Inte rnational Journal of Engineering Technology, Manage ment and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com July 2015, Volume 3, Issue 7, ISSN 2349-4476

Improvement of Power Quality in Distribution System using

D-STATCOM With PI and PID Controller
Phanikumar.Ch, M.Tech Sk. Karimulla.,M.Tech
Dept of Electrica l and Electronics Engineering Dept of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla, India Bapatla Engineering Co llege, Bapatla, India

Abstract: This paper presents the enhancement of machines and malfunction of the sensitive
power quality by reducing voltage sags, harmonic equipment.
distortion and low power factor using Distribution static The development of power electronics devices
compensator (D-STATCOM) with LCL passive filter in such as Flexible AC Transmission Systems
distribution system. The D-STATCOM injects a current (FACTS) and customs power devices have
into the system to mitigate the voltage sags.LCL passive
introduced and emerging branch of technology
filter was then added to D-STATCOM to improve
providing the power system with versatile new
harmonic distortion and low power factor. The model is
based on the voltage source converter (VSC) principle. In control capabilities [1]. There are different ways to
this project PID controller is also used instead of PI enhance power quality problems in transmission and
controller to improve THD. The simulations were distribution systems. Among these, the D-
performed using MATLAB SIMULINK version R2007b. STATCOM is one of the most effective devices. A
Keywords: D-STATCOM, voltage sags, voltage source new PWM-based control scheme has been
converter (VSC), LCL passive filter, Total harmonic implemented to control the electronic valves in the
Distortion (THD) D-STATCOM. The D-STATCOM has additional
. capability to sustain reactive current at low voltage,
1. INTRODUCTION and can be developed as a voltage and frequency
An increasing demand for high quality, support by replacing capacitors with batteries as
reliable electrical power and increasing number of energy storage.[6,7]
distorting loads may leads to an increased awareness In this paper, the configuration and design of the
of power quality both by customers and utilities. The D-STATCOM with LCL passive filter are analyzed.
most common power quality problems today are It is connected in shunt or parallel to the 11 KV test
voltage sags, harmonic distortion and low power distribution system. It is also designed to enhance
factor. Voltage sag is a short time (10 ms to 1 the power quality such as voltage sags, harmonic
minute) event during which a reduction in r.m.s distortion and low power factor in distribution
voltage magnitude occurs [4].It is often set only by system.
two parameters, depth/magnitude and duration. The
voltage sags magnitude is ranged from 10% to 90% 2. DISTRIBUTION STATIC COMPENSATOR
of nominal voltage and with duration from half a (D-STATCOM)
cycle to 1 min. A D-STATCOM consists of a two-level VSC,
Voltage sags is caused by a fault in the utility a dc energy storage device, controller and a coupling
system, a fault with in the customer‟s facility or a transformer connected in shunt to the distribution
large increase of the load current, like starting a network. The VSC converts the dc voltage across the
motor or transformer energizing [2,3]. Voltage sags storage device into a set of three phase ac output
are one of the most occurring power quality voltages. These voltages are in phase and coupled
problems. For an industry voltage sags occur more with the ac system through the reactance of the
often and cause severe problems and economical coupling transformer. Suitable adjustment of the
losses. Utilities often focus on disturbances from phase and magnitude of the D-STATCOM output
end-user equipment as the main power quality voltages allows effective control of active and
problems [5]. reactive power exchanges between the D-
Harmonic currents in distribution system can STATCOM and the ac system. Such configuration
cause harmonic distortion, low power factor and allows the device to absorb or generate controllable
additional losses as well as heating in the electrical active and reactive power.
equipment. It also can cause vibration and noise in

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The VSC connected in shunt with the ac electronics in the converter is then switched to get
system provides a multi functional topology which the desired output voltage. Normally the VSC is not
can be used for up to three quite distinct purposes: only used for voltage sag/swell mitigation, but also
1. Voltage regulation and compensation of reactive for other power quality issues, e.g. flicker and
power. harmonics.
2. Correction of power factor and In addition, D-STATCOM is also capable to
3. Elimination of current harmonics. generate or absorbs reactive power. If the output
The value of an be controlled by adjusting voltage of the VSC is greater than AC bus terminal
the output voltages of the converter. voltages, D-STATCOM is said to be in capacitive
The shunt injected current can be written as, mode. So, it will compensate the reactive power
through Ac system and regulates missing voltages.
These voltages are in phase and coupled with the AC
system through the reactance of the coupling
transformers.
B.CONTROLLER
Fig 2.2 shows the block diagram of
controller system. The controller system is partially
part of distribution system. The aim of control
scheme is to maintain constant voltage magnitude at
Referring to the equation 2.2, output the point where a sensitive load is connected, under
current, will correct the voltage sags by system disturbance. The control system only
adjusting the voltage drop across the system measures the R.M.S. voltage at the load point, i.e.,
impedance, (Zth = R+jX). It may be mentioned that no reactive power measurements are required.
the effectiveness of D-STATCOM in correcting Proportional integral controller (PI controller)
voltage sags depends on: is a feedback controller which drives the system to
a) The value of impedance, Zth = R+jX be controlled with a weighted sum of the error signal
b) The fault level of the load bus (difference between the output and desired set point)
and the integral of that value.
In this case, PI controller will process the error
signal to zero. The load r.m.s voltage is brought back
to the reference voltage by comparing the reference
voltage with the R.M.S. voltages that had been
measured at the load point. It is also used to control
the flow of reactive power from the DC capacitor
storage circuit.
The VSC switching strategy is based on a sinusoidal
PWM technique which offers simplicity and good
Fig 2.1. Schematic diagram of a D-STATCOM response. PWM generator is the device that
A. VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER (VSC) generates the sinusoidal PWM waveform or signal.
A voltage source converter is a power To operate PWM generator, the angle is summed
electronic device that connected in shunt or parallel with the phase angle of the balance supply voltages
to the system, which can generate a sinusoidal equally at 120 degrees. Therefore, it can produce the
voltage with any required magnitude, frequency and desired synchronizing signal that required.
phase angle. Voltage source converters are widely
used in adjustable-speed drives, but can also be used
to mitigate voltage dips. The VSC is used to either
completely replace the voltage or to inject the
„missing voltage‟. The „missing voltage‟ is the
difference between the nominal voltage and the
actual. The converter is normally based on same
kind of energy storage, which will supply the
converter with a DC voltage. The solid state Fig 2.2. Block diagram of controller system

