UNIT 7 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Indefinite Integration

Structure
7.1 Introduction
Objectives
7.2 Meaning and Terminology used.
7.3 Integration of some Particular Functions
7.4 Integration by Substitution
7.5 Integration using Partial Fractions
7.6 Integration by Parts
7.7 Summary
7.8 Solutions/Answers

7.1 INTRODUCTION
In the previous unit, we have studied the differentiation of some functions.
Here, in this unit we are going to discuss the reverse process of differentiation
known as integration.
In this unit, we will study the integration of some commonly used functions in
section 7.3, integration by substitutions in section 7.4, integration by using
partial fractions in section 7.5 and integration by parts in section 7.6.

Objectives
After completing this unit, you should be able to:
 evaluate the integration of some commonly used functions;
 evaluate the integration by substitution method;
 evaluate the integration using partial fractions; and
 evaluate the integration by parts.

7.2 MEANING AND TERMINOLOGY USED

Notations
You have become familiar with the concept of summation discussed in Unit 3
of this course, i.e. MST-001. In fact, summation is convenient way to represent
the sum of discrete values only. If the variable is continuous, then the
summation cannot be used in the way it is used for discrete values. Summation
is obtained by the process of integration in case of continuous variable.
Origin of integration lies in the process of summation. In mathematics, the
words “Summation” and “Integration” are used for the words “to unite”.
In previous unit we have studied differentiation. The integration is just the
reverse process of differentiation. Actually, it is an antiderivative of a function.
That is, if f ' ( x ) is derivative of f(x) and hence f ' ( x ) is derivative of f(x) + c
( derivative of constant is zero). And therefore, f(x) + c is the integration of
f ' (x) .

59
Fundamentals of Integral of a function f(x) w.r.t. x is denoted by  f ( x )dx
Mathematics-II
,where f(x) is known as integrand, dx reflects the message that integrand is to
be integrated w.r.t. to the variable x and the entire process of finding the
integral of integrand is known as integration. The symbol  has its origin
from the letter S, which was used for summation.
Let us consider a simple example first and then give a list of the formulae.
x2
We know that the function x is the differentiation of  c w.r.t. x.
2
x2
  c is integration of x.
2
x2
i.e.  x dx   c , where c is known as constant of integration.
2
Similarly, integration of other functions can be obtained. Integrations of some
commonly used functions are listed in the following table.
.
List of Formulae of Integration
S. Function f(x)
No.
 f ( x ) dx
1 k (constant function) kx + c, where c is
constant of integration
2 xn x n 1
 c, n   1
n 1
3 1 log x  c
x
4 ( ax  b) n (ax  b) n 1
 c, n  1
a (n  1)
5 1 1
log ax  b  c
ax  b a
6 Exponential functions a mx
(i) a mx (i) c
m log e a

(ii) a mx  n a mx  n
(ii) c
m log a
(iii) e ax e ax
(iii) c
a
(iv) e ax  b e ax  b
(iv) c
a

Remark 1:
If f, g are integral functions such that f + g, f – g, are defined and a, b are real
constants, then
(i)  a(f ( x )dx  a  f ( x)dx
(ii)   af (x)  bg(x)  dx  a  f (x) dx  b  g(x)dx
60
7.3 INTEGRATION OF SOME PARTICULAR Indefinite Integration

FUNCTIONS
In this section, we learn how the formulae mentioned in the table on previous
page are used.
Example 1: Evaluate the following integrals:
3
(i)  5dx (ii)  0dx (iii)   dx (iv) x dx
7/2 1 1 1
(v) x dx (vi)  x 5 dx (vii)  x 7 / 2 dx (viii)  3 dx
x
3 2 x6  x4 1
(ix)  (x  x  5)dx (x)  ( x  1)( x  1)dx (xi)  x 2 dx
2
x 4  x3  3  1   1
(xii)  dx (xiii)   x  dx (xiv)   x   dx
x  x  x
 1 2 
(xv)   8 x 3  2 x  3  2  3 dx
 x x 
Solution:
 5 is a constant and if k is 
(i)  5dx = 5x  c  
constant then  kdx  kx  c 
where c is constant of integration.
Note: Constant of integration c is added everywhere, so in future we will not
write ‘where c is constant of integration’.
(ii)  0dx = 0x  c  c as 0 is constant
(iii)   dx   x  c as  is constant

3 x 31 x4  n x n 1 
(iv)  x dx  c c 
  x dx   c
3 1 4  n 1 
7
1
x2 2 9  x n 1 
(v)  x 7 / 2 dx   c  x 2  c   x n dx   c
7 9  n 1 
1
2
1 5 x 51 1
(vi)  5 dx =  x dx   c   x 4  c
x  5 1 4
 n x n 1 

  x dx   c
 n 1 
1 x 5 / 2 2
(vii)  x7/ 2 dx =  x 7 / 2 dx   c   x 7 / 2  c
5/2 5
 n x n 1 
  x dx   c
 n 1 
1 1 x2/3 3
(viii) 3 x dx =  x 1/ 3 dx   x 1 / 3 dx   c  x2/3  c
2/3 2

