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Implementing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Using IFFT/FFT

1) OFDM is a modulation technique that divides a high-rate data stream into multiple lower-rate streams and transmits them in parallel over narrowband subcarriers. This overcomes intersymbol interference in frequency-selective channels. 2) Early implementations of OFDM required oscillator banks for modulation and demodulation, but Weinstein and Ebert showed it could be implemented using the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IFFT) and discrete Fourier transform (FFT), eliminating oscillator banks. 3) Orthogonality of subcarriers allows signals to be transmitted and detected without interference. Loss of orthogonality results in intercarrier interference and loss of information.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
80 views5 pages

Implementing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Using IFFT/FFT

1) OFDM is a modulation technique that divides a high-rate data stream into multiple lower-rate streams and transmits them in parallel over narrowband subcarriers. This overcomes intersymbol interference in frequency-selective channels. 2) Early implementations of OFDM required oscillator banks for modulation and demodulation, but Weinstein and Ebert showed it could be implemented using the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IFFT) and discrete Fourier transform (FFT), eliminating oscillator banks. 3) Orthogonality of subcarriers allows signals to be transmitted and detected without interference. Loss of orthogonality results in intercarrier interference and loss of information.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2016 Vol I

WCE 2016, June 29 - July 1, 2016, London, U.K.

Implementing Orthogonal Frequency Division


Multiplexing Using IFFT/FFT
Nsikan Nkordeh, Francis Idachaba, Ibinabo Bob-Manuel, Oluyinka Oni,Members IAENG

Abstract-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing The realization of OFDM was a challenge as at that time; a
(OFDM) is a modulation system that offers many advantages large number of oscillators were needed to replicate the
over other modulation scheme. OFDM is a particular form of parallel modulation and demodulation needed for its
Multi-carrier transmission and is suited for frequency selective implementation. The challenge was resolved when in 1971
channels and high data rates; it overcomes the Inter Symbol
Interference(ISI) problem by modulating multiple narrow-
Weinstein and Ebert used Discrete Fourier Transform to
band sub-carriers in parallel. In this paper, analysis of OFDM perform baseband modulation and demodulation; this
is carried out with emphasis on the implementation using eliminated the need for oscillator banks, and made its
IFFT/FFT as against multiple Oscillators and demodulators. implementable on integrated circuit possible at affordable
The concept of orthogonality of carriers is used to explain the cost. The process of moving a signal from the time domain
ability to transmit multi-carriers without interference and the to the frequency domain involves finding the Fourier
ease of decoupling the signal information at the receivers. transform, while the process of moving it from the
Matlab simulations were carried out to show these concepts frequency to the time domain involves the inverse Fourier
transform. Orthogonality of modulating and modulated
Index Term--FFT, IFFT, Modulation, Multi-carrier, OFDM,
Orthogonality
signal is an indispensable property of OFDM, and this is
achieved by introducing Cyclic Prefix.
I INTRODUCTION
To obtain a high spectral efficiency, the frequency response
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a of the sub- channels are made to overlap and orthogonality
techniques that involves transmitting signal information is completely maintained by introducing cyclic prefix; the
using smaller subcarriers, instead of a single large carrier. orthogonality of OFDM overcomes the ISI problem by
OFDM is a form of multi-carrier modulation. The basic modulating multiple narrow-band sub-carriers in parallel.
principle of multicarrier modulation is to divide the data Orthogonality is a property that allows the signals to be
perfectly transmitted over a common channel and detected
stream, , into parallel data streams with a reduced data
without interference; loss of orthogonality results in blurring
rate of ; low rate data streams are then modulated on between the transmitted signals and loss of
a separate narrow band subcarriers and summed together for information[1].In OFDM, to maintain the orthogonality of
transmission, thereby providing the same data rate as an the subcarrier channels, the correlation between signals
equivalent single large carrier system[3]. At the receiver a transmitted on subcarriers must be zero[4] as will be
set of filter banks separate the wide-band signal into the mathematically shown later. The OFDM scheme has the
original narrowband subcarriers for demodulation. In other inherited advantage over single carrier modulation
words, OFDM involves dividing the available spectrum into techniques to mitigate ISI and frequency selectivity of the
several narrow sub-channels/sub carriers which experience channel.
differential flat fading as they propagate; this make The first deployment of OFDM was in Digital Video
equalization at the receiver end simple. Broadcasting (DVB) and Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)

