1

Assignment 1 : Real Numbers, Sequences

n o n o
m m
1. (D) Find the supremum and infimum of the sets m+n : m, n ∈ N and |m|+n : n ∈ N, m ∈ Z .

2. (D) Let (xn ) be a sequence of strictly positive real numbers such that lim xxn+1
n
= `. Then
n−→∞
prove the following:

(a) if ` < 1 then lim xn = 0,

n−→∞
(b) if ` > 1 then lim xn = ∞
n−→∞
(c) if ` = 1 then give example of sequences to show that both conclusions can hold.

3. Investigate the convergence of the following sequences:

1 1 1
(a) (T) xn = 12 +1
+ 22 +2
+ ··· + n2 +n
,
n2 n2 n2
(b) (D) xn = n3 +n+1
+ n3 +n+2 + ··· + n3 +2n
,
(c) (T) xn = (n + 1)α − nα for some α ∈ (0, 1),
ns
(d) (D) xn = (1+p)n for some s > 0 and p > 0,
2n
(e) (D) xn = n! .
1−2+3−4+···+(−1)n−1 n
(f) (T) xn = n ,
 
4. (T) Let a > 0 and x1 > 0. Define xn+1 = 21 xn + xan for all n ∈ N. Prove that the sequence
√ √
(xn ) converges to a. These sequences are used in the numerical calculation of a.

5. (D) Suppose that 0 < α < 1 and that (xn ) is a sequence which satisfies one of the following
conditions

(a) |xn+1 − xn | ≤ αn , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
(b) |xn+2 − xn+1 | ≤ α|xn+1 − xn |, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Then prove that (xn ) satisfies the Cauchy criterion. Whenever you use this result, you have
to show that the number α that you get, satisfies 0 < α < 1. The condition |xn+2 − xn+1 | ≤
|xn+1 − xn | does not guarantee the convergence of (xn ). Give examples.

6. (T) Let x1 ∈ R and let xn+1 = 71 x3n + 2 for n ∈ N. Show that (xn ) converges for 0 < x1 < 1.

Also conclude that it converges to a root of x3 −7x+2 lying between 0 and 1. Does the sequence
converge for any starting value of x1 > 1?

MTH
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Date:2011.01.25
Date: 2011.01.25
12:53:33
12:54:12+05'30'
+05'30'
 Assignment 1- Solutions
m 1
1. First note that 0 < m+n < 1. We guess that inf = 0 because 1+n is in the
set and it approaches 0 when n is very large. Formally to show that 0 is the
infimum, we have to show that a number α > 0 cannot be a lower bound of the
1
given set. This is true because we can find an n such that 1+n < α (using the
Archimedean property). Similarly we can show that sup = 1.
For the other set inf = -1 and sup = 1.
xn+1
2. (a) Since ` < 1, we can find an r such that ` < r < 1. As lim = `, there
n−→∞ xn
xn+1
exists n0 such that xn
< r, for all n ≥ n0 .
Hence, we have

0 < xn+n0 < rxn+n0 −1 < r2 xn+n0 −2 < · · · < rn xn0 .

Since lim rn = 0, (as 0 < r < 1), by the sandwich theorem, 0 ≤

n−→∞
lim xn ≤ 0. Hence, xn → 0.
n−→∞

(b) Since ` > 1, we can find r ∈ R, such that 1 < r < `. Arguing along the
same lines as in (a), we get n0 ∈ N, such that xn+1 > rxn , ∀ n ≥ n0 . Now,
xn+n0 > rn xn0 . Since r > 1, lim rn = ∞ and therefore lim xn = ∞.
n−→∞ n−→∞
xn+1
(c) If (xn ) = (n), then lim xn
= 1, but lim xn = ∞.
n−→∞
1 xn+1
If xn = n
, then lim xn
= 1, but lim xn = 0.
n−→∞
1 xn+1
If xn = c + n
, then lim xn
= 1, but lim xn = c.
n−→∞

3. (a) xn = 1 − 12 + 12 − 13 + · · · + 1
n
− 1
n+1
= 1− 1
n+1
. Hence lim xn = 1.
n−→∞

n.n2 n.n2
(b) n3 +2n
≤ xn ≤ n3 +n+1
. By sandwich theorem, xn → 1.
α α
(c) xn = nα [(1 + n1 ) − 1]. As, 0 < α < 1, (1 + n1 ) < (1 + n1 ). Thus,
xn < nα [1 + n1 − 1] = nα−1 = n1−α
1
→ 0.
s n s
(d) xn+1
xn
= (n+1) (1+p)
ns (1+p)n+1
= 1
1+p
(1 + n1 ) → 1
p+1
< 1. Hence, by Problem 2(a),
lim xn = 0.
n−→∞

(e) Here, x2n = − 12 and x2n+1 = 2n+1

(f) n+1
→ 12 . These subsequences converge to
different limits and so, the sequence is not convergent.
xn+1
(f) Consider
(e) xn
and apply Problem 2(a). Here xn → 0.

2
4. Note that xn > 0 and xn+1 − xn = 12 (xn + xan ) − xn = 12 ( a−x
xn
n
).
2
p
2
Further,√2xn+1 xn = xn + a ≥ 2 xn a (by the A.M -G.M. inequality). Thus
xn+1 ≥ a. This implies that xn+1 − xn ≤ 0.
Therefore the sequence is decreasing and bounded below. Hence it converges.
2 √
Let lim xn = `. ` = 12 ( ` +a
`
) ⇒ ` = a.
n−→∞
5. (a) Let n > m.
Then |xn − xm | = |xn − xn−1 + xn−1 − xn−2 + · · · + xm+1 − xm |.
|xn − xm | ≤ |xn − xn−1 | + |xn−1 − xn−2 | + · · · + |xm+1 − xm |
≤ αn−1 + αn−2 + · · · + αm = αm [1 + α + · · · + αn−1+m ]
≤ αm [1 + α + · · · +]
αm
= 1−α → 0 as m → ∞.
Thus (xn ) satisfies the Cauchy criterion.
(b) Note that |xn+2 −xn+1 | ≤ α|xn+1 −xn | ≤ α2 |xn −xn−1 | ≤ · · · ≤ αn |x2 −x1 |.
For n > m,
|xn − xm | ≤ (αn−2 + αn−3 + · · · + αm−1 )|x2 − x1 |
αm
≤ 1−α |x2 − x1 | → 0 as m → ∞.
Thus (xn ) satisfies the Cauchy criterion.
Examples:
(i) xn = n. Here, |xn+2 − xn+1 | = 1 = |xn+1 − xn |.
√
(ii) xn = n. Here,√ √
|xn+2 − xn+1 | = | n + 2 − n + 1| = √n+2+1 √n+1 ≤ √n+1+ 1 √
n
= |xn+1 − xn |.

6. Note that
|xn+2 − xn+1 | = 71 |x3n+1 − x3n | = 17 |x2n+1 + xn+1 xn + x2n ||xn+1 − xn | ≤ 37 |xn+1 − xn |.
By problem 5 (b), (xn ) satisfies the Cauchy criterion, hence it converges.
It is clear that for x1 = 7, xn → ∞.