61
Fundamentals of  n x n 1 
Mathematics-II   x dx   c
 n 1 

3 3 x4 x2
(ix)  ( x  x  5)dx   x dx   x dx   5 dx  4

2
 5x  c
2
(x)  (x  1)( x  1)dx   ( x 3  x 2  x  1)dx
 n x n 1 
x 4
x 3
x 2 
  x dx   c
   xc  n 1 
4 3 2 and kdx  kx  c 
  
x6  x4 1  x6 x4 1 
(xi)  x 2 dx =   x 2  x 2  x 2 dx   ( x 4  x 2  x 2 )dx


x 5 x 3 x 1 x5 x3 1
   c    c
5 3 1 5 3 x
x4  x3  3  x4 x3 3 
 dx    x  x  3x  dx
7/2 5/2 1/ 2
(xii)  dx =    
x  x x x
x9/2 x7/2 x1/ 2 2 2
  3  c  x9/ 2  x7/2  6 x  c
9/2 7/2 1/ 2 9 7

 1  x 3 / 2 x1 / 2
(xiii)   x  
dx =  x1 / 2  x 1/ 2 dx =  
3/ 2 1/ 2
c
 x
3
2 2
x 2 x c
=
3
2
 1  1 1
(xiv)   x   dx =   x 2  2  2.x. dx
 x  x x
x 3 x 1 x3 1
  ( x 2  x 2  2)dx    2x  c    2x  c
3 1 3 x
 1 2 
(xv)   8x 3  2x  3  2  3 dx   (8x 3  2 x  3  x 2  2 x 3 )dx
 x x 
8x 4 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 2
   3x   c
4 2 1 2
1 1
 2 x 4  x 2  3x   2  c
x x
Now, you can try the following exercise.
E 1) Evaluate the following integrals:
2 3
 2 1   1 
(i)   x  x 2  dx (ii)   x 

 dx
x
(iii)  (  3)dx
 1  a b xm
(iv)  x  x  x dx (v)  ( x  1)(x  1)dx (vi)  xn dx

 1  1 
(vii)   x   x 3  3 dx
 x  x 

62
Example 2: Evaluate the following integrals: Indefinite Integration
5 6 3/2
(i)  (2x  3) dx (ii)  (5  9x ) dx (iii)  (9 x  5) dx

5 (3  2 x ) 7 / 2 1
(iv)  8  3x dx (v)  dx (vi)  (7 x  2) 3 dx
3  2x
1 3 x 5 log a 4 x 5
(vii)  dx (viii)  e 5 log dx (ix) a dx
3x  5
3x 3x 5x  7
(x)  a dx (xi)  e dx (xii)  e dx
3 2 x 7x 2 x x a a e
(xiii) a dx (xiv)  (5e  x )dx (xv)  (a  e  a  e  a )dx
2x (a x  b x ) 2
(xvi)  5 x 2 x dx (xvii)  dx (xviii)  dx
3x a xbx
(xix)  (e a log x  a x loga a  a m loga a )dx
x 3 1 
(xx)   3  (5x  3) x x   a a  dx
5  2x 
Solution:
 n (ax  b) n 1 
(2 x  3) 51
5   (ax  b) dx   c
(i)  (2 x  3) dx = c  a (n  1) 
2(5  1)
Here a  2, n  5 
(2 x  3) 6
 c
12
 n (ax  b) n 1 
(5  9 x ) 7   (ax  b) dx   c
(ii)  (5  9x ) 6 dx  c  a (n  1) 
7(9)
Here a  9, n  6 
1
 (5  9 x ) 7  c
63
5/2
 n (ax  b) n 1 
3/ 2 (9 x  5)    ( ax  b ) dx   c
(iii)  (9 x  5) dx  c  a (n  1) 
5
9 Here a  9, n  3 / 2 
2
2
 (9 x  5) 5 / 2  c
45
6
1 6
5 (8  3x ) 5 5
(iv)  8  3x dx   (8  3x ) 5 dx  c  (8  3x ) 5  c
6 18
 (3)
5
 n (ax  b) n 1 

  ( ax  b ) dx   c
 a (n  1) 
Here a  3, n  1 / 5 
7
7 1
(3  2 x ) 2   am 
(v)  dx   (3  2 x ) 2 2 dx  n  a m n 
3  2x  a 
  (3  2 x ) 3 dx