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www.ijetmas.com July 2015, Volume 3, Issue 7, ISSN 2349-4476

C.ENERGY STORAGE CIRCUIT TABLE 2.1: LIST AND VALUE OF

PARAMETERS USE IN SIMULATION
Symbol Name Quantity value
En RM S value of grid voltage 19kv (r m s)
Iripm 15% of peak value fundamental 793.1mA(r m s)
harmonic current
Lg Grid-side filter inductance 1630mH
Lc Converter-side filter inductance 815mH
Cf Filter capacitance 0.0017 µF
Rf Resistance of converter-side filter 15Ω
fsw Switching frequency 20kHz
Fig 2.3. Circuit diagram of DC storage fres Resonance frequency 5.25kHz
DC source is connected in parallel with Figure 2.5 shows the input current harmonic
the DC capacitor. It carries the input ripple current of spectrum with respect to the IEEE STD 519-1992
the converter and it is the main reactive energy harmonic limit
storage element. This DC capacitor could be charged
by a battery source or could be recharged by the 3. METHODOLOGY
converter itself. To enhance the performance of distribution system,
D.LCL PASSIVE FILTER D-STATCOM was connected to the distribution
The line filter between the converter and the system. D-STATCOM was designed using
grid can be reduced by using an LCL filter instead of MATLAB SIMULINK version R2007b. Figure 3.1
an L-filter.LCL passive filter is more effective on below shows the flowchart for the methodology:
reducing harmonic distortion. To design it, equation
(2.3), (2.4) and (2.5) are used

To design an efficient LCL passive filters make sure

that, 10fn ≤ fres ≤ 0.5 fsw

Fig 3.1. Flowchart for the methodology

A. TEST SYSTEM

Fig 3.2 Single line diagram of the test system

The test system shown in figure 3.2 comprises a
Fig 2.4.Circuit diagram for single phase LCL 230 KV, 50HZ transmission system, represented by
Passive filter a The venin equivalent, feeding into the primary side

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of a 3-winding transformer connected in Y/Y/Y, increase, the voltage sags will also increased for
230/11/11 KV. A varying load is connected to the 11 different types of fault.
KV, secondary side of the transformer. A two-level
D-STATCOM is connected to the11 KV tertiary
winding to provide instantaneous voltage support at
the load point. A 750 µF capacitor on the dc side
provides the D-STATCOM energy storage
capabilities. Breaker 1 is used to control the period
of operation of the D-STATCOM and breaker 2 is
used to control the connection of load 1 to System.
B. SIMULINK MODEL FOR THE TEST SYSTEM
WITH PI CONTROLLER

Voltage at load point is 0.248 p.u at Rf =0.66 Ω for

TPG fault

Voltage at load point is 0.27 P.U at Rf =0.76Ω for

DLG fault
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The above figure shows the simulation results of the
To create distortion in the distribution system, test system for different types of fault. The fault
different types of fault such as three phases to occur during (500-700ms) when the fault resistance,
Ground (TPG), Double Line to Ground (DLG), Line Rf=0.66Ω
to Line (LL), and Single Line to Ground (SLG) are
injected. B. WITH INSERTION OF D-STATCOM
A. WITHOUT INSERTION OF D-STATCOM TABLE 4.2: RESULTS OF VOLTAGE SAGS FOR
TABLE 4.1: RESULTS OF VOLTAGE SAGS DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS
FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULT. Fault Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage
Fault Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage resistanc sags for sags for sags for sags for
Resistance sags for sags for sags for sags for
Rf, Ω TPG DLG LL S LG e TPG DLG LL SLG
fault fault fault fault Rf, Ω fault fault fault fault
(P.U) (P.U) (P.U) (P.U)
(P.U) (P.U) (P.U) (P.U)
0.66 0.248 0.295 0.3467 0.4139 0.66 0.22 0.2633 0.3001 0.267
0.76 0.27 0.308 0.3511 0.4379 0.76 0.255 0.2906 0.3242 0.2917

