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NUMBER

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76-B-311

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THE TOOLS OF POWER POWER:

The Bond Work Index, A Tool To
Measure Grinding Efficiency

C. A. Rowland, Jr.
Senior Process-Project Engineer /-. -
Yining Systems Division
-
,IJ

Allis-Chalmers Corporation -
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

- - .... ,
,

For presentation at the 1976 SME-AIME Fall Meeting & Exhibit

Denver, Colorado - September 1-3, 1976
 -1-
~ D U ~ ~
With the rapidly rising cost for electrical energy and the long range pre-
dictions for continued rising costs and ewn possible energy shortages, operation
of rod, b d l , autogenous and partial autogauxls grinding circuits t o efficiently
u t i l i z e the pwer delivered to the mills w i l l be a d e d . This calls for a wthod
t o evaluate grinding circuit: p e r f o m c e that is accurate, reliable and readily
usable as an operating tool by supervisory, technical and operating personnel.
Neither the Rittinger a d Kick theories of camhution, which preceded

the Bond Theory by m r e than 50 years, had a mthematical mans that could be
used to predict and evaluate the perfonrwce of crushers and grinding mills used
t o comninute ores and rocks. This severly Limitd the practical use of these two
theories, whichmre confzadictory to each other. They have been superseded by
the Bond Third Theory of ccminution. (1)
DISCUSSION
In addition t o the Third Theory of 'kminution, better known as the Bond
Theory, Red Bond mde three significant contributions t o a s s i s t in the efforts
t o change the art of c o m i n u t i h into a science.

1) The Bond rod milling and b a l l milling closed circuit grindability tests.
2) The Bond impact crusher t e s t s .
3) The Bond equation, the mathematical statemnt for applying Bond Theory
of Comminution. (1)

Where W = Wk hrs. per short ton (907.44 kilograms).

wi = iyrork Index
P = Product size in m i m e t e r s which 80;L passes
F = Feed size in m i c m t e r s which 8VL passes
Power per metric tome (1000 k i l o g r m ) can be obtained by multiplying W by 1.102.
Grinding power calculated, h e n using work indices obtained from Bond
 - 2- (2)
grindability tests in the Band Equation, is f o r the follu~iTlgspecific conditions:

1) Rod Ni.lling - wet, open cikcuit grin- i n a 2.44 lrrter (8') dianrter
inside liners rod m i l l .

2) Bdll Nilling - wet closed circuit grinding in a 2.44 naeter (8') W t e r

, inside liners b a l l m i l l .

3) P a ~ e rcalculated is the p w e r required a t the pinion sha£t of the mill,

which includes m i l l bearings and gear and pinion losses, but does not
include m t o r losses o r losses in any other drive cmpments, such as
reducers and clutches.
There are eight efficiency factors that are applied to the calculated grind-
ing p u m to a l l m f o r variations fram the specified conditions as related to the
grinding circuit and equipznt used. The background and reasons for these have
been published ( I ) , (2), (3) and a r e not part of the discussion. The factors are:
EF1 Dry Grinding
EF2 Open Circuit Bdll Milling
EF3 Di-ter Efficiency Factor
EFq Oversized Feed

EFj Fine grinding in b a l l mills to product sizes finer than 8U77 passing 200
m s h (75 microueters)

r a t i o or reduction rod milling

EX6 High or IWJ

EX7 LorJ Ratio or reduction b a l l milling

EF8 Rod Hilling
When accurate, Mill Feed Rate, M i l l P a r e r , Feed and Product Size Analysis
data are available, using the Bond Equation as shown, m r k indices can be calcula-
ted. To distinguish these fnrm ~ m r kindices (ITi) obtained from grindability t e s t s

~urkindices calculated frm operating &ta are designated as !.Jio.

In using this equation, the feed is the feed t o the grinding circuit and the
 76-B-311

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product is the product fran the circuit. In a closed circuit operation, do not
use the f e d into and the discharge from the mill as is done with an open circuit
mill. Work index is a ueasure of grindability f o r the work to be done o r dune in
grinding the circuit feed t o the circuit product.
Operating rark index has the sane definition as ' t m k index1'(') which states

that "wrk in& is the required t o break a hnmgenous material from a

theoretically infinite feed size to 8W0 pass- 100 micrmters". Thus, by defi-
nition, wrk indices calculated fran operating data always relate the operating
Qta fram which Wio is calculated, t o the s a m feed size and product size as

giwn in the M i n i t i o n ; n a ~ l y ,from a theoretically infinite feed s i z e to 80??

passing 100 m i c m t e r s .
Thus, operating rmk hdex can be used for in-plant grinding mill reporting
and grinding studies such as :

I) Record m i l l p e r f o m c e on an hourly, daily, weekly o r m t h l y basis,

whichever is desired.