Robert W. Chang was the first person to show in 1966


theoretically the principle of operation of OFDM; he
obtained a US patent on OFDM in 1970.Chang showed II. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
theoretically how to transmit simultaneous data stream
through linear band limited channel without Inter Symbol The basic principle of OFDM is to split a high‐rate data
Interference (ISI) and Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) stream into a number of lower rate streams and transmit
them over a number of subcarriers. Orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) divides the base bandwidth
Manuscript received March 18, 2016; revised April 20, 2016.
N.S Nkordeh is a Lecturer with Department of Electrical and Information into N orthogonal narrow sub-channels transmitted in
Engineering Covenant University Ota Nigeria, parallel. The generation of the OFDM signals at the
[email protected] transmitter is accomplished using inverse fast Fourier
F. E Idachaba an Associate Professor with Department of Electrical and transform (IFFT), which delivers orthogonal carriers[2]
Information Engineering Covenant University Ota Nigeria,
[email protected] Fig1 shows the different stages involved in OFDM
Ibinabo Bob-Manuel is an IT consultant with Kakatar Group Nigeria modulation; made up of the processes at the transmitter and
Limited Abuja, [email protected] the processes at the receiver.
O. O Oni is a Lecturer with Department of Electrical and Information
Engineering Covenant University Ota Nigeria,
[email protected]

ISBN: 978-988-19253-0-5 WCE 2016


ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2016 Vol I
WCE 2016, June 29 - July 1, 2016, London, U.K.

sub-channels. The information signal to be transmitted is


first converted to digital bits using an Analogue-to-
Digital(A/D) converter before being transmitted. The
OFDM transmitter maps the information signal bits into a
sequence of PSK or QAM symbols which are subsequently
converted into parallel streams. The serially modulated
digital information signal are then passed through a Serial-to
Parallel(S/P) device which are converted to parallel
streams and are transmitters through different sub-carriers
[5]. If denote the transmit symbol at
Fig.1 Stages in OFDMA process. the carrier, .
The Serial-to-Parallel conversion causes an extension in the
transmission time for symbols to which forms a
For two exponential signals and single OFDM symbol with a length .
that make up the sub-carrier of an Let denote the OFDM signal at the sun-
OFDM system at ,these signals are defined to be sub-carrier, which is given as:
orthogonal if the integral of the product of the signal over a
period is zero that is ; orthogonality condition is given as
=

According to [5], the carrier and information


(baseband)OFDM signals respectively can be
mathematically represented as follow in the continuous-time
domain:

Or

and

If equation(5) is sampled at with


and , the corresponding discrete-
= (2) time OFDM is

Orthogonality can also be shown for discreet signal; taking


samples of equation(2) at for

Taking equation (2) into discrete domain, we have


A closer look at equation (7) reveals that the process of
OFDM modulation is effectively an N-point Inverse Direct
Fourier Transform IDFT, and this can be efficiently
computed using the IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform)
algorithm.

At the receiver where demodulation takes place, the


= = transmitted signal can be decoupled from the receive
OFDM,
b
If the available bandwidth for transmission is given
by ; in an OFDM this bandwidth will be split into

ISBN: 978-988-19253-0-5 WCE 2016


ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2016 Vol I
WCE 2016, June 29 - July 1, 2016, London, U.K.

y exploiting the orthogonality among the sub-carriers as


stated in Equation(2) , as follow:

Fig 2 Modulation and demodulation in OFDM

Fig 2 illustrates OFDM modulation and


demodulation; at the transmitter, the frequency
domain symbol modulate the sub-carriers with a
The sampled discrete time representation OFDM signal, frequency of for
at is given as ,while at the receiver the
frequency domain symbol is recovered from the sub-carrier
frequency by employing the orthogonality property of the
sub-carriers.

III. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS.


=
The simulation was done using Mathlab ; a realization of
what takes place at the transmitter(modulator)and receiver
(demodulator) was carried out.OFDM is the modulation
standard, and OFDMA the access method for both WiMAX
and LTE.The simulation was carried out for WiMAX
2.5GHz, of channel bandwidth 10MHz and OFDM FFT size
The left hand side of equation (9) computes the N-point of 8192.
DFT of (for ; this can be
efficiently computed using the FFT (Fast Fourier
Transform) algorithm

Equations (8) and (9) show that OFDM process can be


wholly implemented digitally by employing an IFFT
(Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) algorithm at the transmitter
and a FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) algorithm at the
receiver, as a second method of implementation. In the first
method, multiple oscillators are needed at the transmitter
end, while at the receiver many coherently matched
demodulators are required. The complexity of the oscillators
and demodulator increases as the number of sub-carriers
increase. The implementation of OFDM through the use of
IFFT/FFT algorithm greatly reduces the cost, size of the
system and complexity; the IFFT/FFT has the computational
capability to handle as many sub-carriers as possible. Fig.3 Time response of signal carrier after IFFT

ISBN: 978-988-19253-0-5 WCE 2016


ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2016 Vol I
WCE 2016, June 29 - July 1, 2016, London, U.K.

has been shown that by mathematical analysis and


MATLAB simulation that OFDM helps in 'compressing'
many orthogonal signals into one main carrier; thereby
increasing transmission bandwidth. The graphs shows the
process through which IFFT/FFT is used in realizing
OFDM.

REFERENCES

[1] Ramjee Prasad and Fernando J. Velez, WiMAX Networks @ Springer


Science
[2] Ramjee Prasad and Fernando J. Velez, WiMAX Networks @
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[3] Ali Ramadan Ali, Tariq Jamil Khanzada, and Abbas Omar
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[4] Gavin Hill “Peak Power reduction in OFDM Transmitter”, Phd
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“MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communication with MATHLAB” IEEE
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[8] Nilesh Chide, ShreyasDeshmukh, P.B. Borole “Implementation of
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[13] Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff: A Comprehensive View of
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Fonollosa SIT 2010, Austin, Texas, U.S.A., June 13 - 18, 2010
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[19] VinayakNagpalCooperative multiplexing in Wireless Relay Network
[20] Francisco A.T.B.N Monteiro, “Lattices in MIMO Spatial
Fig.6 Frequency response of information signal Multiplexing: Detection and Geometry”
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[22] Hiroshi Nishimoto, “Studies on MIMO spatial multiplexing for high-
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[23] Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff: A Comprehensive View of
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OFDMA is becoming increasingly popular in the telecoms [24] Characterization of MIMO Antennas with Multiplexing Efficiency
by Ruiyuan Tian, BuonKiong Lau, and Zhinong Ying ;
and Signal processing industries because of the inherent Electromagnetic Theory Department of Electrical and Information
capacity increase it offers. From the analysis in this paper, it Technology Lund University Sweden

ISBN: 978-988-19253-0-5 WCE 2016


ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2016 Vol I
WCE 2016, June 29 - July 1, 2016, London, U.K.

[25] On the Diversity, Multiplexing, and Array Gain Tradeoff in MIMO


Channels Luis G. Ordonez, Daniel P. Palomar, and Javier R.
Fonollosa SIT 2010, Austin, Texas, U.S.A., June 13 - 18, 2010
[26] Franco A.T.B N Monteiro, Lattices in MIMO Spatial Multiplexing:
Detection and Geometry
[27] J.G Proakis. Digital Communications, McGraw Hill 4th Edition

ISBN: 978-988-19253-0-5 WCE 2016


ISSN: 2078-0958 (Print); ISSN: 2078-0966 (Online)

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