63
Fundamentals of
4
 n (ax  b) n 1 
Mathematics-II (3  2 x ) 
  ( ax  b ) dx   c
 c  a (n  1) 
4 2
Here a  2, n  3 
1
= (3  2x ) 4  c
8
1 3
(vi)  (7 x  2) 3 dx   (7 x  2) dx

 n (ax  b) n 1 
(7 x  2) 2    ( ax  b ) dx   c
 c  a (n  1) 
 2 7
Here a  7, n  3 
1
  (7 x  2 )  2  c
14
1 1 / 2
(vii)  dx   (3x  5) dx
3x  5
 n (ax  b) n 1 
(3x  5)1 / 2 
  ( ax  b ) dx   c
 c  a (n  1) 
1
3 Here a  3, n  1 / 2 
2
2
 3x  5  c
3
5 5
3 x 5 2
(viii)  e 5 log dx   e log( 3x 5) dx   (3x  5) 2 dx  a log a f ( x)  f (x) 
(3x  5)7 / 2 2
  c  (3x  5)7 / 2  c
 7 / 2 (3) 21

log a 4 x 5
(ix) a dx   4 x  5dx  a loga f ( x)  f (x) 
(4x  5)3/ 2 1
  c  (4x  5) 3/ 2  c
3 / 2  4 6

 mx a mx 
  a dx  m log a  c 
3x
3x a
(x) a dx  c  
3 log a
 Here a  a, m  3 

 e ax 
e 3x
3x 
  e ax
dx   c
(xi)  e dx  c a
3  
Here a  3 
 e ax  b 
5 x 7 e 5x  7   e
ax  b
dx   c
(xii) e dx  c a
5  
 Here a  5, b  7 
 mx  n 
mx  n a
a 3 2 x   a dx   c
(xiii)  a 3 2 x dx  c  m log a 
 2 log a
Here m  2, n  3 
 
7x 2 5 7x x 3
(xiv)  (5e  x )dx  7
e 
3
c

64
 x x a a e ax Indefinite Integration
(xv)  (a  e  a  e  a )dx =  e x  a a x  ea x  a e x  c
log a
 Here a a , ea , a e all are constants 
 
and if k is constant then  k dx  kx  c 

 x ax 
x x x x 10 x 
  a dx   c
(xvi)  5 2 dx   (5.2) dx   10 dx  c  log a 
log 10
Here a  10 
 
 x ax 
2x 2 / 3  c x

  a dx   c
(xvii)  x dx   2 / 3x dx   log a 
3 log 2 / 3
Here a  2 / 3 
 


2 / 3x c
log 2  log 3

(a x  b x ) 2 a 2 x  b 2 x  2a x b x
(xviii)  x x
dx   x x
dx [ (a  b) 2  a 2  b 2  2ab]
a b a b
 a 2x b 2x 2a x b x   a x bx 
   x x  x x  x x dx    x  x  2  dx

a b a b a b  b a 

 x
   a / b    b / a   2 dx
x


a / b x 
b / a x 
 2 x  c   m x dx 
mx 
 c
log a / b log b / a  log m 
a x m
(xix)  (e
a log x
 a x log a a  a m loga a )dx   e log x  a log a a  a log a a )dx

  ( x a  a x  a m )dx [ a log a f ( x )  f ( x )]

x a 1 ax
=   a mx  c
a  1 log a

 a m is a constant quantity 

x 3 1 
(xx)   3  (5x  3) x x   a a  dx
5  2x 
x 
    (5 x  3) 3  x 3 / 2  (5  2x ) 1 / 2  a a dx
 3 

x2 (5 x  3) 4 x 5 / 2 (5  2 x )1 / 2
     aax  c
3 2 4 5 5/ 2 2 1 / 2

x 2 (5x  3) 4 2 5 / 2
   x  (5  2 x )1 / 2  a a x  c
6 20 5

65
Fundamentals of Now, you can try the following exercise.
Mathematics-II
E 2) Evaluate the following integral:
 x
(i)   a x  e x a x  dx (ii)  (3 2 log3 x  3x log3 a  a a loga x  a a loga a )dx
 a

Example 3: Evaluate the following integrals:

1 3 5 7 3
(i)  x dx (ii)  x dx (iii)  dx (iv)  dx (v)  9  2x dx
x 1 5x  2
Solution:
1
(i)  x dx = log x  c [Using formula 3 of the table]

3 1
(ii)  x dx  3 x dx  3 log x  c [Using formula 3 of the table]

5
(iii)  x  1 dx = 5 log x  1  c [Using formula 5 of the table]

7 7 log 5x  2
(iv)  5x  2 dx =  c [Using formula 5 of the table]
5
7
= log 5x  2  c
5
3 3 log 9  2 x
(v)  9  2x dx = c [Using formula 5 of the table]
(2)
3
  log 9  2 x  c
2
Remark 2: In solving these examples you have noted that integration is in fact
anti derivative of a function.
For example, consider (ix) part of Example 1
x4 x2
Let f(x) = x 3  x  5 then  f (x )dx    5x  c (already calculated)
4 2
x4 x2
Now, let F(x )    5x  c
4 2
Diff. w.r.t.x
d 4x 3 2x
(F( x))    5  0  x3  x  5
dx 4 2
d
Thus, we note that if  f ( x )dx  F(x ) then Fx   f x 
dx
i.e. integral F(x) of f(x) is indefinite because of the presence of arbitrary
constant c.
In the next unit you will meet definite integral, where c will be cancel out.
(Refer section 8.2 of Unit 8 of this course, i.e. MST-001).