2) Ccqare current p e r f o m c e with past p e r f m c e .

3) Cornpare c'kcuits in a d t i - c i r c u i t plant.

4) In plants ~$-ithtwo or mre grindjng circuits, one or m r e circuits can be
used as a standard, with others as t e s t circuits for testing the effect
of such variables as:
a) dl1 spee&
b) size of grinding media
C) feed size
d) product size

e) ~nxrnt of grinding mdia in m i l l

f) liner designs
g) liner wear
h) changes in ore .
5) ikasure grinding efficiency.
GRINDING EFFLCIENCJ
As calculated, operating work indices include m t o r , drive knd grinding m i l l
efficiencies and inefficiencies, therefore, a r e not directly comparable t o m r k
indices obtained from grindability t e s t s performed on the same m i l l feed, without
the application of correction factors.,
M i l l parer as m u r e d in many p l m t s is m t o r input pmer, that i s , electri-
c a l energy going into the w t o r . It has to be converted to power a t the m i l l

pinionshaft. This is done by applying the m t o r efficiency factor (electrical and

mchanical losses) to obtain w t o r output pwer. I f the plant does not have the
w t o r efficiency data, it can be obtained £ran the m t o r mmfacturer. When the
m t o r i s coupled direct t o the pinionshaft, notor output pmer is m i l l pinionshaft

power. I f a speed reducer o r other drive element i s used between the m t o r and the
pinion shaft, then the efficiency of the units used must be applied t o the mtor
output power t o obtain pwer a t the m i l l pinion shaft.
The grin- efficiency factors should be 'applied as required t o place the
operating work i n d e ~a t the same level as the results from grindability tests. The
operating work index so calculated is referfed t o as Wioc. This operating work ,
index divided by the m r k index fran the grindability t e s t gives a reasme of ,

grinding efficiency as a d t i p l i e r of grindability t e s t results.

f ~ )Efficiency
= Factor
The efficiency of the grinding c i r c u i t is

100 [L)
wioc
= -ding efficiency in percent

The multipliers for the efficiency factors can be determined from the f01lm-k~:
EF1 - Dry grinding - f o r the same range of work as wet grinding, dry grinding
requires 1 . 3 tines as m h pmer as wet grinding.
EF2 - Open Circuit Grinding - when grinding in open circuit b a l l mills, the
amunt of extra power required, compared to closed circuit b a l l milling,
 76-B-311

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is a function of the degree of control required on the product produced
The inefficiency factors f o r open circuit grinding are given in Table I.
EF3 - D b ~ ~ t Efficiency
er Factor - using the base m i l l h t e r of 2.44 m t e r s
(8') inside liners, the W t e r efficiency factor can be calculated
fran the following:
(4)

Table I1 gives a tabulation of EF'3 factors for some of the m r e comrpn m i l l

m t e r s in both the imperial and mtric measuring systems. This table S ~ J S

that when the m i l l d i a ~ t e rinside liners is larger than 3.81 ~ t e r s(12.5 ') that
the d.izmxer efficiency factor does not change and remains 0.914.
EFq - Oversized Feed - when the grinding m i l l is fed a coarser than optirrnrm
feed, this factor applies to rod milling and b a l l milling. The wst
frequent use is with single stage b a l l milling. This is the one
efficiency factor that is directly related t o work index as is s h m in
the following equation:

Where Rr - Ratio of reduction = F (6)

H
Fo = Optiwrm feed size (7)
Rod milling: 16,000

When available, use the mrk index fran a grindability t e s t a t the desired
grind for Wi in equation 5. For equation 7 , if available, use either the work .

index from an impact t e s t o r a rod m i l l grindability t e s t , xhich ever is higher

and for equation 8, use the work index from a rod mill grindability t e s t , since
these m e represent: the coarse faction of the feed which is the portion of the
f&d coarser than optiuium. Tf not available, then use the grindability t e s t re-
 76-8-311