0.86 0.280 0.3118 0.3695 0.4964 0.86 0.275 0.3065 0.3359 0.307
Table 4.2 shows the overall results of voltage sags in
Table 4.1 shows the overall results of voltage sags in P.U with different types of faults. From the table, it
P.U for different types of fault. From the table, it can can be observed that voltage sags improved with
be observed that when the value of fault resistance is insertion of D-STATCOM.
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TABLE 4.4: RESULTS OF CURRENT

HARMONIC FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF
FAULTS WITHOUT LCL PASSIVE FILTER
Number Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic
of distortion distortion distortion distortion
harmonic of TPG of DLG of LL fault of SLG
spectrum fault fault % fault
% % %

1st 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

3rd 0.98 2.51 1.25 5.91
Voltage at load point is 0.22 p.u at Rf = 0.66Ω TPG 5th 0.74 1.35 1.15 3.71
th
fault 7 0.63 0.85 1.01 2.70
th
9 0.57 0.60 0.84 2.13
11th 0.49 0.46 0.71 1.75
13th 0.42 0.38 0.63 1.48
THD 2.89 5.36 4.78 14.2
Power 84.49 74.79 91.34 90.00
factor

Table 4.4 shows the current harmonic for different

types of fault. The percentage of THD shows that it
is not within the IEEE STD 519-1992. The
percentage of power factor is low in the range of
74.79 to 91.34 lagging.
Voltage at load point is 0.255 P.U at Rf = 0.76Ω for
DLG fault
The above figure shows the simulation results of the
test system for different types of faults. The fault
occurs during (500-700ms) when the fault resistance
is 0.66 Ω

TABLE 4.3: RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES

OF FAULT BEFORE AND AFTER INSERT D-
STATCOM WHEN
Types Without D- With D- Percentage
of STATCOM STATCOM Of
fault (P.U) (P.U) Improvement
(%)
TPG 0.248 0.22 2.8
DLG 0.295 0.2633 3.17

LL 0.3467 0.3001 4.66 Figure 4.3: Harmonic spectrum of distortion output

current without LCL passive filter
SLG 0.4139 0.267 1.46
From table 4.3 it can be seen that with D- D. D-STATCOM WITH LCL PASSIVE FILTER
STATCOM the voltage sags has improved close to TABLE 4.5: RESULTS OF CURRENT HARMONIC
1.0 P.U FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS WITH LCL
PASSIVE FILTER

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Number Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic

of distortion distortion distortion distortion
harmonic of TPG of DPG of LL of SLG
spectrum fault % fault % fault % fault %
1st 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

3rd 1.08 2.64 0.22 2.64

th
5 0.65 1.58 0.13 1.56

7th 0.46 1.13 0.10 1.13

th
9 0.36 0.88 0.07 0.89

11th 0.29 0.72 0.06 0.72

th
13 0.25 0.61 0.05 0.61

THD 2.59 6.35 1.14 6.35

Power 99.99 99.99 99.99 99.99

factor

Table 4.5, shows that with LCL passive filter, the

percentage of THD has been reduced. The power
factor increases close to unity

F. D-STATCOM WITH LCL PASSIVE

FILTER AND PID CONTROLLER

TABLE 4.6: RESULTS OF CURRENT

HARMONIC FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF
FAULTS WITH LCL PASSIVE FILTER AND PID
CONTROLLER
Numbe Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic Harmon
r of distortion distortion of distortion of ic
harmon of TPG DLG fault LL fault distortio
ic fault % % n of
spectru % SLG
m fault
%

1st 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

3rd 0.99 0.99 0.10 0.09
5th 0.59 0.60 0.06 0.06
7th 0.42 0.43 0.04 0.03
9th 0.33 0.33 0.03 0.03
13th 0.23 0.23 0.02 0.02
THD 2.38 2.39 0.72 0.06
Figure4.4. Harmonic spectrum of output current with
Power 99.99 99.99 99.99 99.99
LCL passive filter factor

E.SIMULINK MODEL FOR THE TEST SYSTEM Table4.6, shows that with LCL passive filter and
WITH LCL PASSIVE FILTER AND PID PID controller, the percentage of THD has reduced.
CONTROLLER Now the THD is within the IEEE STD 519-1992.

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[6] M .Madrigal, E. Acha., “Modeling of Custom

Power equipment using Harmonics Domain
Techniques”, IEEE2000
[7] R.Meinski, R.Pawelek and I.Wasaik, “Shunt
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Using a STATCOM controller Modeling and
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[8] J.Nastran , R. Cajhen, M. Seliger, and P.Jereb,”
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with LCL passive filter and PID controller Three Phase Active Power Filter with fixed
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adding D-STATCOM with LCL passive filter and
PID controller the power quality is improved.

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