Combined Stresses

Principal Stresses and Principal Planes

• In most cases, direct and shear forces act
simultaneously on a body and the maximum value
of the resultant stress may act in some other
direction than of the load application.
• The induced stresses such as axial, bending, torsion
and direct shear are either:
▫ Normal stress (σ)- the stress normal to the area on
which it acts;
▫ Shear stress (τ) -the stress which acts along the
area
Consider a member subjected to Bi-axial and
Shear Stresses

• The perpendicular planes where shear stress is zero

are known as principal planes and the direct or
normal stresses across these planes as principal
stresses.
• Of the normal stresses, one will be maximum and
the other minimum.
• The planes of maximum and minimum normal stress (i.e.
principal planes) have no shear stress, and the inclination is
2
tan 2 
1   2
• The equation provides two values of 2θ by 180° or θ by 90°,
the planes along which the direct stresses have the maximum
and minimum values.
• This also means that there are two principal planes that are
at right angle to each other.
Maximum principal or normal stress,
1   2
 max 
1
 1   2 2  4 2

2 2
Minimum principal or normal stress,
1   2
 min  
1
 1   2 2  4 2
2 2
Maximum Shear Stress
• For the maximum value of shear stress and its plane in
such a system,   2
tan 2   1
2
• The planes of maximum shear stress lie at 45°
to the principal planes.

Maximum shear stress,

  max   min    1   2 2  4 2
1 1
 max
2 2
Sample Prob. 1
A hollow shaft of 50 mm outer diameter and 30 mm
inner diameter is subjected to a twisting moment of 125
N-m, simultaneously, it is subjected to an axial thrust of
8 kN and a bending moment of 70 N-m. Calculate the
maximum compressive and shear stresses.

Given :
d o  50mm; d i  30mm : T  125 N  m;
P  8000 N ; M  70 N  m
A  cross - sectional area of the shaft 

4
d   d  
0
2
i
2

A

4
50  30   1256.637mm
2 2 2

Direct Compressive stress due to axial thrust,

8000
o   6.37 MPa
1256.637
Bending stress due to bending moment,
 50 
70 1000 
b 
Mc
  2  6.55MPa
I 
64

504  304 
The resultant compressive stress,
 c   o   b  6.37  6.55  12.92MPa
 16Td 0 1612550 1000 
   5.85MPa

 d0  di
4 4
 4

 50  30 4

Max. compressive stress :
c
c 
1
 c 2
 4 2

12.92 1
 12.922  45.852  15.17 MPa
max
2 2 2 2
Max. shear stress :

 max 
1
 c 2  4 2 
1
12.922  45.852  8.71MPa
2 2
Sample Prob. 2 (Example 5.14/p.159)
A shaft, as shown below, is subjected to a bending load
of 3 kN, pure torque of 1000 N-m and an axial pulling
force of 15 kN. Calculate the stresses at A and B.
 
A  cross - sectional area of the shaft  d2
4

A 502  1963.5mm 2
4
Tensile stress due to axial pull at A and B,
15000
o   7.64 MPa
1963.5
Bending moment at A and B,
M  3000250   750000 N  mm
Bending stress at A and B,
Mc 32 M 32750000
b     61.12 MPa
I d 3
 503

The bending stress is tensile at A and compressive at B.

Resultant tensile stress at A,
 A   b   o  61.12  7.64  68.76MPa
Resultant compressive stress at B,
 B   b   o  61.12  7.64  53.48MPa
Shear stress at A and B,
16T 161000 1000 
 3  40.74 MPa
d  50 3
Stresses at A :
Max. principal or normal stress :
A
 A max  
1
 A   4 
2 2 68.76 1
 68.762  440.742
2 2 2 2
 87.69 MPa tensile 
Min. principal or normal stress :
A
A 
1
 A 2
 4 2

68.76 1
 68.76 2
 440.74 2
min
2 2 2 2
 18.93MPa  18.93MPa compressive 
Max. shear stress :

 A max 
1
 A 2  4 2 
1
68.762  440.742  53.31MPa
2 2
Stresses at B :
Max. principal or normal stress :
B
 Bmax  
1
 B   4 
2 2 53.48 1
 53.482  440.742
2 2 2 2
 75.47 MPa compressive 
Min. principal or normal stress :
B
B 
1
 B 2  4 2  53.48  1
 53.482  440.742
max
2 2 2 2
 22 MPa  22 MPa tensile
Max. shear stress :