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sults , available.
Without grindability t e s t results, finding the proper work index figure to use
in equation 5 i s a trial and error calculation which can be p r o g r m d f o r a am-

puter. Using this approach, the nark index used in equation 5 should equal the
Wioc obtained, after applying EFq and a l l other correction .factors t o the mrk
index calculated from operating data.
EF5 - Fineness of Grind Factor - chis applies t o fine grinding when the 8VL pas-
size of the product (P) is finer than 75 miaomters (200 msh). The equa-
tion to determine this is:

EF6 - High o r Low Ratio of Reduction Rod f i l l i n g - the equation t o be used, un-
less :

L = Rod Length
This factor generally applies t o low ratios of reduction, but its applica-
tion to high r a t i o s of reduction does not always apply and should be used
only if the Wioc i W i grinding efficiency factor indicates that i t should be

used.
EF7 - Low Ratio of Reduction Ball M i l l - the need t o use this factor does not
occur very often as i t only applies t o b a l l milling when the Ratio of Re-
duccion is less than 6. This sham up p&ticularly in regrinding concen-
t r a t e s and tailings. The equation for this i s :

EF8 - Rod Milling - a study of rod m i l l operations shows that rod m i l l perf-ce
 is affected by the attention given t o feeding a uniform feed size t o the
m i l l and the care given t o maintaining the rod charge. T h i s efficiency

factor cannot be definitely determined. In selecting rod mills based upon

pmer calculated from grindability t e s t s , the following procedure has been
recomnmded (2) :

1) Idhen calculating rod m i l l power f o r a rod-ailling-only application, use

an inefficiency factor of 1.4 when the feed is t o be prepared w i t h open
c i r c u i t crushing, and use 1.2 h e n the feed .. is to be prepared with
closed c i r c u i t crushing. The other milling efficiency factors also
rmst be applied t o the calculated. grin- power.

2) !hen calculating rod m i l l power f o r a rod mill-ball m i l l c i r c u i t , do not

allm f o r i m p r m w t in the b a l l mill performance. I f the rod m i l l
feed is produced w i t h open c i r c u i t crushing, apply a 1 . 2 inefficiency
factor t o the pier calculated f o r the rod milling stage only. If the
rod m i l l feed w i l l consistently be 80"/.passing 1/2" o r finer, such as
produced with closed c i r c u i t crushing, do not apply a rod m i l l ineffi-
ciency factor. The other milling efficiency factors also m t be
applied t o the calculated grinding p-.
While this factor i s used in selecting rod mills, the inability to ma-
sure and define i t accurately reduces i t s value and significance in
calculating Wioc and therefore, should probably not be used in deter-
mining the efficiency of rod m i l l performance, However, hcwledge of
its existence can be helpful in analyzing rod m i l l p e r f o m c e .
MAMPLES
The f i r s t ~ W Oexanples are given t o show haw to calculate Wio and Wioc for
single stage b a l l mills. Figure 1. The f i r s t example is a couparisun of bm
parallel mills frcan a daily operating report. P i i l l size 5.03111x 6.lm (16.5' x
 Will 1 Mill 2

KwHfi4tric tonne 10.8 11.3

Feed s i z e (8W7 passing) nicraneters 7500 8600
Product Size (80'77 passing) micrometers 220 195
Calculated Work Index Wio (Equation 2) 19.33 18.58
Correct t o Pinionshaft Power W t o r 18.56 17.84
Efficiency 0.96
Convert t o Short Tons N i l t i p l y by 0.9074 16.83 16.18
D i i m e t e r Efficiency Divide by 0.914
(m3)
Ball m i l l grindability t e s t a t 65 resh gave a W i - 14.5. Using this t o
calculate oversized feed factor:

Eq = (See Equation 5) =

Divide by EFq

Wioc
Efficiency Factor = &=
Wi
Efficiency in % 96 99
This example shows that M i l l 2 is s l i g h t l y m r e e f f i c i e n t than M i l l 1 even
I

though it has a higher pawer consumption per tome. This shows the use of the
mrk index equation taking i n t o account the differences in feed and product sizes.
The calculation is only p a r t of the t o t a l plant performance study and must be
tied i n t o the t o t a l plant operation.
I
The next sample covers an in-plant study on the e f f e c t of m i l l speed on
m i l l performance. The two speeds being studied a r e 68"/, and 73% of c r i t i c a l speed
I
in 5.03111 (16.5' d i e t e r inside s h e l l 16' inside liners) b a l l mills.

was over a period of four m t h s .

