) = (x – a) q(x) + p(a). (b) Let p(x) = 2 2 x3 + 5 2 x2 – 7 2
(i) If p(a) = 0, then p(x) = (x – a) q(x), which
shows that x – a is a factor of p(x). By using factor theorem, (x–1) is a factor of
p(x) only when p(1) = 0.
(ii) Since x – a is a factor of p(x),
p(x) = (x – a) g(x) for same polynomial p(1) = 2 2 (1)3 + 5 2 (1)2 – 7 2
g(x). In this case, p(a) = (a – a) g(a) = 0.
Ex.20 Examine whether x + 2 is a factor of x3 + 3x2 =2 2+5 2–7 2
+ 5x + 6 and of 2x + 4.
=7 2 –7 2 =0
Sol. The zero of x + 2 is –2. Let p(x) = x3 + 3x2 +
5x + 6 and s(x) = 2x + 4 Hence (x–1) is a factor of p(x)

Then, p(–2) = (–2)3 + 3(–2)2 + 5(–2) + 6 (c) Let p(x) = 8x4 + 12x3 – 18 x + 14
= –8 + 12 – 10 + 6 By using factor theorem, (x–1) is a factor of
=0 p(x) only when p(1) = 0

So, by the Factor Theorem, x + 2 is a factor p(1) = 8(1)4 + 12(1)3 – 18(1) +14
of x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 6.
= 8 + 12 – 18 + 14
Again, s(–2) = 2(–2) + 4 = 0
= 34 – 18 = 16  0.
So, x + 2 is a factor of 2x + 4. Ans.
Hence (x–1) is not a factor of p(x) .
To use factor theorem
Ex.22 Factorize each of the following expression,
Step 1 : (x + a) is factor of a polynomial p(x)
given that x3 + 13 x2 + 32 x + 20. (x+2) is a
if p(–a) = 0. factor.
Step 2 : (ax – b) is a factor of a polynomial p(x) Sol. Let p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32 x + 20
if p(b/a) = 0
= (x+2) is a factor of p(x)
Step 3 : ax + b is a factor of a polynomial p(x) if
p(–b/a) = 0. p(x) = (x+2) (x2 + 11 x + 10)
Step 4 : (x – a) (x – b) is a factor of a = (x + 2) (x2 + 10 x + x + 10)
polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0 and
p(b) = 0. = (x+2) (x + 10) (x + 1)

EXAMPLES  Ex.23 Factorize x3 – 23 x2 + 142 x – 120

Ex.21 Use the factor theorem to determine whether Sol. Let p(x) = x3 – 23x2 + 142 x – 120
x – 1 is a factor of Constant term, p(x) is – 120
(a) x3 + 8x2 – 7x – 2
±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5, ±10, ±12 ..............±120
(b) 2 2 x3 + 5 2 x2 – 7 2 P(1) = 1 – 23 + 142 – 120 = 0
(c) 8x4 + 12x3 – 18x + 14
 x – 1 is a factor of p(x). We find the other
Sol.(a) Let p(x) = x3 + 8x2 – 7x – 2 factor by dividing p(x) by (x – 1)
By using factor theorem, (x–1) is a factor of p(x) = (x – 1) (x2 – 22x + 120)
p(x) only when p(1) = 0
= (x– 1) (x2 – 10x – 12x + 120)
p (1) = (1)3 + 8(1)2 – 7(1) – 2
= (x – 1) [x(x –10) – 12(x–10))
=1+8–7–2
=9–9=0 = (x – 1) (x–10) (x– 12)
Ex.24 Show that (x – 3) is a factor of the polynomial Hence, (x + 1) and (3x – 2) are factors of the
x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 12 given polynomial.
Sol. Let p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 12 be the given Ex.27 Find the value of k, if x + 3 is a factor of
polynomial. By factor theorem, (x – a) is a 3x2 + kx + 6.
factor of a polynomial p(x) iff p(a) = 0.
Sol. Let p(x) = 3x2 + kx + 6 be the given
Therefore, in order to prove that x – 3 is a
polynomial. Then, (x + 3) is a factor of p(x)
factor of p(x), it is sufficient to show that
p(3) = 0. Now,  p(–3) = 0
p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 12   3(–3)2 + k × (–3) + 6 = 0
  p(3) = 33 – 3 × 32 + 4 × 3 – 12  27 – 3k + 6 = 0
= 27 – 27 + 12 – 12 = 0   33 – 3k = 0  k = 11
Hence, (x – 3) is a factor of Hence, x + 3 is a factor of 3x2 + kx + 6 if k = 11.
p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 12. Ex.28 If ax3 + bx2 + x – 6 has x + 2 as a factor and
Ex.25 Show that (x – 1) is a factor of x10 – 1 and leaves a remainder 4 when divided by (x – 2),
also of x11 – 1. find the values of a and b.

Sol. Let f(x) = x10 – 1 and g(x) = x11 – 1. Sol. Let p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + x – 6 be the given
polynomial. Then, (x + 2) is a factor of p(x)
In order to prove that (x – 1) is a factor of
both f(x) and g(x), it is sufficient to show that   p(–2) = 0 [ x + 2 = 0 x = –2]
f(1) = 0 and g(1) = 0.  a(–2)3 + b(–2)2 + (–2) – 6 = 0
Now, f(x) = x10 – 1 and g(x) = x11 – 1  –8a + 4b – 2 – 6 = 0  –8a + 4b = 8
 f(1) = 110 – 1 = 0 and g(1) = 111 –1=0  –2a + b = 2 ....(i)
  (x – 1) is a factor of both f(x) and g(x) It is given that p(x) leaves the remainder 4
Ex.26 Show that x + 1 and 2x – 3 are factors of when it is divided by (x – 2). Therefore,
2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12. p(2) = 4 [ x – 2 = 0  x = 2]
Sol. Let p(x) = – 2x3 9x2
+ x + 12 be the given  a(2)3 + b(2)2 + 2 – 6 = 4
polynomial. In order to prove that x + 1 and
2x – 3 are factors of p(x), it is sufficient to  8a + 4b – 4 = 4   8a + 4b = 8
show that p(–1) and p(3/2) both are equal to   2a + b = 2 ....(ii)
zero.
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
Now, p(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12
2b = 4   b = 2
 p(–1) = 2 × (–1)3 – 9 × (–1)2 + (–1) + 12
Putting b = 2 in (i), we get
3 3
3 3 3 3
and, p   = 2 ×   – 9 ×   + + 12 –2a + 2 = 2  –2a = 0  a = 0.
2 2 2 2
Hence, a = 0 and b = 2.
 p(–1) = –2 – 9 –1 + 12 and
1
Ex.29 If both x – 2 and x – are factors of
3 54 81 3 2
p  = – + + 12
2 8 4 2 px2 + 5x + r, show that p = r.

 p(–1) = –12 + 12 and Sol. Let f(x) = px2 + 5x + r be the given

1
 3  54  162  12  96 polynomial. Since x – 2 and x – are factors
p = 2
2 8 of f(x). Therefore,

3 1
  p(–1) = 0 and p   = 0 f(2) = 0 and f   = 0
2 2
  1 1 = b3 – bc2 + bc2 – b3 + c(b2 – b2) = 0
 x  2  0  x  2 and x  2  0  x  2 
  (a – b) is a factor of
 p × 22 + 5 × 2 + r = 0 and a(b2 – c2) + b(c2 – a2) + c(a2 – b2).
2 Similarly, we can show that (b – c) and (c – a)
1 1
p  + 5 × +r=0 are also factors of the given expression.
2 2
Hence, (a – b), (b – c) and (c – a) are also
p 5 factors of the given expression.
 4p + 10 + r = 0 and + +r=0
4 2
 APPLICATION OF REMAINDER THEOREM
p  4r  10
  4p + r = – 10 and =0  IN THE FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS
4 

  4p + r = – 10 and p + 4r + 10 = 0 (i) Obtain the polynomial p(x)

(ii) Obtain the constant term in p(x) and find its
  4p + r = – 10 and p + 4r = –10
all possible factors. For example, in the
  4p + r = p + 4r polynomial
x4 + x3 – 7x2 – x + 6 the constant term is 6
[RHS of the two equations are equal] and its factors are ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6.
  3p = 3r  p = r (iii) Take one of the factors, say a and replace
Ex.30 If x2 – 1 is a factor of ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e, x by it in the given polynomial. If the
show that a + c + e = b + d = 0. polynomial reduces to zero, then (x – a) is a
factor of polynomial.
Sol. Let p(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e be the
given polynomial. Then, (x2 – 1) is a factor of (iv) Obtain the factors equal in no. to the degree of
polynomial. Let these are (x–a), (x–b), (x–c.).....
p(x)
(v) Write p(x) = k (x–a) (x–b) (x–c) ..... where k
 (x – 1) (x + 1) is a factor of p (x)
is constant.
 (x – 1) and (x + 1) are factors of p(x) (vi) Substitute any value of x other than a,b,c ......
  p(1) = 0 and p(–1) = 0 and find the value of k.