7.4 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

In section 7.3, we have taken into consideration the integrations for which a
formula can directly be used. But sometimes integrand cannot be directly
66
integrated using standard formula. In order to convert it into a form for which Indefinite Integration
standard formula can be applied, we substitute some function in place of some
other function and this technique of obtaining the integration is known as
integration by substitution method.
Substitution Method
f ' ( x)
If integral is of the type  (f (x )) n f ' (x ) dx or  dx, then
(f (x )) n
Step I We substitute f(x) = t … (1)
Step IIDifferentiate on both sides of (1)
Step III
Change the given integral in terms of t
Step IVAfter simplification, if necessary, we get one of the standard forms
discussed in Sec. 7.3. Using appropriate formula we can obtain the
integral of given integrand in terms of t.
Step V Replace t in terms of x, we get the desired result after simplification, if
required.
Following example will explain the substitution method and the steps involved in it:
Example 4: Evaluate the following integrals:
x9 x n 1 ex
(i)  x 10  1 dx (ii)  xn  a (iii)  e x  5 dx
1 2ax  b 8x 3  4 x
(iv)  x log x dx (v)  ax 2  bx  c dx (vi)  (x 4  x 2  1) 6 dx
e 2 x  e 2 x 1
(vii)  e 2 x  e 2 x dx (viii)  dx (ix)  (2ax  b) ax 2  bx  c dx
x x
2x
(x)  (1  x 2 ) log(1  x 2 ) dx
Solution:
x9
(i) Let I =  x 10  1 dx … (1)

Putting x10  1  t
Differentiating
dt
10x 9 dx  dt  x 9 dx 
10
 (1) becomes
1 dt 1 dt 1  1 
I=     log t  c   dy  log y  c
t 10 10 t 10  y 
1
 log x 10  1  c [Replacing t in terms of x ]
10
1  x 10  1 cannot 
 log( x 10  1)  c  
10 be  ve for real x 
Alternatively: We can also put
x10  t
Differentiating
67
Fundamentals of dt
Mathematics-II 10x 9 dx  dt  x 9 dx 
10
 (1) becomes
1 dt 1 1
I=     dt
t  1 10 10 t  1
1  1 
 log t  1  c
10   x  a dx  log x  a  c
1
 log x 10  1  c [Replacing t in terms of x ]
10
1  x 10  1 is always  ve
 log( x 10  1)  c  
10 for real x 
x n 1
(ii) Let I = x n  a dx … (1)

Putting x n  a  t
Differentiating
dt
nx n 1dx  dt  x n 1dx 
n
 (1) becomes
1 dt 1  1 
I =   log t  c   dx  log x  c
n t n  x 
1
 log x n  a  c [Replacing t in terms of x]
n
ex
(iii) Let I =  x dx … (1)
e 5
Putting e x  5  t
Differentiating
e x dx  dt
 (1) becomes
dt  1 
I =   log t  c  log e x  5  c   dx  log x  c
t  x 
1
(iv) Let I =  x log x dx …(1)

Putting log x  t
Differentiating
1
dx  dt
x
 (1) becomes
dt  1 
I =   log t  c
t   x dx  log x  c
 
 log log x  c [Replacing t in terms of x]
2ax  b
(v) Let I =  ax 2  bx  c dx … (1)

Putting ax 2  bx  c = t
Differentiating

68
 (2ax  b)dx  dt Indefinite Integration
 (1) becomes
dt
I    log t  k  log ax 2  bx  c  k
t
where k is constant of integration
8x 3  4x 4x 3  2x
(vi) Let I =  (x 4  x 2  1)6 dx  2  (x 4  x 2  1)6 dx … (1)

Putting x 4  x 2  1  t
Differentiating
(4x 3  2x )dx  dt
 (1) becomes
dt t 5
I = 2  2 t 6 dt  2  c
t6 5
2 4
= ( x  x 2  1) 5  c [Replacing t in terms of x]
5
e 2 x  e 2 x
(vii) Let I =  e 2 x  e 2 x dx … (1)

Putting e 2 x  e 2 x  t
Differentiating
dt
( 2e 2 x  2e 2 x )dx  dt  (e 2 x  e 2 x )dx 
2
 (1) becomes
1 dt 1  1 
I =   log t  c
2 t 2   x dx  log x  c
1
 log e 2 x  e 2 x  c [Replacing t in terms of x]
2
1 1
(viii) Let I = x dx   dx … (1)
x x ( x  1)
Putting x  1  t
Differentiating
1 dx
dx  dt   2dt
2 x x
 (1) becomes
dt
I = 2   2 log t  c  2 log x  1  c
t
(ix) Let I =  (2ax  b ) ax 2  bx  c dx … (1)
Putting ax 2  bx  c  t
Differentiating
(2ax  b)dx  dt
 (1) becomes
t 3/ 2 2
I = t dt   k  (ax 2  bx  c) 3 / 2  k ,
3/ 2 3
where k is constant of integration

