Student Book page 128 Student Book page 133

Practice Problems Practice Problem

Example Problem B1.1 Example Problem B1.3
∆d 5. a)
1. v=
∆t
4.0 × 106 m
=
3.6 × 104s
m
= 1.1 × 102
s
∆d ∆d
2. v = so ∆t =
∆t v
4.00 × 10 m7
=
m
694
s
= 5.76 x 104 s rise
∆d b) slope =
3. v = run
∆t
∆d = v∆t m m
 m 10.1 − 10.1
=  6.9  ( 4.0 s ) = s s
 s  5.0 s − 0.0 s
= 28 m m
0.0
= s
Student Book page 130
5.0 s
m
=0 2
Practice Problem s
A slope of 0.0 (or 0) indicates uniform motion.
Example Problem B1.2 c) area = length x width
= (v)(∆t)
4. a) m
= (10.1 )(5.0 s)
s
= 50 m
The area represents the distance travelled.

Student Book pages 135–136

B1.1 Check and Reflect

1. An object is in motion if an imaginary line joining
the object to a reference point changes in length
rise or direction.
b) slope =
run 2. An object in uniform motion travels at a constant
2480 m − 0 m rate of motion in a straight line.
= 3. Quantitative studies of uniform motion involve
5.0 s − 0.0 s
formulas and graphs.
2480 m 4. a) slope of a distance–time graph = speed
=
5.0 s b) slope of a speed–time graph = change in speed
= 496 m/s during a time interval
= 5.0 x 102 m/s
c) Since slope = m/s, it represents average speed.
Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 1
 c) area under the line of a speed–time graph = 14. a)
distance travelled Time Distance
5. The first segment indicates uniform motion with a t (s) d (cm)
constant speed and the second segment indicates 0.00 0.00
an object at rest. 0.10 0.79
6. The two segments indicate uniform motion but 0.20 1.68
the first segment indicates a faster speed.
0.30 2.56
7. Electricity flowing through a wire most closely
0.40 3.55
resembles uniform motion because it flows at a
0.50 4.46
constant rate. Situations (a) and (b) are increasing
in speed as they fall. 0.60 5.33

∆d 0.70 6.24
8. v=
∆t
b)
50.0 m
=
12.0 s
m
= 4.17
s
∆d
9. ∆t =
v
45.0 m
=
m
30.0
s
= 1.50 s
∆d rise
10. v= c) slope =
∆t run
∆d = v∆t 6.24 cm − 0.00 cm
 km  =
 ( 4.10 h )
=  990 0.70 s − 0.00 s
 h  6.24 cm
= 4.06 x 103 km =
0.70 s
∆d
11. ∆t = cm
v = 9.0
s
30.0 km
= ∆d
km d) Because slope = , it gives you the speed.
6.00 ∆t
h 15. a)
= 5.00 h Time Speed
rise
12. a) slope = t (s) v (cm/s)
run 0.10 7.9
d − di 0.20 8.9
= f 0.30 8.8
t f − ti
0.40 9.9
10 m − 0 m 0.50 9.1
=
2.0 s − 0 s 0.60 8.7
0.70 9.1
= 5 m/s
Note: For uniform motion, the average speed or
b) The slope represents the speed of the object.
velocity during a time interval is equal to the speed or
13. a) 0 m/s2
velocity at any instant of the time interval. Thus, the
b) The slope represents the change in the object’s
average speed or velocity during the time interval is
speed.
the speed or velocity at the end of the time interval.
For motion with uniform acceleration, the average
speed or velocity for a time interval is equal to the
instantaneous speed or velocity at the midpoint of the
time interval.

2 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

 b) 18. Students’ answers will vary but resemble the
graph below:

c) area = length x width = v∆t

cm 19. Uniform motion can occur only when all forces
= (8.9 )(0.70 s)
s acting on an object are balanced. This is difficult
= 6.3 cm to achieve in everyday situations because forces
d) Because area = v∆t , it gives the distance such as friction and wind resistance tend to slow a
travelled. moving object down.
16. ∆ d = ∆ d1 + ∆ d2
= 15.0 m + 12.0 m Student Book page 139
= 27.0 m
∆ t = ∆ t1 + ∆ t2
= 5.00 s + 10.00 s Practice Problem
= 15.00 s
∆d Example Problem B1.4
v=
∆t
27.0 m 6.
=
15.00 s
= 1.80 m/s
17. ∆ d1 = v∆t
m
= (2.00 )(10.00 s)
s
= 20.00 m
∆ d2 = v∆t
m
= (1.50 )(8.00 s)
s
= 12.00 m
Student Book page 140
∆ d = ∆ d1 + ∆ d2
= 20.00 m + 12.0 m
= 32.0 m
∆ t = ∆ t1 + ∆ t2
Practice Problem
= 10.00 s + 8.00 s
= 18.00 s Example Problem B1.5
∆d
v = 7.
∆t
32.0 m
=
18.00 s
= 1.78 m/s

