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Evaluative (Assertion and Claims)

The document discusses different types of meaning that can be conveyed in language, including descriptive and evaluative meanings. It then outlines the components that make up attitudes in evaluative statements, including cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Finally, it provides guidance on how to formulate evaluative statements by examining the text, finding evidence to support one's views, evaluating strengths and weaknesses, and reflecting on the process.

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1K views

Evaluative (Assertion and Claims)

The document discusses different types of meaning that can be conveyed in language, including descriptive and evaluative meanings. It then outlines the components that make up attitudes in evaluative statements, including cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Finally, it provides guidance on how to formulate evaluative statements by examining the text, finding evidence to support one's views, evaluating strengths and weaknesses, and reflecting on the process.

Uploaded by

aldren alferez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FORMULATING EVALUATIVE STATEMENTS

Evaluation – making of a value judgment


- Use criteria to determine whether something is good or bad, strong or weak, beautiful or ugly
o Take a position in a controversy
o Support a position
Two kinds of meaning of expression (Bunin and Yu, 2004)
1. Descriptive meaning – bare presentation of facts
a. This mango is sweet
i. Determined by truth conditions
ii. Constant meaning
b. War
2. Evaluative meaning – offering of assessment
a. This mango is good.
i. Not determined by truth conditions
ii. Varies/differs with the reactions of those using the expression
b. War evokes a feeling of terror or for others, it evokes a feeling of heroic courage

COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDES OF EVALUATIVE STATEMENTS (RAMA RAO, 2010)


Attitude – evaluative statements either favorable or unfavorable concerning objects, people or events
- Reflects how an individual feels about something
- Example: I like my strand
1. Cognitive Components of an Attitude
a. Beliefs, opinions, knowledge and information held by a person
2. Affective Components of an Attitude
a. Emotional or feeling, segment of an attitude
3. Behavioral Components of an Attitude
a. Intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something

How to formulate evaluative statements?


1. Examine entire text. Scan the part you find significant. Jot down notes/reasons what made it significant
2. Trace reliable evidence to support your views and feelings
3. Have a copy of the strengths and weaknesses. Countercheck the statements
4. Evaluate whether or not your output covers the essential elements and is worthy for sharing with other readers.
5. Look back and reflect on the activity you have just accomplished.

DETERMINING TEXTUAL EVIDENCE


Assertion – stylistic approach or technique involving a strong declaration, forceful or confident and positive statement
regarding a belief or a fact
- Often without a proof or any support
- Its purpose is to express ideas or feelings directly

Type of assertion
1. Basic assertion – simple and straightforward statement for expressing feelings, opinions and beliefs
a. “I wish I could have expressed this ideas earlier because now, someone else has taken the credits.”
b. “Excuse me, first I want to finish my work then shall go with you.”
2. Emphatic assertion - conveys sympathy to someone
2 parts of Emphatic Assertion
1. Recognition of feelings or situations of other person
2. Showing of support for other person’s rights
a. “I understand that you are busy, and me too, but it is difficult for me to finish this project on my own. So, I want you
to help me in completing the task.”
b. “I know this is making you angry and frustrated because you could not get response yet. But, I can help
you by giving you an estimate of how long it might take.”
3. Escalating assertion – occurs when someone is not able to give response to basic assertions of a person,
therefore, the person becomes firm about him or her
a. “if you do not finish this work at 6:00 tonight, I would better take the services of another worker.”
b. “I really want to finish this point before you start yours.”
4. Language assertion – involves the “I” language and expresses negative feelings.
- Constructively lays emphasis on a person’s feelings of anger
a. “When you speak harshly, I cannot work with you because I feel annoyed. Therefore, I want you to speak
gently and then assign me a task.”
b. “When I cannot take proper sleep, it affects my nerves and I feel irritation. Therefore, I like to go to bed
earlier. ”
EXERCISE: Construct the 4 types of assertion about the text below.

Get enough sleep and rest


By Camille Klimecki and Suzette Ripepe-Darnell

Nobody can be in the best health for long without sleep and rest. Adults may vary in the hours of sleep they
need. Probably the best test of whether you are getting enough sleep is how you feel. If you awake refreshed and
energetic, you are no doubt getting required rest. But if you frequently get tired, the solution may well be as simple as
going to bed earlier and being as regular as possible in your sleep habits. Frequent inability to sleep should be
discussed with a physician.

CLAIMS AND COUNTERCLAIMS


Claim – central argument of the text
- Also known as thesis, proposition or argument
- Example: One of ways in which ordinary people can prevent gingivitis is by gargling twice daily with a
dentist-approved mouthwash
o Claim in the passage is mouthwash will prevent gingivitis
o The rest of the passage will EXPLAIN why mouthwash works to back up the central claim
o To get the central claim, read the text carefully
 If the paragraphs are organized effectively with topic sentences that introduce central focus
of the paragraph, the claim is often found in the last sentence of the first paragraph
 If not in the first, see the second paragraph
Counterclaim – opposing viewpoint in the central claim
- Helps prove that the opinion is best-substantiated or widely supported
- Give the opposition a voice and knock it down to show deep competence and familiarity with the topic –
effectively address the counterclaims
- Example: One of the ways in which ordinary people can prevent gingivitis is by gargling twice daily with a
dentist-approved mouthwash. However, in a recent survey of American dentists, some questioned the use of
mouthwash as a tactic to prevent gingivitis.
o 2nd sentence presents a counterclaim or opposition that mouthwash is an effective way to prevent
gingivitis
o To find the counterclaim, look for signal words (however, but, on the other hand, yet, in contrast,
otherwise, notwithstanding, nevertheless, on the contrary)

EXERCISE: Read the article. Identify a claim in the article and construct a counterclaim in response to the claim.

Developing Your Sense of Humor: Take Yourself Less Seriously


By Melinda Smith and Jean Seagal

The essential characteristic that helps us laugh is not taking ourselves too seriously. We’ve all known the
classic tight-jawed sourpuss who takes everything with deathly seriousness and never laughs at anything. No fun
there!
Some events are clearly sad and not occasions for laughter. But most events in life don’t carry an
overwhelming sense of either sadness or delight. They fall into the gray zone of ordinary life-giving you have the
choice to laugh or not.

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