69
Fundamentals of 2x
Mathematics-II
(x) Let I =  (1  x 2 ) log(1  x 2 ) dx … (1)

Putting log (1  x 2 )  t
Differentiating
1
2 x dx  dt
1 x2
 (1) becomes
dt
I=  = log t  c  log log(1  x 2 )  c [Replacing t in terms of x]
t
Now, you can try the following exercise.
E 3) Evaluate the following integrals:
2x  1
(i)  2 dx (ii)  x x  a dx
( x  x  7) 5
x 1
(iii)  dx (iv)  dx
xa (1  x ) log(1  x )

7.5 INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL

FRACTIONS
The integrand may be in the form that it can be integrated only after resolving
it into partial fractions. Here, in this section, we are going to deal with
integration of such functions:
First of all we discuss the process of resolving such functions into partial
fractions:
Important steps for resolving into partial fractions are:
1. Check degree of numerator, if it is less than that of denominator, go to
step 2 and if it is greater than or equal to that of denominator, then first
divide the numerator by the denominator and then go to step 2.
2. We may have one of the following main types of functions which we will
dealt as discussed below:
Type 1 Denominator involve all linear factors with exponent as unity.
x 5
e.g. .
( x  1)(x  2)(x  3)
x 5 A B C
Step I Let    … (1)
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) x  1 x  2 x  3
Step II Equate each of the factors of denominator to zero.
i.e. x – 1 = 0  x  1 , x  2  0  x  2, x  3  0  x  3
Step III Put x = 1, 2, 3 every where (in the given expression) but not in the
factor from which it has come out,
1 5 6
A   3, [By putting x = 1 in L.H.S. of (1)]
(1  2)(1  3) 2
25 7
Step IV B    7 , [By putting x = 2 in L.H.S. of (1)]
(2  1)(2  3)  1

70
 35 8 Indefinite Integration
Step V and C    4 [By putting x = 3 in L.H.S. of (1)]
(3  1)(3  2) 2  1
x 5 3 7 4
Thus, we may write   
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) x  1 x  2 x  3
R.H.S. is nothing but the partial fractions of the given expression. Here we
note that integration of R.H.S. is directly available, as we will see in the
Example 5 of this unit.
Type 2 Denominator involves all linear factors but some have 2, 3, etc. as
exponents
x2  x  5
e.g.
( x  5)( x  2) 3

x2  x  5 A B C D
Step I Let 3
   2

( x  5)( x  2) x  5 x  2 ( x  2) ( x  2) 3
Multiply on both sides by denominator of L.H.S. in this case
by ( x  5)( x  2) 3 , we get
x 2  x  5  A ( x  2) 3  B( x  5)( x  2) 2
 C( x  5)( x  2)  D( x  5)  (1)
Step II Equate each of the factors to zero.
i.e. x + 5 = 0  x  5 , x + 2 = 0  x  2
Step III Put x  5 in (1) we get value of A, as given below
( 5) 2  ( 5)  5  A( 5  2) 3  B(0)  C( 0)  D( 0)
25
 25  27 A  A  
27
Step IV Put x  2 in (1) we get value of D, as given below
( 2) 2  ( 2)  5  A (0)  B(0)  C(0)  D( 2  5)
7
 7  3D  D 
3
Step V In order to find the values of B, C we have to equate the coefficients
of different powers of x on both sides of (1).
In present case equating coefficients of x 3 and constant terms, we get
0AB … (2)
5  8A  20B  10C  5D … (3)
By putting value of A from Step III and value of D from step IV in
equations (2) and (3), we get.
25 25
0=  + B = 0 B 
27 27
 25  7
5  8     20B  10C  5  
 27  3
200  25  35
 10C  5   20     C  48
27  27  3
Thus, we may write

71
Fundamentals of x2  x  5 25 / 27 25 / 27 48 7/3
Mathematics-II 3
   
(x  5)(x  2) x 5 x  2 (x  2) (x  2)3
2

R.H.S. is nothing but the partial fractions of the given expression. Here we
note that integration of R.H.S. is directly available, as we will see in Example
5 of this unit.

