SPECTRUM LINES OF VARIOUS ATOMS

Nur Faizah N.1), Nurfadillah Y.2),A. Nurul Ishlah A.3), St. Mutiara S.A4)
Afni Nurfadhilah
Modern Physics Laboratory, Makassar State University

e-mail: [email protected],

Abstract- An experiment was conducted with the title Spectrum Line of Atomic Type Range.
The purpose of this experiment is to show the existence of the discrete spectrum / line of
hydrogen / noble and other metal atoms, determining by using the Balmer formula to
determine the Rydberg constant for the hydrogen atom. The data obtains is calors that formed
by experiment, and the angels that formed in right and left spectrometers, the wavelength of
each color can be obtained by the formula of difraction, and by using the balmer formula can
be obtained by the Rydberg constant, to determine the types of elements of line spectra,
compare line spectrum formed on the complete trial of wavelength and spectral lines of
known elements. ased on the results of the experiment visible color lines (line spectra)
formed on the spectrometer with a certain wavelength, then from the wavelength obtained
Rydberg constant value is R = 0,0032447988, R =0,01073064, and R = 0,0093761648
|1,035 ± 0,0002|10 7 m−1and also it has been known that the first Lamp in experiment is an
element of Helium, the second Lamp is an element of helium.
Key words: Spectrum lines, Bohr atom theory, Wavelenght.

A. INTRODUCTION consists of positive nuclei and negative

The emission spectrum that an electrons scattered around it still
atom can produce can be observed with causing new problems. But it is clear
using a spectrometer, the line spectrum that the argument about the situation
forms a series of colors light with electrons around the nucleus are
different wavelengths. The resulting certainly not as simple as they have
line spectrum each element consists of a
series of colors with a wavelength been put forward by Rutherford, but
differences were first observed in requires more refinement continued.
hydrogen gas by Niels Bohr. In the year The atomic model revealed by
of 1900, J.J Thomson proposes an Rutherford is better if compared to the
atomic model that resembles raisin Thomson atomic model. But based on
bread. According to Thomson, atoms theoryelectromagnetically it turns out
consist of positively charged matter and that atoms according to Rutherford's
electrons scattered inside like raisins in description are atoms that are notstable
roticism. and according to electromagnetic theory
Basically, alpha scattering the atom will emit a continuous
experiments conducted by Rutherford spectrum,but based on observations it
was the beginning of modern atomic turns out that the emitted spectrum
theory. But the picture of the atom is
 isdiscrete spectrum, both of which as Rydberg's constant
cannot be explained by Rutherford.
Atoms in an element can produce The Balmer series corresponds
emission spectrum (spectrum discrete) tovisible light spectrum so it
which can be observed using an optical candetected with ordinary eyes. In this
spectrometer. Spectrumlines form a series,a transition from quantum
series of colors of light with different number 𝑛𝐵 =3, 4, 5 ... to the quantum
wavelengths.There is a spectrum of number 𝑛𝐴 = 2. 𝑛𝐵 = 3for the red
lines that areproduced every element spectrum line, 𝑛𝐵 = 4 fororange color
consisting of rows of colors with spectrum line, 𝑛𝐵 = 5 for the lineyellow,
wavelengthsthe differences were first and so on. Then fortunately
observed in hydrogen gas by Niels seriesBalmer, equation (4.1) becomes:
Bohr. 1 1
1
The practicum carried out aims to = R( 2 − 2 ¿
λ 2 nB
show the spectrum of atomic
(1.3)
lineshydrogen / noble gas and other
metals,determine the wavelength of the
Wavelength 𝜆, measured by using
line spectrumprecious gas atoms and
diffraction grating that is put
metals as well as usesBalmer's formula
onspectrometer table. When the light
for determining constantsRydberg for
passes through the lattice,diffraction
hydrogen atoms.
event occurs:
Bohr postulated that though
dsinθ
electrons do not emit 𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛 𝜆 or 𝜆 = (1.4)
n
radiationelectromagnet when With
circulating at a ratecertain, it can move d = Distance between grating (m)
from one level tolower level. At what n = Order spectrum (= 1,2,3 ...)
levellower, more energy the electrons or
havelower than in the previous level. ∆α
Differentthis energy appears as a d sin
𝜆 = 2
quantumenergy radiation ℎ𝑣 equal n
toenergy difference between the two (1.5)
levels. ∆α
With =θ
From Bohr's atomic theory it is 2
known that wavelength of photons B. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
emitted whenelectrons move from orbit In the line spectrum practicum,
B to orbit Ais given by : tools and the material used is aoptical
1 1 1 spectrometer, one rowland lattice,
= R( 2 − 2 ¿
λ nA nB onespectrum of He lamp and a
(1.1) universal choke,230 V, 50 Hz.
With Before taking data, Adjustments
2 π 2 k 2 me4 were made to the optical
R = spectrometer.First, aligned the position
ch 3
(1.2) of the collimator andoptical
spectrometer telescope, the line that
looks atin a telescope crushed with Δλ 1 Δα Δα
= (cos /sin )ΔΔ𝛼 λ
threadvertically on the telescope. λ 2 2 2
Optical table setso that the position of
the rotary scale and nonius scaleon the 1 Δα
optical table which coincide showszero Δλ= |ΔΔα/𝑡𝑎𝑛 |λ
2 2
number. Telescope rotated in one Δλ
direction (right)and confirmed line (1.6) 𝐾𝑅= 𝑥100%
λ
spectra was observed. Soalso in cloudy 𝜆 =|𝜆±Δ𝜆|𝑛𝑚
directions (left).
To take data, telescopes returned to C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
normal position. Telescope rotatedback Observation result
to the right slowly so thatobserved the Table 1. results of observations of the
first color line in order 1 (n = hydrogen atomic line spectrum
1).Vertical thread marks on the Spectr Spectru left right
telescope are crushedwith the first color um m
line then designationthe scale is read on orde colour
the spectrometer as 𝜃right. The telescope 1. ungu | 15,0±1|
then rotates to the left so thatobserved
biru | 17,0±1| | 17,0±1|
the first color line in order 1(n = 1) and
the scale designation read merah | 23,5±1| | 23,5±1|
onspectrometer as 𝜃left. Activities (2)
and (3)is repeated for the next color line
onsame order. Activities (2) and (3) are
 Table 2. results of observing the spectrum
repeatedfor the next color lines on the
of lines of several types of first order atoms
ordernext. Data analysis was performed
withcalculate the wavelength of the lamp Spectrum left Right
color spectrumwith the following colour
equation: 1. Purple 1 | 16,0±1| | 16,0±1|