This study
Grindability t e s t s were nm on m t h l y coqxsite
I
samples of the feed t o each m i l l . The operating data, t e s t data and calculations
a r e given in Table T I I .
The data given in Table I1 can be campared in several ways. A cmparison

based upon pawer per ton c o n s ~ l e dis given in Table IIIA. This shows the differ-
ence in p e r per ton of m i l l circuit feed cormm~dwithout taking i n t o account
the variations in m i l l c i r c u i t feed, m i l l c i r c u i t product and grindabilities as
shown in data tabulated i n Table 111.
E l k b a t i n g variations in mill c i r c u i t feed and product, Table IIIB shows
the comparison based upon the w r k index calculated fkom the operating data (Wio).
The next comparison eliminates the variations caused by differences in the
grindability of the ore. This i s the unre accurate comparison a s it compares
grinding circuit p e r f o m c e as referred t o a comrpn base or reference. Table
I I I C gives the comparison based upon Wioc. -
Wi
The next two exarples a r e f o r rod m i l l b a l l m i l l circuits. Figure 2 shars a
conventional rod mill-ball m i l l circuit. The data f o r this circuit and \Jio calcu-
lations are:
Rod m i l l s i z e 3 . h x 4.88m (11.5' x 16' diarneter inside s h e l l 3 . 3 5 ~ 1 1 '
4.72111 15.5' rods)
Ball m i l l s i z e 4.7211 x 4.88m (15.5' x 16' cLim~terinside s h e l l 4 . 5 7 ~ 1 5' )
Rod m i l l feed produced by closed c i r c u i t crushing mimanzters 14,500
Rod m i 1 1 product m i c r o ~ z ~ t e r s 1300
Ratio of reduction 11.I
5
Rod length t o m i l l d k w t e r r a t i o 1.409

Optirmnn r a t i o of reduction L5.05

P m per mtiric tonne m t o r input Kw 4.2

m t o r efficiency % 95.6
Calculated operating mrk indeu W i o 21.62
On basis m t o r output x 0.956 20.67
On basis s b r t ton x 0.9074 18.76
 Dianaeter factor + 0.939 (EF3)
Low r a t i o of reduction EF6
1+ (11.15 - ~ 5 . 0 5 )=~1.101 (divide) 18.15
1X)

'ioc
Rod m i l l grindability test r e s u l t s W i
Efficiency factor Wioc t Wi 1.21
Grinding Efficiency in % 82.6
Ball m i l l feed m i c r a t e r s 1300
Bdll m i l l product m i c r m t e r s 115
Ball m i l l r a t i o of reduction 11.3
Power ~ e mtric
r tonnemtor input Kw 9.2
Calculated operating work index TJio 15.75
On basis m t o r output

On basis s b r t ton x 0.9074

Diameter Factor .t EF3

Rod m i l l low r a t i o of reduction

Wioc
Ball m i l l grindability t e s t r e s u l t s W i
Ball m i l l grindability test results W i
M i n e d 15.0 x 4.2 + 14.3 x 9.2
TI-4 27T4
Efficiency factor Wioc t Wi

Grinding efficiency in %
This shms the rod m i l l is inefficient while the b a l l mill is perfomring
efficiently b e t t e r than indicated from the grindability t e s t r e s u l t s , with the
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overall circuit operating in l i n e with grindability t e s t r e s u l t s .
Figure 3 shows a rod mill-ball m i l l c i r c u i t with a concentration step be-
tween the rod mill and the ball 11611 with the tailings being r e n ~ v e dfrom the
circuit. There is a l s o a concentration s t e p between the ba311 m i l l and the
classifier. In det- grinding efficiency, each stage is considered as a
single stage. The power per tonne for rod milling is determined fran the rod
m i l l feed r a t e and the pier per tonne f o r b a l l milling is &tennined £ram the
b a l l m i l l feed r a t e .
Pod mill size 4.27 x 6 .lm (14' x 20' diameter inside s h e l l 4 . I . h - 13.5'
5.94~119.5' rods).
Ball m i l l size 5.03m x 7.62111 (16.5' x 25' diameter, inside s h e l l 4.88111 16.0')
19,000
Rod m i l l feed produced by closed c i r c u i t crushing micr~~l~ters
Rod m i l l product m i c r m t e r s 1300
Ratio of reduction 14.62
Rod length t o mill a t e r r a t i o 1.44
O p t k r a t i o of reduction L5.22
Power per short ton m t o r input Kw
l%tor efficiency %
Calculated operating work index Wio 25.59
On basis m t o r output x 0.952
Diameter factor + 0.914 (EF3)
Rod m i l l grindability t e s t results Wi 16.5