Type 3 Denominator involves quadratic expressions. We will not discuss the

problems based on this type, because it will involve the integral
formulae which are beyond our contents.
Type 4 Denominator involves higher powers of quadratic expressions.
This type is also not discussed here because it will involve the integral
formulae which are beyond our contents.
Following example will illustrate how these types are used in evaluating
integrals.
Example 5: Evaluate the following integrals:
4x  1 3x  4 8x
(i)  dx (ii)  2 dx (ii)  dx
(x  1)(x  2) x  x  12 (x  1)(x  3) 2
x2  x  2 x2 1
(iv)  (x  2)(x  1) 3 dx (v)  x 2  1 dx
Solution:
4x  1
(i) Let I =  dx
(x  1)(x  2)
 
 Using type 1 procedure as already 
 
discussed.Put x  1every where 
 5 9  except in x  1 and x  2every 
=   dx
 x  1 x  2   
 where except in x  2, we have 
 4.1  1 4.2  1 
A   5, B  9 
 1 2 2 1 
 5 log x  1  9 log x  2  c
3x  4 3x  4
(ii) Let I =  2
x  x  12
dx =  (x  4)(x  3) dx
 16 / 7 5 / 7   Using partial fractions 
=   dx as discussed in type 1 
 x  4 x 3  
16 5
= log x  4  log x  3  c
7 7
8x
(iii) Let I =  (x  1)(x  3) 2 dx … (1)

Let us first resolve into partial fractions

8x A B C
Let 2
  
( x  1)( x  3) x  1 x  3 ( x  3) 2
Multiplying on both sides by ( x  1)(x  3) 2 , we get

72
 8x  A( x  3) 2  B( x  1)( x  3)  C( x  1) … (2) Indefinite Integration
Putting x  1 in (2), we get [ x  1  0 gives x  1]
1
 8  A(1  3) 2  B(0)  C(0)  8  16A  A  
2
Putting x  3 in (2) , we get [ x  3  0 gives x  3]
24  A(0)  B(0)  C(3  1)  24  4C  C  6
Comparing coefficient of x 2 on both sides of (2), we get
1
0  A  B  B  A  B 
2
  1/ 2 1/ 2 6   1/ 2 1/ 2
I      dx    

 6(x  3)  2 dx
2 
 x  1 x  3 ( x  3)   x  1 x  3 
1 1 (x  3) 1
 log x  1  log x  3  6 c
2 2 1
1 1 6
  log x  1  log x  3  c
2 2 x 3
x2  x  2
(iv) Let I = (x  2)(x  1) 3 dx
Let us first resolve into partial fractions
x2  x  2 A B C D
Let 3
   2

( x  2)( x  1) x  2 x  1 ( x  1) ( x  1) 3
Multiplying on both sides by ( x  2)(x  1) 3 , we get
x 2  x  2  A( x  1) 3  B( x  2)( x  1) 2  C( x  2)( x  1)  D( x  2)...(2)
Putting x  2 in ( 2) , we get x  2  0 gives x  2
(2) 2  (2)  2  A(2  1) 2  B(0)  C(0)  D(0)
4A A4
Putting x  1 in (2) , we get x  1  0 gives x  1
( 1) 2  ( 1)  2  A(0)  B(0)  C(0)  D(1  2)
2D  D2
Comparing coefficients of x 3 and constant terms on both sides of (2),
we get
0  A  B  B  A  B   4
2  A  2B  2C  2 D  2C  2  A  2B  2D
 2C  2  4  8  4
 2C  2
 C 1
 4 4 1 2 
I      2
 dx
 x  2 x  1 (x  1) ( x  1) 3 
(x  1) 1 2(x  1) 2
 4 log x  2  4 log x  1   c
1 2
1 1
 4 log x  2  4 log x  1   c
x  1 ( x  1) 2

73
Fundamentals of 1
Mathematics-II x2 1  2  2 2
(v) Let I =  2 dx   1  2  dx x 1 x 1
x 1  x  1
x 2 1
 
2
 2 
=  1   dx
 ( x  1)(x  1) 
  1 / 2  1 / 2   Using partial fractions 
  1  2   dx  
  x  1 x  1  as discussed in type 1 
 x  log x  1  log x  1  c
x 1 m
 x  log c [ log m  log n  log ]
x 1 n
Now, you can try following exercise.
E 4) Evaluate the following integrals:
3x  2 x 3  5x  1
(i)  dx (ii)  x 2  4 dx
(x  1)(x  2)(x  3)

7.6 INTERGRATION BY PARTS

If u and v are any two functions of a single variable x such that first derivates
of u and v w.r.t. x exist, then by product rule, we have
d dv du
 uv   u  v
dx dx dx
Integrating on both sides, we have
dv du
uv   u dx   v dx
dx dx
dv du
 u dx  uv   v dx … (1)
dx dx
dv
Let u  f ( x ) and  g( x) … (2)
dx
du
  f ' ( x ) and v   g ( x )dx … (3)
dx
Using (2) and (3) in (1), we get

 f (x) g(x)dx  f (x)  g(x)dx    f '(x) g(x) dx  dx

d 
Or  I II dx  I  II dx    I II dx dx … (4)
 dx 
where I = first function = f(x)
II = second function = g(x)
R.H.S. of equation (4) is known as integration by parts of L.H.S. of equation
(4), where I, and II just indicate our choice between the product of two
functions taking as first and second functions.