[ x – 1 = 0 x = 1 and x + 1 = 0 x = – 1] EXAMPLES 

a + b + c + d + e = 0 and a – b + c – d + e = 0 Ex.32 Factorize x2 +4 + 9 z2 + 4x – 6 xz – 12 z
Adding and subtracting these two equations, Sol. The presence of the three squares viz.x2, (2)2,
we get 2(a + c + e) = 0 and 2(b + d) = 0 and (3z)2 gives a clue that identity (vii) could
 a + c + e = 0 and b + d = 0 be used. So we write.

 a + c + e = b + d = 0 A = x2 + (2)2 + (3z)2 + 4x – 6 xz – 12 z

Ex.31 Using factor theorem, show that a – b, b – c We note that the last two of the product terms
and c – a are the factors of are negative and that both of these contain z.
Hence we write A as
a(b2 – c2) + b(c2 – a2) + c(a2 – b2).
A = x2 + (2)2 + (–3z)2 + 2.2x – 2.x.(–3z) +
Sol. By factor theorem, a – b will be a factor of
the given expression if it vanishes by 2.2 (– 3z) = (x+2 – 3z)2
substituting = (x + 2 – 3z) (x + 2 – 3z)
a = b in it.
Ex.33 Using factor theorem, factorize the
Substituting a = b in the given expression, we polynomial x3 – 6x2 + 11 x – 6.
have
Sol. Let f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6
a(b2 – c2) + b(c2 – a2) + c(a2 – b2)
The constant term in f(x) is equal to – 6 and
= b(b2 – c2) + b(c2 – b2) + c(b2 – b2) factors of – 6 are ±1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6.
 Putting x = 1 in f(x), we have  x4 + x3 – 7x2 – x + 6
f(1) = 13 – 6 ×12 + 11× 1– 6 = k (x–1) (x +1) (x – 2) (x + 3)
= 1 – 6 + 11– 6 = 0 Putting x = 0 on both sides, we get
  (x– 1) is a factor of f(x) 6 = k (–1) (1) (–2) (3)  6 = 6 k  k = 1
Similarly, x – 2 and x – 3 are factors of f(x). Substituting k = 1 in (i), we get
Since f(x) is a polynomial of degree 3. So, it x4 + x3 – 7x2 – x + 6 = (x–1) (x +1) (x–2) (x+3)
can not have more than three linear factors.
Ex.35 Factorize, 2x4 + x3 – 14x2 – 19x – 6
Let f(x) = k (x–1) (x– 2) (x – 3). Then,
Sol. Let f(x) = 2x4 + x3 – 14x2 – 19x – 6 be the
x3– 6x2 + 11x – 6 = k(x–1) (x– 2) (x– 3) given polynomial. The factors of the constant
Putting x = 0 on both sides, we get term – 6 are ±1, ±2, ±3 and ±6, we have,

– 6 = k (0 – 1) (0 – 2) (0 – 3) f(–1) = 2(–1)4 + (–1)3 – 14(–1)2 – 19(–1)– 6

  –6=–6k k=1 = 2 – 1 – 14 + 19 – 6 = 21 – 21 = 0

Putting k = 1 in f(x) = k (x– 1) (x– 2) (x–3), and,

we get f(–2) = 2(–2)4 + (–2)3 – 14(–2)2 – 19(–2)– 6
f(x) = (x–1) (x– 2) (x – 3) = 32 – 8 – 56 + 38 – 6 = 0
Hence, x3–6x2 + 11x – 6 = (x– 1) (x – 2) (x–3) So, x + 1 and x + 2 are factors of f(x).
Ex.34 Using factor theorem, factorize the  (x + 1) (x + 2) is also a factor of f(x)
polynomial x4 + x3 – 7x2 – x + 6.
  x2 + 3x + 2 is a factor of f(x)
Sol. Let f(x) = x4 + x3– 7x2 –x + 6
Now, we divide
the factors of constant term in f(x) are ±1, ±2,
±3 and ± 6 f(x) = 2x4 +x3 – 14x2–19x – 6 by
Now, x2 + 3x + 2 to get the other factors.
f (1) = 1+ 1 – 7 – 1 + 6 = 8 – 8 = 0 2x2 – 5x –3
x2 + 3x + 2 2x4 + x3 – 14x2 – 19x – 6
  (x – 1) is a factor of f(x)
2x4 + 6x3 + 4x2
f (–1) = 1– 1 – 7 + 1 + 6 = 8 – 8 = 0
– – –
  x +1 is a factor of f(x) – 5x – 18x2 – 19x – 6
3

f(2) = 24+23 – 7 × 22 – 2 + 6 – 5x3– 15x2 – 10x

= 16 + 8 – 28 – 2 + 6 = 0 + + +
– 3x2– 9x – 6
  x–2 is a factor of f(x)
– 3x2– 9x – 6
f(–2) = (–2)4+(–2)3 – 7(–2)2 –(–2) + 6 + + +
= 16 – 8 – 28 + 2 + 6 = –12 0 0
  x + 2 is not a factor of f(x)   2x4 +x3 – 14x2–19x – 6
f(–3) = (–3)4+(–3)3 – 7(–3)2 –(–3) + 6 = (x2 + 3x + 2) (2x2–5x – 3)
= 81 – 27 – 63 + 3 + 6 = 90 – 90 = 0 = (x + 1) (x + 2) (2x2– 5x–3)
 x + 3 is a factor of f (x) Now 2x2– 5x – 3 = 2x2 – 6x + x – 3
Since f(x) is a polynomial of degree 4. So, it = 2x (x – 3) + 1(x – 3)
cannot have more than 4 linear factors
= (x – 3) (2x + 1)
Thus, the factors of f (x) are (x–1), (x+1),
(x–2) and (x+3). Hence, 2x4 +x3 – 14x2–19x – 6

Let f(x) = k (x–1) (x+1) (x–2) (x + 3) = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x – 3) (2x+1)

Ex.36 Factorize, 9z3 – 27z2 – 100 z+ 300, if it is Ex.38 Establish the identity
given that (3z+10) is a factor of it.
6 x 2  11x  8 2
= (2x+5) +
Sol. Let us divide 9z3 – 27z2 – 100 z+ 300 by 3x  2 3x  2
3z + 10 to get the other factors
Sol. 3x– 2 ) 6x2 + 11x – 8 ( 2x + 5
3z2 –
19z +30 6x2 – 4x
3z + 10 9z3
– 27z2– 100z + 300
15x – 8
9z3 + 30z2
15x – 10
– –
– 57z2– 100z + 300 2
– 57z2– 190z
6 x 2  11x  8 2
+ +  = (2x + 5) +
90 z + 300 3x  2 3x  2
90 z + 300
 ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES
– –
0
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (–a – b)2
(a – b) 2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(a – b) (a + b) = a2 – b2
   9z3 – 27z2 – 100 z+ 300 (a + b + c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
= (3z + 10) (3z2–19z + 30) (a + b – c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab – 2bc – 2ca
(a – b + c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab – 2bc + 2ca
= (3z + 10) (3z2–10z – 9z + 30) (–a + b + c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
(a – b – c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
= (3z + 10) {(3z2–10z) – (9z – 30)} (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
= (3z + 10) {z(3z–10) – 3(3z–10)} (a – b) 3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab(a + b)
= (3z + 10) (3z–10) (z–3) = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
Hence, 9z3–27z2–100z+ 300 a – b = (a – b)3 + 3ab(a – b)
3 3

= (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
= (3z + 10) (3z–10) (z–3) a + b + c3 – 3abc
3 3

= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
Ex.37 Simplify : if a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
4x  2 3 8x  3
2
+ 2
–
x x2 2x  7 x  6 2x 2  x  3 EXAMPLES 
2(2x  1) 3 8x  3 Ex.39 Expand each of the following :
Sol. + –
( x  2) ( x  1) (2 x  3) ( x  2) (2 x  3) ( x  1) 2
x y
The L.C.M. of the factors in the denominator (i) (3x – 4y)2 (ii)   
2 3
is (x – 2) (x + 1) (2x – 3)
Sol. (i) We have,
The given expression can be reduced to
(3x – 4y)2 = (3x)2 – 2 × 3x × 4y + (4y)2
2(2 x  1) (2x  3)  3( x  1)  (8x  3)( x  2)
= 9x2 – 24xy + 16y2
( x  2)( x  1) (2x  3)
(ii) We have,
2 2
2(4 x  8x  3)  3( x  1)  (8x  13x  6) 2 2 2
= x y x x y y
( x  2)( x  1) (2 x  3)    =   + 2 × × + 
2 3 2 2 3 3
15
= x2 1 y2
( x  2)(x  1) (2 x  3) = + xy +
4 3 9
Ex.40 Find the products : 1 1
Ex.42 If x + = 6, find : x4 + 4
(i) (2x + 3y) (2x – 3y) x x

 1  1  1  4 1  Sol. We have,
(ii)  x    x    x 2   x  4 
 x  x  x2   x  1  1 
2
x2 + = 34   x 2   = (34)2
Sol.(i) We have, x2  x2 
(2x + 3y) (2x – 3y) 2
 1  1
  (x2)2 +   + 2 × x2 × 2 = 1156
= (2x)2 – (3y)2 [Using: (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]  
x 2
x
= (2x)2 – (3y)2 = 4x2 – 9y2
1 1
(ii) We have,  x4 + + 2 = 1156  x4 + = 1156 – 2
x4 x4
 1  1  2 1   4 1  1
x   x   x  2  x  4    x4 + = 1154
 x  x  x  x  x4
 1  2 1  4 1  1 1
=  x2   x  2  x  4  Ex.43 If x2 + 2
= 27, find the value of the x –
 x2   x  x  x x
Sol. We have,
  1   
2
1 
= ( x 2 ) 2   2    x 4  4  2
  x    x   1 1 1
 x   = x2 – 2 × x × + 2
 x  x x
2
 1  4 1   1 
=  x4    x  4  = (x4)2 –  4   1
2
1
 x4   x  x     x   = x2 – 2 +
 x x2
1
= x8 – 2
x8  1 1
   x   = x2 + –2
Ex.41 Evaluate each of the following by using  x x2
identities : 2
 1
(i) 103 × 97 (ii) 103 × 103    x   =27–2
 x
(iii) (97)2 (iv) 185 × 185 – 115 × 115
 2 1 
Sol. (i) We have,  x  2  27 (given )
 x 
103 × 97 = (100 + 3) (100 – 3)
2
= (100)2 – (3)2 = 10000 – 9 = 9991  1
   x   = 25
 x
(ii) We have,
2
103 × 103 = (103)2  1 1
   x   = (±5)2  x – = ±5
= (100 + 3)2 = (100)2 + 2 × 100 × 3 + (3)2  x x

= 10000 + 600 + 9 = 10609 Ex.44 If x + y = 12 and xy = 32, find the value of

x2 + y2.
(iii) We have,
Sol. We have,
(97)2 = (100 – 3)2
(x + y)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy
= (100)2 – 2 × 100 × 3 + (3)2
= 10000 – 600 + 9 = 9409  144 = x2 + y2 + 2 × 32

(iv) We have, [Putting x + y = 12 and xy = 32]

185 × 185 – 115 × 115  144 = x2 + y2 + 64

= (185)2 – (115)2 = (185 + 115) (185 – 115)  144 – 64 = x2 + y2

= 300 × 70 = 21000  x2 + y2 = 80
Ex. 45 Prove that : (ii) We have,
2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca (3x + 2y – z)2
= [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] = [3x + 2y + (–z)]2
Sol. We have, = (3x)2 + (2y)2 + (–z)2 + 2 × 3x × 2y
L.H.S. = 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca + 2 × 2y × (– z) + 2 × 3x × (–z)
= (a2 – 2ab + b2) + (b2 – 2bc + c2) = 9x2 + 4y2 + z2 + 12xy – 4yz – 6xz
+ (c2 – 2ca + a2) [Re-arranging the terms] (iii) We have,
= (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 = R.H.S. (x – 2y – 3z)2
Hence, 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca = [x + (–2y) + (–3z)]2
= [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] = x2 + (–2y)2 + (–3z)2 + 2 × x × (–2y)
Ex.46 If a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = 0, prove that + 2 × (–2y) × (–3z) + 2 × (–3z) × x
a = b = c.
= x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 4xy + 12yz – 6zx
Sol. We have,
(iv) We have,
If a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = 0
(–x + 2y + z)2
2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca = 2 × 0
= [(–x) + 2y + z]2
[Multiplying both sides by 2]
= (–x)2 + (2y)2 + z2 + 2 × (–x) × (2y)
 (a2 – 2ab + b2) + (b2 – 2bc + c2)
+ 2 × 2y × z + 2 × (–x) × z
+ (c2 – 2ac + a2) = 0
= x2 + 4y2 + z2 – 4xy + 4yz – 2zx
 (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 =0
Ex.48 If a2 + b2 + c2 = 20 and a + b + c = 0, find
  a – b = 0, b – c = 0, c – a = 0 ab + bc + ca.
[Sum of positive quantities is zero if Sol. We have,
and only if each quantity is zero] (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
  a = b, b = c and c = a  (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
  a=b=c  02 = 20 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)

EXAMPLES   –20 = 2(ab + bc + ca)

Ex.47 Write the following in expanded form : 20  2(ab  bc  ca) 

 – =  
2  2 
(i) (9x + 2y + z)2 (ii) (3x + 2y – z)2
  ab + bc + ca = – 10
(iii) (x – 2y – 3z)2 (iv) (–x + 2y + z)2
Ex.49 If a + b + c = 9 and ab + bc + ca = 40,
Sol. Using the identity
find a2 + b2 + c2.
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Sol. We know that
(i) We have,
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
(9x + 2y + z)2
  92 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 × 40
= (9x)2 + (2y)2 + z2 + 2 × 9x × 2y
+ 2 × 2y × z + 2 × 9x × z   81 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 80 

= 81x2 + 4y2 + z2 + 36xy + 4yz + 18xz    a2 + b2 + c2 = 1

Ex.50 If a2 + b2 + c2 = 250 and ab + bc + ca = 3, Sol. We know that
find a + b + c.
(x – y)3 = x3 – y3 –3xy(x – y)
Sol. We know that Putting x – y = 4 and xy = 21, we get
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) 43 = x3 – y3 – 3 × 21 × 4
 (a + b + c)2 = 250 + 2 × 3  64 = x3 – y3 – 252 64 + 252 = x3 – y3
 (a + b + c)2 = 256   x3 – y3 = 316
 (a + b + c)2 = (± 16)2 1 1
Ex.54 If x + = 7, find the value of x3 + 3 .
[Taking square root of both sides] x x

 a + b + c = ± 16 Sol. We have,
3
EXAMPLES   1 1 1  1
 x   = x3 + 3 + 3 × x × x  
 x x x  x
Ex.51 Write each of the following in expanded
3
form:  1 1  1
   x   = x3 + 3
+ 3x  
(i) (2x + 3y)3 (ii) (3x – 2y)3  x x  x