Oversized feed factor EFq

-P-

Divide 24.65 by 1.22

'ioc
 Efficiency factor Wioc + Wi
Grinding Efficiency in %
Note the efficiency factor of 1.22 lines up with the 1.2 factor recomtx=nded for
selecting rod mills for rod milling circuit when feed is produced with closed cir-
cuit crushing.

B a l l mill feed m i c r m t e r s 1450

B a l l mill product A-2nd concentration stage tailings size
micrmters 90
Bdll m i l l product B-classifier fines size micrmters
Combined b a l l mill products microwters
Power per short ton m t o r input Kw 13.8

bbtor efficiency %
Calculated Operating Work Index W i o
On basis nutor output x 0.952
D i a w t e r factor + 0.914 (EF3)
Fineness of grind factor E3'5

Divide 11.86 by 1.07 11.08

Ball mill grindability t e s t results W i 11.43
Efficiency factor Wioc 5 Wi
Grinding effiency in %
The four matqles were given to show how the Bond m r k index equation can
be used to evaluate grinding m i l l p e r f o m c e , report m i l l operating data and
evaluate in-plant grinding studies.

It has been determined t h a t kvrk indices obtained from standard Bond

Grindability Tests cannot be used t o determine the p m e r required for grinding in

primary autogenous and partial autogenous grinding circuits. (4) However, cal-
culating ~ m r kindices £rm operating data i s satisfactory for dusting the
performnce of such circuits. When compared with the work indices obtained from
corresponding grindability and %act t e s t s , the perfomace of autogenous
and p a r t i a l autogenous circxits can be rated.
Table IV is a copy of a -one m t h conrputer runoff sheet on which daily
operating data and the mrk indices cdculated from the operating data for an
autogenuus m i l l are tabulated. This is a typical sheet showing what can be done.
The feed size is generally not used in this calculation for primvy autogenous
and p a r t i a l autogenous mills, in that the feed (10 +*
factor
) bec-s insigni-
ficant because of the large size of the feed.
Bassarear and Horst, in t h e e paper on evaluating plant performme,(5)
i l l u s t r a t e how work index data can be used t o evaluate process p e r f o m c e and
mdifications. They particularly discussed the semi-autogenous-ball mill grind-
ing circuits a t Cyprus Pima and the use of computer based controls. The simpli-
fied grindability t e s t procedure employed f o r the Pina ore types vm developed to
give work index as defined by Band and includes periodic chedcingwith standard
Bond Grindability tests. Tests such as this can be used f o r specific ores whcxe
there is not a wide variation in suecific gravity and in breakage patterns.
For secondary autogenous grinding (pebble milling) Bond Grindability Tests
can be used to determine grinding power t o this add the power required to wear the
ore ~ d i from
a media size t o mill feed size. PEll performance can be measured
using the s a procedure for evaluating b a l l m i l l performance in a rod mill-ball
mill circuit.
EWUEMZD CkWXATIONS AND ANDmL CSRCUrrS

Relative t o its use in computer programs f o r controlling a grinding circuit

or reporting grinding circuit performme, a correct understanding of the Bond
Equation and the term ' k r k indextt is required. The Band Equation measures mrk
done or to be done. Wark index as defied is power. Since there is no factor in
the equation that takes into account the classification function, the Bond Equa-
tion is not a math mdel for a closed grinding circuit. Being a masure of
 - 14-
grindability, work index can be used in m t h rrodels when a grindability £unction
is called for.