Purple 2 | 16,5±1|
δλ
Δ𝜆=| |ΔΔ𝛼
δ Δα Blue | 17,5±1| | 17,5±1|
Δ𝜆= δ ¿ ¿ ΔΔ𝛼
1 Δα 1 Red | 23,5±1| | 23,5±1|
Δ𝜆=| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 |ΔΔ𝛼 Δ𝜆𝜆=
2nN 2 2nN
2 Blue 1 | 16,5±1| | 16,5±1|
Δα
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ΔΔ𝛼
2 Blue 2 | 16,5±1| | 17,0±1|
Δα
sin Blue 3 | 17,5±1| | 18,0±1|
2

n.N Red | 22,5±1| |23,0±1|

Δλ 1 Δα Δα
= (cos /sin )ΔΔ𝛼
λ 2 2 2 Discussion
In experiments the Helium atom
emits a discrete spectrum, said to be
 discrete because not all the color spectrum is the red spectrum and the
spectrum appears to be radiated by the smallest is the purple spectrum.
He atom.
At the time of data retrieval, certain Reference
colors that appear faintly appear then Krane, K. 1992. Fisika Modern
are ignored in the data collection (terjemahan). Jakarta : Universitas
process and there are also two spectral Indonesia.
lines that are very close to the same
color but can still be seen that there are Sumardi, Yos,. 1993. Fisika Modern.
thin black lines that accompany them, Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka.
this is referred to as the line spectrum
Krane, Kenneth. 2014. Fisika Modern.
dublet , and one of the weaknesses of
Jakarta : Penerbit Universitas
the Bohr atomic model cannot explain
Indonesia (UI-Press).
the problem of the line spectrum dublet.
In addition, there is also a spectrum of
colors that are observed in the right
order but, not observed in the left order.
In this case the color spectrum is not
included in the data calculation Δ𝛼.
The simplest atom with atoms that
have more than one electron, the
Helium atom, is not very compatible
with the Bohr atomic model, but some
ideas about line spectra still apply. The
intensity of the line spectrum emitted in
each order is different even though it
has the same color.
D. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of experiments
that have been carried out, it can be
concluded that:
1. In the Helium (He) atom there is a
discrete spectrum / line emitted and
not all of the light appears emitted
by the Helium atom because there is
a dark line between the color
spectrums.
2. From the analysis results obtained
the wavelength values of each color
are λ red = 507,87341713 nm, λ blue
= 497,021898 nm, and λ purple =
221,8945268 nm, . Thus on the He
atom the broadest wavelength