Sol.(i) Replacing a by 2x and b by 3y in the identity 1

Putting x + = 7, we get
x
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b), we have
1
(2x + 3y)3 = (2x)3 + (3y)3 + 3 × 2x × 3y × (2x + 3y) 73 = x3 + +3×7
x3
= 8x3 + 273 + 18xy × 2x + 18xy × 3y
1
  343 = x3 + + 21
= 8x3 + 27y3 + 36x2y + 54xy2 x3
(ii) Replacing a by 3x and b by 2y in the identity 1 1
(a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b), we have   x3 + 3
= 343 – 21 x3 + = 322
x x3
(3x – 2y)3= (3x)3 – (2y)3 – 3 × 3x × 2y × Ex.55 If a + b = 10 and a2 + b2 = 58, find the value
(3x – 2y) of a3 + b3.
= 27x3 – 8y3 – 18xy × (3x – 2y) Sol. We know that
= 27x3 – 8y3 – 54x2y + 36xy2 (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
Ex.52 If x + y = 12 and xy = 27, find the value of Putting a + b = 10 and a2 + b2 = 58, we get
x3 + y3.
102 = 58 + 2 ab  100 = 58 + 2ab
Sol. We know that
  100 – 58 = 2ab  42 = 2ab
(x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
  ab = 21 Thus, we have
Putting x + y = 12 and xy = 27 in the above
identity, we get a + b = 10 and ab = 21 Now,

123 = x3 + y3 + 3 × 27 × 12 (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)

  103 = a3 + b3 + 3 × 21 × 10
  1728 = x3 + y3 + 972
[Putting a + b = 10 and ab = 21]
 x3 + y3 = 1728 – 972
  1000 = a3 + b3 + 630
  x3 + y3 = 756
 1000 – 630 = a3 + b3
Ex.53 If x – y = 4 and xy = 21, find the value of
x3 – y3.   a3 + b3 = 370
 1 1 2
Ex.56 If x2 + = 7, find the value of x3 + .  1  1 
2 3    x   = 7 + 2 u sin g : x 2  2  7
x x  x   x 
Sol. We have, 2
 1 1
2    x   = 32  x + =3
 1 1 1  x x
 x   = x2 + 2 + 2 × x ×
 x x x 3
 1
2    x   = 33 [Cubing both sides]
 1 1  x
  x   = x2 + 2 + 2
 x x
1  1
2
 x3 + 3
+ 3  x   = 27
 1  1  x  x
   x   = 7 + 2 Putting x 2  2  7
x  x   1  1 
 x3 + 3
+ 3 × 3 = 27 Putting x   3
2 2 x  x 
 1  1
   x   = 9   x   = 32
 x  x 1 1
 x3 + = 27 – 9  x3 + = 18
1 x3 x3
  x + =3
x Ex.58 If a + b = 10 and ab = 21, find the value of
a3 + b3.
[Taking square root of both sides]
Sol. We know that
3
 1
   x   = 33 [Cubing both sides] a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
 x
= (a + b) (a2 + 2ab + b2 – 2ab – ab)
1  1 [Adding and subtracting 2ab in the second bracket]
  x3 + + 3  x   = 27
x3  x
= (a + b) [(a + b)2 – 3ab]
 1  = 10 × (102 – 3 × 21)
   x 3   + 3 × 3 = 27
 x3 
= 10 × (100 – 63) = 10 × 37 = 370.
1 1 Ex.59 If a – b = 4 and ab = 45, find the value of
  x3 + = 27 – 9  x3 + = 18
x3 x3 a3 – b 3 .
1 1 Sol. We have, a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
Ex.57 If x4 + = 47. Find the value of x3 + .
x4 x3 = (a – b) (a2 – 2ab + b2 + 2ab + ab)
Sol. We know that = (a – b) {(a – b)2 + 3ab}
2
 2 1  1 1 = 4 × (42 + 3 × 45) = 4 × (16 + 135)
 x  2  = x4 + 4 + 2 × x2 + 2
 x  x x = 4 × 151 = 604.
2
 1   4 1  EXAMPLES 
   x 2  2
 = x  4  + 2
 x   x 
Ex.60 If a + b + c = 0, then prove that
2
 1   1  a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
   x 2  2
4
 = 47 +2 Putting x  4  47
 x   x  Sol. We know that

 1 
2
1 a3 + b3 + c3 – 3 abc
   x 2  2
 = 72 x2 + 2 = 7
 x  x = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
[Taking square root of both sides] putting a + b + c = 0 on R.H.S., we get
2 a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0
 1 1
Now,  x   = x2 + 2 + 2
 x x   a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
Ex.61 Find the following product : Sol. We know that :
(x + y + 2z) (x2 + y2 + 4z2 – xy – 2yz – 2zx) x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
Sol. We have, = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx)
(x + y + 2z) (x2 + y2 + 4z2 – xy – 2yz – 2zx)   x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
= (x + y + 2z) (x2 + y2 + (2z)2 – x × y = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz
– y × 2z – 2z × x) + 2zx – 3xy – 3yz – 3zx)
= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca), [Adding and subtracting 2xy + 2yz + 2zx]
where a = x, b = y, c = 2z   x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
= a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
= (x + y + z) {(x + y + z)2 – 3(xy + yz + zx)}
= x3 + y3 + (2z)3 – 3 × x × y × 2z
x3 + y3 + z3 – 3 × –1 = 1 × {(1)2 – 3 × –1}
= x3 + y3 + 8z3 – 6xyz
[Putting the values of x + y + z, xy + yz +
Ex.62 If a + b + c = 6 and ab + bc + ca = 11, find the
 x3 + y3 + z3 + 3 = 4
value of a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc.
Sol. We know that  x3 + y3 + z3 = 4 – 3

a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc  x3 + y3 + z3 = 1

= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)  TYPES OF FACTORIZATION

 a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc =
 Type I : Factorization by taking out the
(a + b + c) {(a2 + b2 + c2) – (ab + bc + ca)}...(i)
common factors.
Clearly, we require the values of a + b + c,
Ex.64 Factorize the following expression :
a2 + b2 + c2 and ab + bc + ca to obtain the
value of a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc. We are given the 2x2 y + 6xy2 + 10x2y2
values of a + b + c and ab + bc + ca. So, let us
Sol. 2x2 y + 6xy2 + 10x2y2 = 2xy(x + 3y + 5xy)
first obtain the value of a2 + b2 + c2.
We know that  Type II : Factorization by grouping the terms.
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca Ex.65 Factorize the following expression :

(a + b + c)2 = (a2 + b2 + c2) + 2(ab + bc + ca) a2 – b + ab – a

 62 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 × 11 Sol. a2 – b + ab – a
[Putting the values of a + b + c and ab + bc + ca] = a2 + ab – b – a = (a2 + ab) – (b + a)
 36 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 22 = a (a + b) – (a + b) = (a + b) (a – 1)
 a2 + b2 + c2 = 36 – 22  Type III : Factorization by making a perfect
 a2 + b2 + c2 = 14 square.

Now, putting a + b + c = 6, ab + bc + ca = 1 Ex.66 Factorize of the following expression :

and a2 + b2 + c2 = 14 in (i), we get 9x2 + 12xy + 4y2
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 6 × (14 – 11) Sol. 9x2 + 12xy + 4y2
= 6 × 3 = 18. = (3x)2 + 2 × (3x) × (2y) + (2y)2
Ex.63 If x + y + z = 1, xy + yz + zx = –1 and
= (3x + 2y)2
xyz = –1, find the value of x3 + y3 + z3.
Ex.67 Factorize of the following expression : If the expression A can be reduced to an
expression, three of whose terms are the
x2 y2 squares of some expression, then the identity
+2+ , x 0, y 0
y 2
x 2 (vii) may be useful.
Ex.71 Factorize each of the following expressions :
x2 y2
Sol. +2+
y2 x 2 (i) 9x2 – 4y2

2 2 2 (ii) x3 – x
x x y y x y
=   + 2   .   +   =    Sol. (i) 9x2 – 4y2 = (3x)2 – (2y)2
y
  y
   x x
  y x
= (3x +2y) (3x–2y)
Ex.68 Factorize of the following expression
(ii) x3 – x = x (x2 –1)
2
 1  1
 5x   + 4  5x   + 4, x 0 = x(x–1) (x+1)
 x  x
Ex.72 Factorize each of the following expressions :
2
 1  1 (i) 36x2 – 12x + 1 – 25y2
Sol. =  5x   + 4  5x   + 4
 x  x
9
2
(ii) a2 – ,a0
 1  1 a2
=  5x   + 2 ×  5x   × 2 + 22
 x   x Sol. (i) 36x2 – 12x + 1 – 25y2