To use the Bond Work Index equation in c-uterized programs f o r mea&5ng

m i l l performance and controlling grinding circuits in addition t o power and feed
r a t e data either on-line size m a s m i n g equi-t o r k t h mdels that w i l l
m a t h a t i c a l l y determine the 80% passing size in micrmeters of the feed and pro-
duce size are required. Unless i t is a widely fluctuating variable it i s possible
t o use a constant value for the feed size which should be checked periodically.
However, with computer control and ~ ~ ~ a s u r e t r m
the
t , product s i z e has to be con-
stantly k t o r e d .
CONCLUSION

Work indices calculated from operating data, either m u a l l y o r by computer, with

o r without comparison t o work indices obtained fran grindability t e s t s , can be
used t o indicate grinding circuits that are operating inefficiently. Work indices
however, do not indicate the cause for the inefficient use of grinding power, nor
do they indicate the acceptability of the product produced by the grinding c i r c u i t

~upenrisory,technical and operating personnel studying the operating data

and c h e c ! g the operation of the plant can determine the cause for any ineffi-
cient use of p m and the acceptability of the product produced.
The Bond equation utilizing knxk index as the measure of grindability i s an
accurate, reliable & ~ dreadily usable rnethod t o obtain a consistent measuremnt
of grinding c i r c u i t performance. It takes into account variations in feed size
and product size with the work index calculated fran the operating data reflecting
either changes in the grihdability or changes in efficiency. Work indices cal-
culated fr& operating data, hen compared t o work indices obtained from Bond
Grindability tests for the same m i l l feed, give a direct measure of grinding
efficiency. The Bond Equation and the equations f o r the associated efficiency
factors can be used by plant supervisory and technical personnel and can also be
used in corcputer prograns for reporting and/or process control. The Band Equa-
 tion and work index are useful tools in evaluating grinding circuit performance to
help m x k k e the use of the pmer delivked to g r i n d k g circuits in minerals Dro-
cessing plants.

PmERENCES *

(1) Bond, F. C. "Crushing & Grinding Calculations", British Chemical Engine-,

June 1960, pp. 378-385 and 543-548. (Revised January 1961, Allis-Chalmers
publicaticm OX-9235B).
(2) Rowland, C. A., Jr. "Grinding Calculations Related to the Application of
. Large Rod and Ball Mills", Canadian Journal, Vol. 93, No. 6, June 1972
I

(3) Rowland, C. A. Jr., "Comparison of Work W c e s Calculated Ram Operating

I Data with Those From Laboratory Test Data", Proceedings Tenth Internationdl

Minerals Processing Congress 1973, pp. 47-61.

(4) Rowland, C.A. , Jr. and Kjos , D. M., "htogmous and Semi-AutogenousMill
Selection and Design", presented to SME Meeting, Acapdco, Mexico, Sept.
 TABU I