74
Remark 3: Indefinite Integration

(i) In case of integration by parts, choice of first and second function is

important as explained in part (i) of Example 6 given below.
(ii) If in the product of two functions, one is polynomial function then we
take polynomial function as first function.
(iii) Integration by parts is one of the methods (techniques) of integration. It
does not mean that integration of product of any two functions exists.

Example 6: Evaluate the following integrals:

x 2 3x 3 x
(i)  xe dx (ii) x e dx (iii) x a dx (iv)  log x dx

Solution:
x
(i) Let I =  xe dx
I II
Integrating by parts (taking x as first and e x as second function)

 d 


I  x  e x dx    ( x )   e x dx dx  c1 
 dx  
where c1 is constant of integration
 xe x   (1)(e x )dx  c1  xe x   e x dx  c1  xe x  e x  c 2  c1  
where c 2 is constant of integration
x x
 xe  e  c, where c  c1  c2
Let us see what happens if we integrate by parts by taking x as second
and e x as first function:
 d
 dx

I  e x  x dx    (ex ) 

  x dx  dx  c1

x2  x2  x 2 ex 1 2 x
 ex   e x  dx  c1    x e dx  c1
2  2 2 2
We see that integration becomes more complicated. So choice of first and
second function is important.
Note: In future we will add c as constant of integration only once.
2 3x
(ii) Let I = x e dx
I II
Integrating by parts (taking x 2 as first and e 3x as second function)

 e3x   e3x 
I  x2     (2x)   dx  c
 3   3 
where c is constant of integration
2 3x
xe 2
   xe3x dx  c
3 3
I II
75
Fundamentals of Again integrating by parts (taking x as first and e 3x as second function)
Mathematics-II
x 2e3x 2   e3x   e3x  
I   x   (1)
    dx   c
3 3  3   3  
x 2e3x 2  xe3x 1 3x 
     e dx   c
3 3 3 3 
x 2 e3x 2  xe3x e3x  1 2 3x 2 3 x 2 3 x
      c  x e  xe  e c
3 3 3 9  3 9 27

3 x
(iii) Let I = x a dx
I II
Integrating by parts (taking x 3 as first and a x as second function)

 ax  2  a
x
 x 3a x 3
I   x3   
   3x    dx  c    x 2a x dx  c
 log a   log a  log a log a
Again integrating by parts (taking x 2 as first and a x as second function)

x 3a x 3  2  ax   ax  
I   (x )  
  (2x)   dx   c
log a log a   log a   log a  
x 3a x 3x 2 a x 6
   xa x dx  c
log a (log a) (log a) 2 
2

I II
Again integrating by parts (taking x as first and a x as second function)

x 3a x 3x 2 a x 6   ax   ax  
   (x)
   (1)
    dx   c
log a (log a) 2 (log a)2   log a   log a  
x 3a x 3x 2 a x 6  xa x ax 
    c
log a (log a) 2 (log a) 2  log a (log a) 2 

x 3a x 3x 2 a x 6 xa x 6a x
    c
log a (log a ) 2 (log a ) 3 (log a ) 4

(iv) Let I =  log x dx   1 log x dx

II I
Integrating by parts (taking log x as first and 1 as second function)
1
I  log x ( x )    ( x )dx  c  x log x   1dx  c  x log x  x  c
x
Here, is an exercise for you.
E 5) Evaluate the following integrals:
2 x 3 x2
(i) x e dx (ii) x e dx

76
7.7 SUMMARY Indefinite Integration

Let us summarise the topics that we have covered in this unit.

1
1) Integral of some functions like constant, x n , n , polynomial,
x
n 1
( ax  b) , , exponential whose integral are directly available.
ax  b
2) Integration by method of substitution.
3) Integration by use of partial fractions.
4) Integration by parts.

7.8 SOLUTIONS/ANSWERS
2
 2 1   4 1 2 1   4 1 
E 1) (i)   x  x 2  dx =   x  x 4  2x . x 2 dx =   x  x 4  2 dx
  ( x 4  x 4  2)dx
 n x n 1 
x 5 x 3   x dx   c
   2x  c  n 1 
5 3 and kdx  kx  c 
  
x5 1
=  3  2x  c
5 3x
3
 1   1 1  1 
(ii)   x   dx    x 3 / 2  3 / 2  3. x .  x dx
 x  x x x 
 
  x 3 / 2  x 3 / 2  3x 1/ 2  3x 1/ 2 dx

x 5 / 2 x 1 / 2 3x 3 / 2 3x 1 / 2
    c
5 / 2 1/ 2 3/ 2 1/ 2
 n x n 1 

  x dx   c
 n 1 
2 2
 x5/2   2x 3 / 2  6 x  c
5 x
(iii)  (  3)dx  (  3) x  c [   3 is a constant]