 1 
2 = (6x)2 – 2 × 6x × 1 + 12– (5y)2
=  5x   2
 x  = (6x–1)2 – (5y)2
 Type IV : Factorizing by difference of two = {(6x – 1)– 5y} {(6x– 1) + 5y}
squares. = (6x – 1 – 5y) (6x – 1 + 5y)
Ex.69 Factorize
= (6x – 5y – 1) (6x + 5y – 1)
(a) 2x2y + 6 xy2 + 10 x2y2 2
9 3
(b) 2x4 + 2x3y + 3xy2 + 3y3 (ii) a2 – = (a)2 –  
a2 a
Sol. (a) 2x2y + 6 xy2 + 10 x2y2
 3  3
= (2xy) (x + 3y + 5xy) = a   a  
 a a
(b) 2x4 + 2x3y + 3xy2 + 3y3
Ex.73 Factorize the following algebraic expression :
= (2x4 + 2x3y) + (3xy2 + 3y3)
x4 – 81y4
= (2x3 + 3y2) (x + y)
Sol. x4 – 81y4 = [(x)2]2 – (9y2)2
Ex.70 Factorize 4x2 + 12 xy + 9 y2
= (x2 – 9y2) (x2 + 9y2)
Sol. Note that = = 4x2 say, and (2x)2 a2
= {x2 – (3y)2} (x2 + 9y2)
9y2 = (3y)2 = b2 say, where a = 2x and
b = 3y. This suggests the use of identity (i) = (x– 3y) (x + 3y) (x2 + 9y2)
may be used and the given expression is equal
Ex.74 Factorize the following expression:
to
(a + b)2. Hence x(x+z) – y (y+z)
4 x2 + 12 xy + 9 y2 Sol. x(x+z) – y (y+z) = (x2 – y2) + (xz–yz)
= (2x)2 + 2 (x) (3y) + (3y)2 = (x–y) (x+y) + z (x–y)
= (2x + 3y)2 = (x–y) {(x+y) + z}
= (2x + 3y) (2x + 3y) = (x–y) (x+ y + z)
Ex.75 Factorize the following expression : x2 + 6x + 8 = x2 + 2x + 4x + 8
x4 + x2 + 1 = (x2 + 2x) + (4x + 8)
Sol. x4 + x2 + 1 = (x4 + 2x2 +1) – x2 = x (x + 2) + 4 (x+ 2)
= (x2 +1)2 – x2 = (x2 + 1 – x) (x2 + 1+x) = (x + 2) (x + 4)
= (x2–x + 1) (x2 + x + 1) (ii) In order to factorize x2 + 4x – 21, we have to
find two numbers p and q such that
 Type V : Factorizing the sum and difference of
cubes of two quantities. p + q = 4 and pq = – 21

(i) (a3 + b3) = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) Clearly, 7 + (– 3) = 4 and 7 × – 3 = – 21

(iI) (a3 – b3) = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) We now split the middle term 4x of
x2 + 4x – 21 as 7x – 3x, so that
Ex.76 Factorize the following expression :
x2 + 4x – 21 = x2 + 7x – 3 x – 21
a3 + 27
= (x2 + 7x) – (3x + 21)
Sol. a3 + 27 = a3 + 33 = (a + 3) (a2 –3a +9)
= x (x + 7) – 3 (x + 7) = (x + 7) (x – 3)
Ex.77 Simplify : (x+ y)3 – (x –y)3 – 6y(x2 – y2)
Ex.79 Factorize each of the following quadratic
Sol. Let x + y = a and x – y = b. polynomials: x2 – 21x + 108
Then, ab = (x+y) (x–y) = x2–y2 and Sol. In order to factorize x2 – 21x + 108, we have
a – b = (x+y) – (x–y) = 2y to find two numbers such that their sum is
  (x+y)3 – (x–y)3 – 6y (x2–y2) – 21 and the product 108.
Clearly, – 21 = – 12– 9 and – 12 × – 9 = 108
= a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b) = (a – b)3
 x2 – 21 x + 108 = x2 – 12 x – 9x + 108
= {(x+y) – (x–y)}3 = (2y)3 = 8y3
= (x2 – 12 x) – (9x– 108)
 FACTORIZATION OF THE QUADRATIC
POLYNOMIAL BY SPLITTING THE = x(x – 12) – 9 (x – 12) = (x–12) (x – 9)

MIDDLE TEAM
Ex.80 Factorize the following by splitting the
 Type I : Factorization of Quadratic middle term : x2 + 3 3 x + 6
polynomials of the form x2 + bx + c.
Sol. In order to factorize x2 + 3 3 x + 6, we have
(i) In order to factorize x2 + bx + c we have to to find two numbers p and q such that
find numbers p and q such that p + q = b and
p + q = 3 3 and pq = 6
pq = c.
(ii) After finding p and q, we split the middle Clearly, 2 3 + 3 = 3 3 and 2 3 × 3 = 6
term in the quadratic as px + qx and get
desired factors by grouping the terms. So, we write the middle term 3 3 x as
2 3x+ 3 x, so that
EXAMPLES 
x2 + 3 3 x + 6
Ex.78 Factorize each of the following expressions :
(i) x2 + 6x + 8 (ii) x2 + 4x –21 = x2 + 2 3 x + 3 x + 6
Sol. (i) In order to factorize x2 + 6x + 8, we find = (x2 + 2 3 x) + ( 3 x + 6)
two numbers p and q such that p + q = 6 and
pq = 8. = (x2 + 2 3 x) + ( 3 x + 2 3 × 3 )
Clearly, 2 + 4 = 6 and 2 × 4 = 8.
= x (x + 2 3 ) + 3 (x + 2 3 )
We know split the middle term 6x in the
given quadratic as 2x + 4x, so that = (x + 2 3 ) (x + 3 )
 Type II : Factorization of polynomials = y2 –5 y + 4y – 20
reducible to the form x2 + bx + c.
= (y2 – 5 y) + (4y– 20)
Ex.81 Factorize : (a2 – 2a)2 – 23(a2 – 2a) + 120.
= y (y – 5) + 4 (y – 5)
Sol. Let a2 – 2a = x. Then,
= (y – 5) (y + 4)
(a2 – 2a)2 – 23(a2 – 2a) + 120
Thus, y2 – y – 20 = (y – 5) (y + 4)
= x2 – 23x + 120
Replacing y by x2 – 4x on both sides, we get
Now, x2 – 23x + 120 = x2 –15x – 8x + 120
(x2 – 4x)2 – (x2 – 4x) – 20
= (x2 – 15x) – (8x – 120)
= (x2 – 4x – 5) (x2 – 4x +4)
= x(x – 15) – 8(x – 15)
= (x2 – 5x + x – 5) (x2 – 2 × x × 2 + 22)
= (x – 15) (x – 8)
= {x (x – 5) + (x – 5)} (x – 2)2
Replacing x by a2 – 2a on both sides, we get
= (x – 5) (x + 1) (x – 2)2
(a2 – 2a)2 – 23(a2 – 2a) + 120
 Type III : Factorization of Expressions which
= (a2 – 2a – 15) (a2 – 2a – 8) are not quadratic but can factorized by
= (a2 – 5a + 3a – 15) (a2 – 4a + 2a –8) splitting the middle term.