B 
1
 B 2  4 2 
1
53.482  440.742  48.73MPa
max
2 2
Theories of Failure Under Static Load
• The strength of machine members is based upon the
mechanical properties of the materials used.
• Since these properties are usually determined from
simple tension or compression tests, therefore,
predicting failure in members subjected to uniaxial
stress is both simple and straight-forward.
• However, the problem of predicting the failure
stresses for members subjected to bi-axial or tri-
axial stresses is much more complicated.
• In fact, the problem is so complicated that a large
number of different theories have been formulated.
A. Maximum Principal or Normal Stress Theory (Rankine’s Theory)
• According to this theory, the failure or yielding occurs at a
point in a member when the maximum principal or normal
stress in a bi-axial stress system reaches the limiting strength
of the material in a simple tension test.
y
 max   for ductile materials
FS
u
  for brittle materials
FS
 y  yield point stress in tension as determined from simple tension test
 u  ultimate stress

• This theory is generally used for brittle materials which are

relatively strong in shear but weak in tension or compression.
B. Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Guest’s or Tresca’s Theory)

• According to this theory, the failure or yielding occurs at a

point in a member when the maximum shear stress in a bi-
axial stress system reaches a value equal to the shear stress at
yield point in a simple tension test.
• This theory is mostly used for designing members of ductile
materials.

y y
 max  
FS 2FS 
 y  shear stress at yield point as determined from simple tension test
FS  factor of safety
C. Maximum Distortion Energy Theory (Hencky and Von Mises Theory)
• According to this theory, the failure or yielding occurs at a point
in a member when the distortion strain energy (also called shear
strain energy) per unit volume in a bi-axial stress system reaches
the limiting distortion energy (i.e. distortion energy at yield
point) per unit volume as determined from a simple tension test.
• The maximum distortion energy theory for yielding is expressed
as
Strain Energy per unit volume in a bi - axial stress system,
y 
2

 max    min 
2 2
  max min   
 FS 
The shear yield strength predicted by this theory,

 y  0.577 y
Sample Prob.
A mild steel shaft of 50 mm diameter is subjected to a
bending moment of 2000 N-m and a torque T. If the
yield point of the steel in tension is 200 MPa, find the
maximum value of this torque without causing yielding
of the shaft according to
1. the maximum principal stress;
2. The maximum shear stress; and
3. the maximum distortion strain energy theory of
yielding.

Given :
d  50mm; M  2000 N  m;  y  200MPa
 Mc 32 M 322000 1000  N
 t  bending stress     163
I d 3  503 mm 2
16T 16T
  shear stress due to torque  
d 3  503
Maximum principal stress,
2
t  16T 
t  
1
 t  2
 4 
2 163 1
 163  4
2

3 
2 2 2 2   50  
max

Minimum principal stress,

2
t  16T 
t  
1
 t 
2
 4 
2 163 1
 163  4
2

3 
2 2 2 2   50  
min
Maximum shear stress
2
 16T 
 max 
1
 t 
2
 4 
2 1
163  4
2

3 
2 2   50  

1. Based on Maximum principal or normal stress,

  t allow  200
N
t max
mm 2
2
 16T 
163 1
 163  4 2
  200
3 
2 2   50  
T  2111328 N  mm  2111.3 N  m
2. Based on Max. shear stress theory :
 t allow 200 N
 max   allow    100
2 2 mm 2
2
 16T 
1
163  4
2
  100
3 
2   50  
T  1422211.16 N  mm  1422.2 N  m
3. Based on Max. Distortion Energy theory :
      
t max
2
t min
2
t max t min

  tallow 
2

2 2
  16T 
2    16T 
2 
163  1 163  4
2

3 
  163  1 163  4
2

3 

 2

2   50     2 2
    50   

  16T 
2   16T 
2 
 163 1
 163  4
2

3 
 163  1 163  4
2

3 

 2

2   50    2 2
   50   

 200 
2

T  1642228 N  mm  1642.2 N  m
Exercises:
1. A rotating shaft of 16 mm diameter is made of plain carbon steel. It is
subjected to axial load of 5000
N, a steady torque of 50 N-m and maximum bending moment of 75 N-m.
Calculate the factor of safety
available based on 1. Maximum normal stress theory; and 2. Maximum
shear stress theory.
Assume yield strength as 400 MPa for plain carbon steel. If all other data
remaining same, what maximum yield strength of shaft material would be
necessary using factor of safety of 1.686 and maximum distortion energy
theory of failure. Comment on the result you get.
[Ans. 1.752; 400 MPa]
2. An axial pull of 20 kN along with a shear force of 15 kN is applied to a
circular bar of 20 mm diameter. The elastic limit of the bar material is 230
MPa and the Poisson’s ratio, ν=0.3. Determine the factor of safety against
failure based on
(a) Maximum shear stress theory
(b) Maximum strain energy theory
(c) Maximum principal strain energy theory
(d) Maximum shear strain energy theory (maximum distortion energy
theory)
[Ans. 2, 2.3, 2.37, 2.2]
Eccentric Loading - Direct and
Bending Stresses Combined
• Eccentric load : An external load, whose line of action
is parallel but does not coincide with the centroidal axis
of the machine component
• Eccentricity : Generally denoted by e, is the distance
between the centroidal axis of the machine component
and the eccentric load
• Fig. a: Consider a short prismatic bar subjected
to a compressive load P acting at an eccentricity
of e
• Fig. b: Let us introduce two forces P1 and P2
along the centre line or neutral axis equal in
magnitude to P, without altering the equilibrium
of the bar.
• Fig. c: A little consideration will show that the
force P1 will induce a direct compressive stress
over the entire cross-section of the bar. The
magnitude of this direct compressive stress is
P1 P
 o  or
A A
• Fig. d: The forces P and P2 will form a couple
equal to P × e which will cause bending stress.
• This bending stress is compressive at the edge
AB and tensile at the edge CD. The magnitude of
bending stress at the edge AB is given by
b 
Mc Pecc
 compressive 
I I
and bending stress at the edge CD,

