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End-Stage Renal Disease

End-stage renal disease occurs when chronic kidney disease has reached an advanced state causing the kidneys to no longer be able to meet the body's needs. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, swelling, and shortness of breath. The leading causes are diabetes, high blood pressure, and glomerulonephritis. Treatment options are kidney transplant, dialysis, or supportive care.

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Suneel Kumar Prajapati
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2K views4 pages

End-Stage Renal Disease

End-stage renal disease occurs when chronic kidney disease has reached an advanced state causing the kidneys to no longer be able to meet the body's needs. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, swelling, and shortness of breath. The leading causes are diabetes, high blood pressure, and glomerulonephritis. Treatment options are kidney transplant, dialysis, or supportive care.

Uploaded by

Suneel Kumar Prajapati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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End-stage renal disease

End-stage renal disease, also called end-stage kidney disease, occurs when chronic kidney disease — the
gradual loss of kidney function — reaches an advanced state. In end-stage renal disease, kidneys are no
longer able to work as they should to meet body's needs.

Symptoms

Early in chronic kidney disease, you may have no signs or symptoms. As chronic kidney disease
progresses to end-stage renal disease, signs and symptoms might include:

 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Loss of appetite
 Fatigue and weakness
 Sleep problems
 Changes in how much you urinate
 Decreased mental sharpness
 Muscle twitches and cramps
 Swelling of feet and ankles
 Persistent itching
 Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart
 Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
 High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control

Causes

Kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to
worsen over several months or years.

Diseases and conditions that can lead to kidney disease include:

 Type 1 or type 2 diabetes


 High blood pressure
 Glomerulonephritis
 Interstitial nephritis (, an inflammation of the kidney's tubules)
 Polycystic kidney disease
 Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract
 Vesicoureteral reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys
 Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis

Risk factors
Certain factors increase the risk that chronic kidney disease will progress more quickly to end-stage
renal disease, including:

 Diabetes with poor blood sugar control


 Kidney disease that affects the glomeruli
 Polycystic kidney disease
 Kidney disease after a kidney transplant
 High blood pressure
 Tobacco use
 Male sex
 Older age
 Lower level of kidney function

Diagnosis

Tests and exams to detect end-stage renal disease may include:

 A health history, including personal health history and family's health history.
 A physical exam, and neurological exam.
 Blood tests, to measure creatinine and urea.
 Urine tests, to check the level of the protein albumin.
 Ultrasound,
 Magnetic resonance imaging
 Tomography.
 Kidney tissue biopsy

Stages of kidney disease

There are five stages of kidney disease.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR measures how much blood the kidneys filter each minute,
recorded as milliliters per minute (mL/min). As the GFR declines, so does your kidney function.

Kidney disease stage GFR, mL/min Kidney function

Stage 1 90 or above Normal or near-normal kidney


function

Stage 2 60 to 89 Mild loss of kidney function

Stage 3 30 to 59 Mild to moderate loss of kidney


function

Stage 4 15 to 29 Severe loss of kidney function

Stage 5 Less than 15 Kidney failure


Treatment

End-stage renal disease treatment may include:

 Kidney transplant
 Dialysis
 Supportive care
 Kidney transplant
 Kidney transplant
 Kidney transplant
 Dialysis
 Supportive care

Lifestyle and home remedies

 Avoid products with added salt.


 Choose lower potassium foods.
 Limit the amount of protein.

Prevention

If you have kidney disease, you may be able to slow its progress by making healthy lifestyle choices:

 Lose weight if you need to


 Be active most days
 Eat a balanced diet of nutritious, low-sodium foods
 Control your blood pressure
 Take your medications as prescribed
 Have your cholesterol levels checked every year
 Control your blood sugar level
 Don't smoke or use tobacco products
 Get regular checkups

Complications

Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your
lungs (pulmonary edema)

A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart's ability to
function and may be life-threatening

cardiovascular disease
Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures

Anemia

Erectile dysfunction or reduced fertility

Damage to central nervous system,

personality changes or seizures

Decreased immune respons

Pericarditis

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