= {(a(a – 5) + 3(a – 5)} {a(a – 4) + 2(a –4)} Ex.84 If x2 + px + q = (x + a) (x + b), then factorize
x2 + pxy + qy2.
= {(a – 5) (a + 3)} {(a – 4) (a + 2)}
Sol. We have,
= (a – 5) (a + 3) (a – 4) (a + 2)
x2 + px + q = (x + a) (x + b)
Ex.82 Factorize the following by splitting the
middle term :   x2 + px + q = x2 + x(a + b) + ab
x4– 5x2 + 4 On equating the coefficients of like powers of
x, we get
Sol. Let x2 = y. Then, x4 – 5x2 + 4
p = a + b and q = ab
= y2 – 5 y + 4
  x2 + pxy + qy2 = x2 + (a + b)xy + aby2
Now, y2 – 5 y + 4
= (x2 + axy) + (bxy + aby2)
= y2 – 4y – y + 4
= x(x + ay) + by(x + ay)
= (y2 – 4y) – (y – 4)
= (x + ay) (x + by)
= y(y –4) – (y– 4)
Ex.85 Factorize the following expression
= (y – 4) (y – 1)
x2y2 – xy – 72
Replacing y by x2 on both sides, we get
Sol. In order to factorize x2y2 – xy – 72, we have
x4 – 5x2 + 4 = (x2–4) (x2 – 1)
to find two numbers p and q such that
= (x2–22) (x2 – 12) = (x–2) (x+2) (x – 1) (x + 1) p+ q = – 1 and pq = – 72
Ex.83 Factorize : (x2 – 4x) (x2 – 4x – 1) – 20 clearly, – 9 +8 = – 1 and – 9 × 8 = – 72.
Sol. The given expression is So, we write the middle term – xy of
(x2 – 4x) (x2 – 4x – 1) – 20 x2y2 – xy – 72 as – 9 xy + 8 xy, so that
= (x2 – 4x)2 – (x2 – 4x) – 20 x2y2 – xy – 72 = x2y2 – 9 xy + 8 xy – 72
Let x2 – 4x = y . Then, = (x2 y2 – 9xy) + (8xy – 72)
(x2 – 4x)2 – (x2 – 4x) – 20 = y2 – y – 20 = xy (xy – 9) + 8 (xy – 9)
Now, y2 – y – 20 = (xy – 9) (xy + 8)
 FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS l + m = b = 11 and lm = ac = 3 × 6 3 = 18
 OF2 THE FORM
ax + bx + c, a 0, 1 Clearly, 9 + 2 = 11 and 9 × 2 = 18


 l = 9 and m = 2
 Type I : Factorization of quadratic
polynomials of the form ax2 + bx + c, a 0, 1 Now, 3 x2 + 11 x + 6 3
(i) In order to factorize ax2 + bx + c. We find
= 3 x2 + 9x + 2x + 6 3
numbers l and m such that l + m = b and
lm = ac = ( 3 x2 + 9x) + (2x + 6 3 )
(ii) After finding l and m, we split the middle
term bx as lx + mx and get the desired factors = ( 3 x2 +3 3 × 3 x) + (2x + 6 3 )
by grouping the terms.
= 3 x (x + 3 3 ) + 2(x + 3 3 )
EXAMPLES 
= ( 3 x +2) (x + 3 3 ).
Ex.86 Factorize the following expression :
Hence, 3 x2 + 11 x + 6 3
6x2 – 5 x – 6
Sol. The given expression is of the form = ( 3 x + 2) (x + 3 3 )
ax2+ bx+c, where, a = 6, b = – 5 and c = –6.
(ii) Here, a = 4 3 , b = 5 and c = –2 3
In order to factorize the given expression, we
have to find two numbers l and m such that In order to factorize 4 3 x2 + 5x – 2 3 , we
have to find two numbers l and m such that
l + m = b = i.e, l + m = – 5
l+m = b = 5 and lm = ac
and lm = ac i.e. lm = 6 × – 6 = – 36
i.e., we have to find two factors of – 36 such = 4 3 × – 2 3 = – 24
that their sum is – 5. Clearly, Clearly, 8 + (– 3) = 5 and 8 × – 3 = – 24
– 9 + 4 = – 5 and – 9 × 4 = – 36   l = 8 and m = –3
  l = – 9 and m = 4
Now, 4 3 x2 + 5x – 2 3
Now, we split the middle term – 5x of
x2 – 5x – 6 as – 9 x + 4x, so that = 4 3 x2 + 8x – 3x – 2 3
6x2 – 5x – 6 = 6x2–9x + 4x – 6 = (4 3 x2 + 8x) – (3x + 2 3 )
= (6x2 – 9x) + (4x – 6)
= 4x ( 3 x + 2) – 3 ( 3 x + 2)
= 3x (2x – 3) + 2(2x – 3) = (2x – 3) (3x + 2)
Ex.87 Factorize each of the following expressions : = ( 3 x + 2) (4x – 3 )
(iii) The given quadratic polynomial is
(i) 3 x2 + 11x + 6 3
7 2 x2 – 10x – 4 2 .
(ii) 4 3 x2 + 5x – 2 3 Clearly, it is of the form ax2+ bx + c, where
(iii) 7 2 x2 – 10 x – 4 2 a = 7 2 , b = – 10 and c = – 4 2 .

Sol. (i) The given quadratic expression is of the form In order to factorize 7 2 x2 – 10x – 4 2 , we
ax2 + bx + c, where a = 3 , b = 11 and have to find two numbers l and m such that
l + m = b = – 10 and
c=6 3.
l m = ac = 7 2 × – 4 2 = – 56
In order to factorize it, we have to find two
numbers l and m such that Clearly, – 14+4 = –10 and – 14 × 4 = – 56
   l = – 14 and m = 4
 Now, we split the middle term – 10 x of = 8a3 –12a2b +10 a2b–15 ab2
7 2 x2 – 10x –4 2 as – 14 x + 4x so that = 4a2(2a – 3b) + 5 ab (2a – 3b)
7 2 x2 – 10x – 4 2 = (2a – 3b) (4a2 + 5ab)

= 7 2 x2 – 14 x + 4x – 4 2 = (2a – 3b) a (4a + 5b)

= a (2a – 3 b) (4a + 5b)
= (7 2 x2 – 14x) + (4x – 4 2 )
 Type III : Factorization of trinomial
= (7 2 x2 – 7 2 × 2 x) + (4x – 4 2 ) expressions reducible to quadratic expressions.
= 7 2 x (x – 2 ) + 4(x – 2 ) Ex. 90 Factorize each of the following expressions
by splitting the middle term :
= (x – 2 ) (7 2 x + 4)
(i) 9(x – 2y)2 – 4(x – 2y) – 13
Ex.88 Factorize the following by splitting the
(ii) 2(x + y)2 – 9(x + y) – 5
middle term :
(iii) 8(a + 1)2 + 2(a + 1) (b + 2) – 15(b + 2)2
1 2
x – 2x – 9
3 Sol. (i) The given expression is

1 2 9(x – 2y)2 – 4(x – 2y) – 13.

Sol. In order to factorize x – 2x – 9, we have to
3 Putting x – 2y = a, we get
find to number l and m such that
9(x – 2y)2 – 4(x – 2y) – 13 = 9a2 – 4a – 13
1
l + m = – 2 and l m = ×–9=–3 Now, 9a2 – 4a – 13 = 9a2 – 13a + 9a – 13
3
= (9a2 – 13a) + (9a – 13)
Clearly, – 3 + 1 = – 2 and – 3×1 = –3
= a(9a – 13) + (9a – 13)
So, we write the middle term – 2x as
= (a + 1) (9a – 13)
– 3x + x, so that
Replacing a by x – 2y on both sides, we get
1 2 1
x – 2x – 9 = x2 – 3x + x – 9 9(x – 2y)2 – 4(x – 2y) – 13
3 3
= (x – 2y + 1) {9(x – 2y) – 13}
1 1 9
= ( x2 – 3x) + (x – 9) = ( x2 – x) + (x – 9) = (x – 2y + 1) (9x – 18y – 13)
3 3 3
(ii) The given expression is
1 
= (x–9)  x 1
3  2(x + y)2 – 9(x + y) – 5

 Type II : Factorization of trinomial expressions Replacing x + y by a in the given expression,

which are not quadratic but can be factorized we have
by splitting the middle term. 2(x + y)2 – 9(x + y) – 5 = 2a2 – 9a – 5
Ex.89 Factorize the following trinomial by splitting Now, 2a2 – 9a – 5 = 2a2 – 10a + a – 5
the middle term :
= (2a2 – 10a) + (a – 5)
8a3 – 2a2b – 15 ab2
= 2a(a – 5) + (a – 5) = (a – 5) (2a + 1)
Sol. Here a3 × ab2 = (a2b)2 i.e., the product of the
variables in first and last term is same as the Replacing a by x + y on both sides, we get
square of the variables in the middle term. So, 2(x + y)2 – 9(x + y) – 5
in order to factorize the given trinomial, we
split the middle term = (x + y – 5) {2(x + y) + 1}

– 2a2b as – 12a2b + 10 a2b , so that = (x + y – 5) (2x + 2y + 1).