b 
Mc Pect
 tensile
I I
• Fig. e: The resultant compressive and tensile
stress diagram
• The maximum or the resultant compressive
stress at the edge AB,
Mc P M P Pecc P
b        b o
I A Z A I A

• The maximum or resultant tensile stress at the

edge CD,

Mc P M P Pect P
b        b o
I A Z A I A
• In case the eccentric load acts with eccentricity
about two axes, as shown in figure below, then
the total stress at the extreme fibre is equal to,

P Pex x Pe y y
 
A I XX I YY
Sample Problem 1:
• A rectangular strut is
150 mm wide and 120
mm thick. It carries a
load of 180 kN at an
eccentricity of 10 mm
in a plane as shown in
the figure. Find the
maximum and
minimum intensities
of stress in the section.
A  150 120   18000mm 2
P 180000
Direct compressive stress,  o    10 MPa
A 18000
 150 
18000010 
BendingStress 
Mc
  2   4 MPa
I YY 1201503
12
Since  o   b , the entire cross - section of the strut will be subjected to
compressive stress.
Maximum intensity of compressive stress (at edge AB) :
 max  10  4  14MPa
Minimum intensity of compressive stress (at edge CD) :
 min  10  4  6MPa
Sample Problem 2:
• A hollow circular
column of external
diameter 250 mm and
internal diameter 200
mm, carries a
projecting bracket on
which a load of 20 kN
rests, as shown in the
figure. The centre of
the load from the
centre of the column is
500 mm. Find the
stresses at the sides of
the column.
A

4
250  200   17671.46mm
2 2 2

P 20000
Direct compressive stress,  o    1.13MPa
A 17671.46
Mc 3220000500 250 
Bending Stress    11.04 MPa
I 
 250  200
4 4

Since  o   b , the right
hand side of the column will be subjected to
compressive stress and the left hand side of the
column will be subjected to tensile stress.
Maximum compressive stress (right hand side) :
 max  11.04  1.13  12.17 MPa
Maximum tensile stress (left hand side) :
 min  11.04  1.13  9.91MPa
Sample Problem 3:
• A masonry pier of
width 4 m and
thickness 3 m,
supports a load of
30 kN as shown in
the figure. Find the
stresses developed
at each corner of the
pier.
A  43  12m 2
43 34 
3 3
I XX   9m ; I YY 
4
 16m 4
12 12
Distance between x axis from corners A and B,
3
x  1.5m
2
Distance between y axis from corners A and C,
4
y  2m
2
ex  0.5m; e y  1m
The stress at corner A :
P Pex x Pe y y 30 300.51.5 3012 
A        8.75kPa
A I XX I YY 12 9 16
The stress at corner B :
P Pex x Pe y y 30 300.51.5 3012 
B        1.25kPa
A I XX I YY 12 9 16
The stress at corner C :
P Pex x Pe y y 30 300.51.5 3012 
C        3.75kPa
A I XX I YY 12 9 16
The stress at corner D :
P Pex x Pe y y 30 300.51.5 3012 
D        3.75kPa
A I XX I YY 12 9 16
 3.75 kPatensile 
Sample Problem 4:
• A mild steel link, as shown by full lines, transmits a
pull of 80 kN. Find the dimensions b and t if b = 3t.
Assume the permissible tensile stress as 70 MPa. If
the original link is replaced by an unsymmetrical
one, as shown by dotted lines, having the same
thickness t, find the depth b1, using the same
permissible stress as before.
For the original link : b1
e
A  bt  3t 2 2

  P 80000
 tallow  70   Total stress   o   b 
4P
b1t

  tallow  70 
A 3t 2
t  19.52mm  20mm 480000 
 70
b  320   60mm b1 20 
For the replaced link : b1  228.6mm  230mm
A1  b1t
P
Direct tensile stress,  o 
b1t