 1  x2
(iv)  x x  dx   ( x  1)dx  xc
 x 2

(v)  (x
a
 1)( x b  1)dx   ( x a  b  x a  x b  1)dx  c
x a  b1 x a 1 x b 1
    x  c,
a  b 1 a 1 b 1
 n x n 1 

  x dx  and  kdx  kx, where k is constant 
 n 1 
where a  1, b  1, a  b  1
77
Fundamentals of xm mn x m  n 1  x n 1 
Mathematics-II (vi)  n dx   x dx   c, m  n  1   x n dx  
x m  n 1  n  1

 1  1   1 1 
(vii)   x   x 3  3 dx    x 4  2  x 2  4 dx
 x  x   x x 
  ( x  x  x  x 4 ) dx
4 2 2

x 5 x 1 x 3 x 3  x n 1 
     c   x n dx  
5 1 3 3  n  1
x5 1 x3 1
    c
5 x 3 3x 3

 x  x ax (ea ) x x 2
E 2) (i)   a x  e x a x  dx    a x  (ea ) x  dx    c
 a  a log a log ea 2a
 
(ii)  3 2 log3 x  3 x log3 a  a a loga x  a a loga a dx
2 x a a
   3 log3 x  3 log3 a  a loga x  a loga a  dx
 
 2 x
  x  a  x  a dx a a
 [ a log a f ( x )
 f (x ) ]
x3 ax x a 1
    aax  c
3 log a a  1
2x  1
E 3) (i) Let I =  (x 2  x  7) 5 dx … (1)

Putting x 2  x  7  t
Differentiating
(2 x  1)dx  dt
 (1) becomes
dt 5 t 4 1 1
I= 
 t5  t dt  c  4 c   c
4 4t 4( x  x  7) 4
2

(ii) Let I = x x  a dx … (1)

Putting x  a  t  x  a  t 2
Differentiating
dx  2 t dt
 (1) becomes
 t 5 at 3 
I =  ( t 2  a )t (2 t )dt  2  (t 4  at 2 )dt  2  c
5 3 
 (x  a ) 5 / 2 a 
 2  (x  a )3 / 2   c
 5 3 
x
(iii) Let I =  dx … (1)
xa
Putting x  a  t  x  a  t 2
Differentiating
dx  2 t dt
 (1) becomes
78
 (t 2  a ) 2
 t3  Indefinite Integration
I=  t 2 t dt  2  (t  a) dt  2  at   c
3 
 
 (x  a ) 3 / 2 
 2  a x  a   c
 3 

1
(iv) Let I =  (1  x) log(1  x ) dx … (1)

Putting log (1+x) = t

Differentiating
1
dx  dt
1 x
 (1) becomes
dt
I =   log t  c = log log(1  x ) + c
t
3x  2  5/2 8 11 / 2 
E 4) (i) Let I =  (x  1)(x  2)(x  3) dx    x  1  x  2  x  3 dx

 Using partial fractions as discussed in type1, we get 

 
 A  3.1  2  5 , B  3.2  2  8, C  3.3  2  11 
 (1  2)(1  3) 2 (2  1)(2  3) (3  1)(3  2) 2 

5 11
 log x  1  8 log x  2  log x  3  c
2 2
x 3  5x  1
(ii) Let I =
 x 2  4 dx … (1)

Dividing numerator by denominator, we can write (1) as

x
 9x  1   9x  1 
I   x  2 dx    x  dx x 2  4 x 3  5x  1
 x  4 
 (x  2)(x  2) 
x 3  4x
 
9x  1
 19 / 4 17 / 4   Using partial fractions 
I   x   dx as discussed in type 1 
 x  2 x  2   
x 2 19 17  1 

2
 log x  2  log x  2  c
4 4   x  a dx  log x  a 
x2 1
  (19 log x  2  17 log x  2 )  c
2 4
x2 1 19 17
  (log x  2  log x  2 )  c [ n log m  log m n ]
2 4
x2 1
  log (x  2)19 ( x  2)17  c  log m  log n  log mn
2 4

79
Fundamentals of E 5) (i) Let I =  x 2 e  x dx
Mathematics-II
I II
Integrating by parts (taking x 2 as first and e  x as second function)
 e x   e x 
I  (x 2 )     (2x)   dx  c
 1   1 
where c is constant of integration
  x 2 e x  2  xe x dx  c
I II
Integrating by parts (taking x as first and e  x as second function)
  ex   e x  
I   x 2 e x  2 (x)     (1)   dx   c
  1   1  
  x 2 e x  2[  xe  x   e x dx ] c
  e x  
  x 2e x  2   xe x     c
  1  
  x 2 e  x  2xe  x  2e  x  c
2 x2
(ii) Let I =  xx e dx … (1)
Putting x 2  t
Differentiating
dt
2 xdx  dt  xdx 
2
 (1) becomes
1
I =  te t dt
2
I II
Integrating by parts (taking t as first and e t as second function)

I
1
2
  1
2
1
2
2 2
( t )(e t )   (1)(e t )dt  c  ( te t  e t )  c  ( x 2 e x  e x )  c
1 2
  x 2  1 e x  c
2

80