8a3 – 2a2b – 15 ab2 (iii) The given trinomial is

 8(a + 1)2 + 2(a + 1) (b + 2) – 15(b + 2)2 = 3(a–b) (a+b) (b–c) (b+c) (c–a) (c+a)
Putting a + 1 = x and b + 2 = y, we have Similarly,
8(a + 1)2 + 2(a + 1) (b + 2) – 15(b + 2)2 (a–b) + (b –c) + (c – a) = 0
= 8x2 + 2xy – 15y2  (a – b)3 + (b–c)3 + (c–a)3 = 3 (a–b) (b–c)(c–a)
= 8x2 + 12xy – 10xy – 15y2 ( a 2  b 2 ) 3  ( b 2  c 2 ) 3  (c 2  a 2 ) 3
 
= 4x(2x + 3y) – 5y(2x + 3y) (a  b) 3  ( b  c) 3  (c  a ) 3
= (2x + 3y) (4x – 5y) 3(a  b)(a  b)(b  c) (b  c)(c  a )(c  a )
=
Replacing x by a + 1 and y by b + 2, we get 3(a  b)(b  c)(c  a )

8(a + 1)2 + 2(a + 1) (b + 2) – 15(b + 2)2 = (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)

= {2(a + 1) + 3(b + 2)} {4(a + 1) – 5(b +2)} Ex.94 Find the value of x3 – 8y3 – 36 xy – 216,
= (2a + 3b + 8) (4a – 5b – 6)  
when x = 2y + 6.
Sol. We have, x3 – 8y3 – 36 xy –216
 FACTORIZATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
 OF THE FORM a3 + b3 + c3, WHEN a + b + c = 0 = x3 + (–2y)3 + (–6)3 – 3(x) (–2y) (– 6)
= (x – 2y – 6) (x2 + 4y2 + 36 + 2xy – 12y + 6x)
EXAMPLES 
= 0×(x2 + 4y2 + 36 + 2xy – 12y + 6x)
Ex.91 Factorize :
[ x = 2y + 6  x – 2y– 6 = 0] = 0
(x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3
Sol. Let x – y = a, y– z = b and z – x = c, then,  FACTORIZATION OF x3 ± y3
a + b + c = x – y + y – z + z –x = 0

In order to factorize the algebraic expression
  a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc expressible as the sum or difference of two cubes,
we sue the following identities.
 (x–y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z–x)3 = 3 (x–y)(y – z)(z–x)
(i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy+ y2)
Ex.92 Factorize :
(ii) x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2)
(a2–b2)3 + (b2–c2)3+ (c2–a2)3
Sol. We have, EXAMPLES 
let x = a2–b2, y = b2–c2 and z = c2–a2. Then, Ex.95 Factorize 27x3 + 64y3
x + y + z = a2–b2 + b2– c2 + c2–a2 = 0 Sol. 27 x3 + 64 y3 = (3x)3 + (4y)3
  x3 + y3 + z3 = 3 xyz = (3x + 4y) {(3x)2 – (3x) (4y) + (4y)2},
  (a2–b2)3 + (b2–c2)3+ (c2–a2)3 = (3x + 4y) (9x2 – 12 xy + 16y2)
= 3(a2–b2) (b2–c2) (c2–a2) Ex.96 Factorize a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 – 8
= 3(a+b) (a–b) (b+c) (b–c) (c+a) (c–a) Sol. a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 – 8 = (a + b)3 –23
= 3(a+b) (b+c) (c+a) (a–b) (b–c) (c–a) = {(a+b) – 2} {(a +b)2 +(a +b).2+22}
( a 2  b 2 ) 3  ( b 2  c 2 ) 3  (c 2  a 2 ) 3 = (a + b– 2) (a2 + 2ab + b2 +2a + 2b + 4)
Ex.93 Simplify :
(a  b) 3  ( b  c) 3  (c  a ) 3 Ex.97 Factorize : a3 – 0.216
Sol. We have, Sol. We have, a3 – 0.216 = a3 – (0.6)3
(a2–b2) + (b2–c2)+ (c2–a2) = 0 = (a –0.6) [a2 + 0.6a +(0.6)2]
  (a2–b2)3 + (b2–c2)3+ (c2–a2)3 = (a–0.6) (a2 + 0.6 a + 0.36)
= 3(a2–b2) (b2–c2) (c2–a2) Ex.98 Factorize :
 (i) (x+ 1)3– (x–1)3 (ii) 8(x + y)3 – 27 (x–y)3 = (x–y) (x+y)(x2+y2) (x4+y4–x2y2)
(x2+y2–xy) (x2+y2+xy)
Sol. (i) (x+ 1)3– (x–1)3
= {(x+1) – (x–1)}{(x+1)2 + (x+1)(x–1) + (x–1)2} = (x–y) (x+y)(x2+y2) (x4+y4–x2y2)
(x2–xy+y2) (x2+xy+y2)
= {(x+1–x+1)}{(x2+2x+1)+(x2–1)+(x2–2x+1)}
Ex.100 Prove that :
= 2 (x2 + 2x + 1 + x2 – 1+x2 – 2x + 1)
0.87  0.87  0.87  0.13  0.13  0.13
= 2 (3x2+1) =1
0.87  0.87  0.87  0.13  0.13  0.13
(ii) We have, 8(x + y)3 – 27 (x–y)3
Sol. We have
= {2(x+y)}3 – {3(x–y)}3
0.87  0.87  0.87  0.13  0.13  0.13
= {2(x+y)–3(x–y) [{2(x+y)}2 –2(x+y) × 3(x– y) 0.87  0.87  0.87  0.13  0.13  0.13
+ {3(x–y)}2]
=
0.87 3  0.133
= (2x + 2y – 3x + 3y) {2(x2 + 2xy + y2)
0.87 2  0.87  0.13  0.132
– 6(x2 – y2) + 3 (x2 – 2xy + y2)}
a 3  b3
= (–x + 5y) (2x2+ 4xy + 2y2– 6x2 + 6y2 = where a = 0.87 and b= 0.13
a  ab  b 2
2

+ 3x2– 6xy + 3y2)

(a  b) (a 2  ab  b 2 )
= (–x + 5y) (–x2 – 2xy + 11 y2) =
(a 2  ab  b 2 )
Ex.99 Factorize : (i) x6 – y6 (ii) x12 – y12
= a + b = (0.87 + 0.13) = 1
Sol. (i) we have, x6 – y6
 FACTORIZATION OF x3 + y3 + z3 – 3 xyz
= (x2)3 – (y2)3 = (x2–y2){(x2)2 + x2×y2 + (y2)2} 
= (x2–y2) (x4 + x2y2 + y4) (i) In order to factorize the algebraic expressions
= (x–y) (x+y){(x4+2x2y2+ y4) – x2y2} of the form x3 + y3+ z3 – 3xyz
= (x–y) (x+y){(x2+y2)2 – (xy)2} We use the following identity :
= (x+y) (x–y){(x2+y2–xy)(x2 +y2 + xy)} x3 + y3+ z3 – 3xyz
= (x+y) (x–y)(x2–xy+y2)(x2 +xy+y2) = (x+y+z) (x2+y2 +z2–xy – yz – zx)
(ii) x12 – y12 = (x4)3 – (y4)3 (ii) If x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y3+ z3 = 3xyz
= (x4–y4){(x4)2 + x4×y4 + (y4)2}
EXAMPLES 
= (x2)2–(y2)2)} (x8 + x4y4 + y8)
Ex.101 Factorize : 8x3 + 27y3+ z3 – 18 xyz
= (x2–y2) (x2+y2)(x8+2x4y4+ y8 – x4y4)
Sol. We have,
= (x–y) (x+y)(x2+y2) {(x4+y4)2 –(x2y2)2}
8x3 + 27y3+ z3 – 18 xyz
= (x–y) (x+y)(x2+y2) {(x4+y4–x2y2)
= (2x)3 + (3y)3 + z3 – 3 × 2x × 3 y + z
(x4+y4 + x2y2}
= (2x + 3y + z) {(2x)2 + (3y)2 + z2 –2x × 3y
= (x–y) (x+y)(x2+y2) (x4+y4–x2y2) –3y × z – z × 2x}
{(x4+y4 + 2x2y2)–x2y2)}
= (2x + 3y + z) {(4x2 + 9y2 + z2 –6xy – 3yz –2zx}
= (x–y) (x+y)(x2+y2) (x4+y4–x2y2)
Ex.102 Factorize :
{(x2+y2)2 – (xy)2}
(a+b)3 + (b+c)3+ (c+a)3 – 3(a+ b) (b+c) (c+a)
Sol. We have, 1
= (a+b+c) {(a–b)2 + (b–c)2 + (c–a)2}
(a+b)3 + (b+c)3 + (c+a)3 –3(a+b) (b+c) (c+a) 2