Mc
Pe b1
Bending stress,  b   2  6 Pe  3P
I tb13 tb12 tb1
12
 Sample Problem 5:
• A mild steel bracket as shown in the figure, is subjected to a pull of
6000 N acting at 45° to its horizontal axis. The bracket has a
rectangular section whose depth is twice the thickness. Find the
cross-sectional dimensions of the bracket, if the permissible stress
in the material of the bracket is limited to 60 MPa.
 N
Given : P  6000 N ;  45;  allow  60 2
; b  2t
mm
A  bt  2t t  2t 2
PH  horizontal component of P  6000 cos 45  4242.6 N

 oH  direct stress due to PH 

4242.6 2121.3
2
 2
tensile
2t t
M H  bending moment due to PH  4242.675  318195 N  mm
The bending moment due to the horizontal component of the load
induces tensile stress on the upper surface of the bracket and
compressive stress on the lower surface of the bracket.
The max. bending stress on the upper surface due to PH ,
b
318195 
b 
Mc
  2   3318195  477292.5 tensile
H
I tb 3 2t 3 t3
12
PV  vertical component of P  6000 sin 45  4242.6 N
M V  bending moment due to PV  4242.6130   551538 N  mm
The bending moment due to the vertical component of the load
induces tensile stress on the upper surface of the bracket and
compressive stress on the lower surface of the bracket.
The max. bending stress on the upper surface due to PV ,
b
551538 
 bV 
Mc
  2   3551538  827307 tensile 
I tb 3 2t 3 t3
12
The total tensile stress on the upper surface of the bracket,
477292.5 2121.3 827307
T  3
 2
 3
  allow  60
t t t
t  28.3mm
b  228.3  56.6mm
Shear Stresses in Beams
• In the previous discussion, we have assumed that no
shear force acts on the section.
• But, in actual practice, when a beam is loaded, the shear
force at a section is always present along with the
bending moment.
• It may be noted that the shear stress in a beam is not
uniformly distributed over the cross-section but varies
from zero at the outer fibres to a maximum at the neutral
surface as shown
• The shear stress at any section acts in a plane at right
angle to the plane of the bending stress and its value is
given by

   Ay 
F
Ib
where : F  Vertical shear force acting on the section,
I  Moment of inertia of the section about the neutral axis,
b  Width of the section under consideration,
A  Area of the beam above neutral axis, and
y  Distance between the c.g. of the area and the neutral axis.
 Values of maximum shear stress for various cross-section of
beams
• For a beam of rectangular section, the shear stress at a
distance y from neutral axis is derived as follows:
F  h   1h 
   Ay  
F
3 
b  y    y    y  
Ib  bh    2   22 
b 
 12 
h  1  h 
b  y    y 
 2  2  2  6F  h2 2
F  
3 
 y 
 bh 
3
bh  4 
b 
 12 
This indicates that there is parabolic variation of shear stress with y as shown.

F
At neutral axis y  0 , therefore max. shear stress,  max 
3F
 1.5   1.5 ave
2bh  bh 
 • For a beam of circular section as shown in the figure, the
shear stress at a distance y from neutral axis

F  d2  16 F 2
    y 2  
3I  4  4
d 4 y 2

 3 d
This indicates that there is parabolic variation of shear stress with y as shown.

At neutral axis where y  0, the max. shear stress,

 
4F 4 F  4

 max       ave
 2  3  d2  3
3 d   
4  4 
• For a beam of I-section as shown in the figure, the maximum
shear stress occurs at the neutral axis (y=0) and is given by

F B 2 bh 2 
 max
Ib  8

  H h 
2
8 


Shear stress in the flange at the junction,


F
8I
H 2  h2
Shear stress in the web at the junction,


F B 2

  H h
8I  b 
2

 Sample Problem:
• A beam of I-section 500 mm deep and 200 mm wide has
flanges 25 mm thick and web 15 mm thick, as shown in the
figure. It carries a shearing force of 400 kN. Find the
maximum intensity of shear stress in the section, assuming
the moment of inertia to be 645 × 106 mm4. Also find the
shear stress at the joint and at the junction of the top of the
web and bottom of the flange.
 F B 2 
 
2
bh
 max   H  h2  
Ib  8 8 


400000  200
500  450 15450 2

  64.8MPa
2 2

645x10 15  8
6
8 
OR
FAy
 max 
Ib
A  20025  15  8375mm 2
450
2
y  distance between c.g. of the area and the N.A.

20025 225  25   22515 225 

y  2   2   187.13mm
8375
4000008375187.13
 max   64.8MPa
645 x10 15
6
Shear stress in the flange at the junction,


F
8I
H h 
2
 
2 400000
8 645 x10 6
500 2
 450 2

 3.7 MPa

Shear stress in the web at the junction,

F B 2
8I  b 

    H h 
2
 
400000  200 
 
8 645 x10  15 
6
500 2

  450 2

 49 MPa 