OPEN Cnzcurr TNEFFlcmCY MUL-

Product Size Control Inefficiency

Reference % Pass- Multiplier

M i l l IxaEter M i l l I>iameter Eamter Efficiency

Inside Shell Inside Liners Mtiplier
Feet Meters Feet Meters
3.0 0.914 2.6 0.79 1.25
3.281 1.0 2.88 0.88 1.23
4.0 1.22 3.6 1.10 1.17
5.0 1.52 4.6 1.40 1.12
6.0 1.83 5.6 1.71 1.075
6.562 2.0 5.96 1.82 1.06
7.0 2.13 6.5 1.98 1.042
8.0 2.44 7.5 2.29 1.014
3.5 2.59 8.0 2.44 1.000 Base
9.0
9.5
2.74
2.90
9.843 3.0
29.34 ::::
2.85
.
0.992
0.977
0.970
0 3.05 9.5 2.90 0.966
10.5 3.20 10.0 3.05 0.956
11.0 3.35 10.5 3.20 0.948
11.5 3.51 11.0 3.35 0.939
12.0 3.66 11.5 3.51 0.931
12.5 3.81 12.0 3.66 0.923
13.0 3.96 12.5 3.81 0.914
13.124 4.00 12.62 3.85 0.914
 TABLE I11 (CONTINUED)
IN-PLANT GRINDING STUDY
April, 1915 I
68% CS
DESCRIPTION 14i.11 Mill Mil Mill
A B C D 1
Feed Size 80% Passing 16976 16489 15779 15242
Product Size 80% Passing 258 243 236 251
Feed Rate TPH 238 245 278 258
Average Payer Kw 2283 2330 2548 2445
Reduction Ratio 65.8 67.9 66.9 60.7
KwH/T &tor Input (Efficiency: 9.59 9.51 9.17 9.48
93%)
KwH/T a t M i l l Pinionshaft 8.92 8.84 8.52 8.81
Wio (Operatigg Work Index) 16.34 15.68 14.93 16.01
Mi11 Diameter Efficiency E D 0.914 0.914 0.914 0.914
Oversized Feed Factor EF4 1.36 1.33 1.30 1.39
Wioc: Grindability Test 13.15 12.90 12.57 12.60
Equivalent
Grindability Test Results Wi
Rod Milling @ 1180 um (14 13.8 16.3 15.8 16.1
Mesh)
Ball Milling @ 212 um (65 14.0 13.2 13.0 14.3
Mesh)
Ball Milling @ urn (100 Mesh) 13.4 15.3 13.1 13.3
Efficiency Factor Wioc t. Wi
(Wi used was a t 212 urn) 0.94 0.98 0.97 0.88
Grinding Efficiency in % 103.6 102.3 103.4 113.5
 TABLE I11 A
C'LEQAFCLSON BY PER TON (KwH/T)
6877 CS 7% CS
-
14mth Nil1 A M i l l B Average Mill C Mill D Average
Januar~ 10.68 10.15' 10.4l-5 10.13 ---- 10.U
February 10.42 9.68 10.14 9.43 ---- 9.43
March 10.42 10.10 10.26 9.79 10.52 10.155
4ril 9.59 9.51 9.55 9.17 9.48 9.325

' TABLE I11 B

ahCIPARIS(3N BY OPEXTJX TXIE INI?EX Wio)

68% CS 7% CS
-
bth fill A W l B Average Mill C Mill D Average
Januar~ 16.51 16.21 16.36 16.48 ---- 16.48
February 16.53 15.72 16.12 15.54 ---- 15.54
Elarch 16.94 15.69 16.31 14.97 16.51 15.74
April 16.34 15.68 16.01 14.93 16.01 15.47

TABI;E I11 C
COMPARISON BY EFFICIENCY FACrOR
'io, -
68% CS 73% CS
bpm Mill A Mill B Average Mill C Mill D Average

Jrnuar~ 1.04 1.22 1.13 1.01 --- 1.01

February 0.97 0.91 0.94 0.91 --- 0.91

April 0.94 0.98 0.96 0.97 0.88 0.925

 TABLE IV

Gross Crude Gross Mill %-500

Date HP-HR Feed HPWTX LTPH HR HP P80 Mesh
s/lm-
8/2/75 4738. 14.9 254.7 752. 35.5
8/3/75 5432. 13.8 249.2 701. 33.5
5487. 14.3 252.9 1116. 23.0
6076. 15.4 259.7 664. 31.5
5451. 15.5 234.0 15L5. 10.5
4713. 17.6 266.3 818. 35.5
5711. 17.5 275.9 136. 59.5
5308. 16.9 252.8 1086. 33.4
5601. 15.6 245.7 1142. 29.5
4705. 14.6 217.8 961. 16.0
5975. 15.8 250.0 1121. 30.0
5350. 13.5 223.9 818. 26.0
4534. 14.3 188.9 775. 21.5

Weighted
Average
 FEEDER
$7
BALL MILL
1
SUMP
.1
PUMP

CIRCUIT PRODUCT CL4SSIFIER OVERSIZE

SINGLE STAGE BALL MILL CIRCUIT

FIGURE 1

FEEDER
4-
ROD I'lILL
-1
, q-<
SUMP
I

-&
PUMP
&
CIRCUIT PRODUCT CLASSIFIER

BALL MILL 0.~

ROD llILL - BALL MILL CIRCUIT
FIGURE 2
 FEEDER
I
ROD MILL
4I ROD MILL PRODUCT
TO MASTE-; ST CONCENTRATIOt4 STAGE
CONCENTRATES
BALL MILL FEED

TO WASTE~-----------~ND CONCENTRATIOPI STAGE

BALL MILL
PRODUCT A It

CONCENTRATES

\L
PUMP

FINES
BALL MILL PRODUCT
CLASS IF I ER

ROD NILL - COMCEfiTRATION - BALL T.IILL CIRCUIT

FIGURE 3