= {(a+b) + (b+c) + (c+a)} {(a+b)2 + (b+c)2+ Sol. We have,

(c+a)2 – (a+b) (b+c) – (b+c) (c+a) – (c+a)(a+b)} a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
= (2a+2b + 2c) {(a2 + 2ab + b2) = (a + b +c ) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc–ca)
+ (b2 + 2bc+c2) 1
= (a + b + c ) (2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab
+ (c2 + 2ca + a2) – (ab + ac+b2 + bc) 2
– 2 bc – 2ca)
– (bc + ba + c2 + ca) – (ca + cb + a2 + ab)}
1
= 2(a+b+c) (2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 + 2ab + 2bc = (a + b + c ) {(a2 – 2ab + b2) +
2
+ 2ca–ab–ac–b2–bc–bc– ba –c2 – ca (b2 –2bc+ c2) +(c2 – 2ca + a2)}
– ca – cb – a2 – ab) 1
= (a + b + c ) {(a – b)2 + (b–c)2 + (c–a)2}
= 2(a+b+c) (a2 + b2 + c2 –ab–bc –ca) 2
Ex.103 Resolve a3 – b3 + 1 + 3ab into factors
Sol. a3 – b3 + 1 + 3ab
= a3+ (–b)3 + 13 – 3 (a)(–b) (1)
= (a–b+1) (a2 + b2 + 1 + ab –a+b)
= (a–b+1) (a2 + b2 + ab –a+b+1)

Ex.104 Factorize : 2 2 a3+ 8b3 – 27c3 + 18 2 abc

Sol. 2 2 a3 + 8b3 – 27c3 + 18 2 abc

= ( 2 a)3 + (2b)3– (3c)3 –3( 2 a)(2b) (–3c)

= ( 2 a + 2b – 3c) (2a2 + 4b2 + 9c2 – 2 2 ab

+ 6bc + 3 2 ac)

Ex.105 Prove that :

a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
 EXERCISE # 1

A.Very Short Answer Type Questions B. Short Answer Type Questions

Q.1 Which are polynomial and why Factorize each of the following expression
1 1
(a) + x + x 2 + x 3 – x 4 + x5 b3
x 5 Q.12 125 a3 +
27
2
(b) x + 7x2
3 Q.13 If one of the factors of x2 + x – 20 is
2x 7 (x + 5), find other factor.
(c)  2 y 3  2
7 x Use factor theorem to verify in each of the
(d) 1
following that q(x) is a factor of p(x).
(e) 3 x  5x  3
Q.14 Find the value of k if (x – 2) is a factor of
Factorize each of the following expression 2x3– 6x2+ 5x + k
Q.2 x2 – x – 42
Q.15 Find the value of k if (x+3) is a factor of
Q.3 6 – 5y – y2 3x2 + kx + 6.

Q.4 a2 + 46a + 205 Q.16 p(x) = 3x6 – 7x5 + 7x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 – 2,
q(x) = x – 1
Q.5 ab + ac –b2 – bc
Q.17 For what value of k is y3 + ky + 2k – 2
Q.6 p4 – 81q4
exactly divisible by (y + 1) ?
Use remainder theorem to find remainder,
when p(x) is divided by q(x) in following C. Long Answer Type Questions
questions.
Q.18 Prove that
Q.7 p(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 7, q(x) = x – 1 a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
1
Q.8 p(x) = x9 – 5x4 + 1 , q(x) = x + 1 = (a + b + c) [(a–b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c–a)2]
2
Q.9 p(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x–1 , q(x) = x + 2 Q.19 Prove that
Use factor theorem to verify in each of the (a + b)3 + (b + c)3 + (c + a)3 – 3(a+b) (b+c)
(c + a) = 2 (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc)
following that q(x) is a factor of p(x).
Q.20 If x + 1 and x – 1 are factors of
Q.10 p(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 4, q(x) = x – 1
mx3 + x2 –2x + n, find the value of m and n.
Q.11 p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 2x + 1, q(x) = x – 1
 ANSWER KEY

A. VERTY SHORT ANSWER TYPE : B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE :

1
1. (a) No  in first term  x 1 but –1 is not  b  5ab b 2 
x 12.  5a   25a 2   
 3   3 9 
whole no.
13. (x – 4) 14. –2
(b) Yes  Power of x are 1 and 2.
15. 11 17. 3
(c) Yes Power of x are 1 and 2 & y has 3.
(d) Yes  1 = x0 & 0 is whole no. C. LONG ANSWER TYPE :
20. m = 2, n = – 1
1
(e) No  x = (x)1/2 ; is not a whole no.
2
2. (x + 6) (x – 7) 3. (6 + y) (1 – y)
4. (a + 41) (a + 5) 5. (a – b) (b + c)
6. (p + 3q) (p – 3q) (p2 + 9q2) 7. 4
8. – 5 9. –37
 EXERCISE # 2
 Short Answer Type Questions Q.13 Using factor theorem, factorize the
polynomial x4 + x3 – 7x2 – x + 6.
Factorize each of the following expression
Q.1 Find positive square root of 36x2 + 60x + 25 Q.14 Let A and B are the remainders when the
polynomial y3 + 2y2 – 5ay – 7 and
Q.2 Simplify : 2a 2  2 6ab  3b 2 y3 + ay2 –12y + 6 are divided by y + 1 and
y – 2 respectively. If 2A + B = 6, find the
Q.3 (x2 + 4y)2 + 21 (x2 + 4y) + 98
value of a.
Q.4 4(x–y)2 – 12(x – y) (x + y) + 9 (x+y)2 Q.15 If (3x – 1)4 = a4x4 + a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x +a0, then
Q.5 Find the value of 1 – a2 + 14ab – 4ab2. find the value of a4 + 3a3 + 9a2 + 27a1 + 81a0.
Q.16 Find the integral zeroes of 2x3 + 3x2 – 8x – 12.
3 3
Q.6 Find value of a + b – a – b . Q.17 If polynomial x3 + x + m is dividing (x – 1)
& (x + 1) then remainder is 7. Find values of
Q.7 a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 – 8.
 and m.
3 2
Q.8 If x–7 is a factor of p(x) = x – 9x + kx + 693
Q.18 If 3y3 + py2 + 4y + q has a factor y + 2 and
then find the value of k.
gives remainder –5 if it divided by (y – 3).
Q.9 Factorise x6 + y6. Find values of p and q.

Q.10 If (x – 1) is a factor of p(y) = y3 – 7y + 6 then Find the factors (Q. 19 to 24)

find other two factors. Q.19 x3 – 5x2 + 2x + 8.

Q.20 x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10
Q.11 If x3 + mx2 + nx + 6 has x – 2 as a factor and
leaves a remainder 3, when divided by Q.21 x3 – 6x2 + 32.
x– 3, find use of m and n.
Q.22 x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30.
Q.12 What must be subtracted from 4x4 – 2x3 – 6x2 Q.23 x3 + 17x2 + 95x + 175.
+ x – 5 so that the result is exactly divisible by
Q.24 2x3 – x2 – 13x – 6.
2x2+ x – 1

ANSWER KEY
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : 13. (x – 1) (x + 1) (x – 2) (x + 3) 14. a = x
1. 6x + 5 2. ( 2 a + 3 b) 15. 0 16. 2 and –2
17.  = –1, m = 7
3. (x2 + 4y + 7) (x2 + 4y + 14) 18. p = –26, q = 136
4. (x + 5y)2 19. (x – 2) (x – 4) (x + 1)
5. (1 + a – 7b) (1 – a + 7b) 20. (x + 1) (x – 2) (x – 5)
6. (a + b) (1 – a2 – b2 + ab) 21. (x – 4)2 (x + 2)
7. (a – b – 2) (a2 + b2 – 2ab + 2a – 2b + 4) 22. (x + 2) (x – 3) (x + 5)
8. – 85 23. (x + 5)2 (x + 7)
9. (x2 + y2) (x4 + y4 – x2y2) 24. (x + 2) (x – 3) (2x + 1)
10. (y + 3), (y – 2)
11. m = – 3, n = – 1 12. – 6