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 3




Student Book page 141 df − di
b) slope =
t f − ti
Practice Problems =
250.0 m[E] − 0.0 m[E]
10.0s − 0.0s
Example Problem B1.6 250.0 m[E]
=



10.0s
8. a) ∆ d = ∆ d 1 + ∆ d 2
= 10.0 m [E] + 12.0 m [E] m
= 25.0 [E]
= 22.0 m [E] s



∆d Student Book page 145
b) v =
∆t
=
22.0 m[E] B1.2 Check and Reflect
15.00s
1. A scalar quantity indicates only magnitude, and a
m vector quantity shows magnitude and direction.
=1.47 [E]
s 2. Scalar quantities are d, v, t.





∆d Vector quantities are d , v .
9. v =
3. Vector 1 = [60°]

∆
t Vector 2 = [215°]
∆ d = v ∆t
4. Vector 1 = [30°]
m
= (8.00 [N])(14.0 s) Vector 2 = [245°]
s 5. a) ∆d = ∆d1 + ∆d2
= 112 m [N] = 10.0 m + 15.0 m



∆d = 25.0 m
10. v =



∆t b) ∆ d = ∆ d 1 + ∆ d 2


∆d = (∆10.0 m [S]) + (15.0 m [N])
∆t =

v = 5.0 m [N]
−400 km[W] ∆d
= c) v =
km ∆t
−900 [W]
h 25.0 m
=
= 0.444 h 16.00 s
m
Student Book page 143 = 1.56
s



∆d
d) v =
Practice Problem ∆t
5.0 m[N]
=
Example Problem B1.7 16.00s
m
11. a) = 0.313 [N]
s
6. a)

4 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

 rise interval (e.g., 0.05 s). Also make sure that the
b) slope1 = lines, drawn above and below the x-axis are
run
15.74 cm [E] − 0.00 cm extrapolated to the end of the time intervals.
= a) The slope of each part of the graph is a
0.30 s − 0.00 s straight line, so the motion is uniform.
15.74 cm [E] b) Uniform motion in different directions is
=
0.30 s positive or negative.
cm 8. a)
= 52 [E]
s
rise
slope2 =
run
0.00 cm −15.74 cm [W]
=
0.60 s − 0.30 s
−15.74 cm [W]
=
0.30 s
cm
= −52 [W]
s


∆d
Because slope = , it gives you the velocity,
∆t



∆d
because v = .
∆t
7.
Time Interval Velocity
∆t (s)


v (cm/s)

0.00 – 0.10 52 [E]

0.10 – 0.20 52 [E]
0.20 – 0.30 52 [E]
0.30 – 0.40 52 [W]
0.40 – 0.50 52 [W] b)
0.50 – 0.60 52 [W]

This problem is an example of motion in two

directions. A graph of velocity as a function of
time, in this case, will yield lines above and below
the x-axis. Make sure that the values of the
velocities are plotted at the midpoints in time. For
any object undergoing uniform acceleration, the
average velocity determined during a time interval



(e.g., 0.0 s to 0.1 s) using v = ∆ d /∆t is the
instantaneous velocity at the midpoint in the time
Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 5
 

Student Book page 147
vf − vi
15. a =
∆t
Practice Problems 5.00
m m
[E] −15.0 [E]
= s s
4.00s
Example Problem B1.8

m

vf − vi −10.0[E]
12. a = = s
∆t 4.00s
m m m
50 [upward] − 0 = −2.50 2 [E]
= s s s
4.00s m
The car’s acceleration is −2.50 [E].
m s2
50 [upward]
= s
4.00s Student Book page 149

m
= 13 2 [upward]
s Practice Problem
m
The shuttle craft’s acceleration is 13 2 [upward].
s

Example Problem B1.9

v − vi
13. a = f 16. a)
∆t
m m
0.0 − 25.0
= s s
0.500s
m
− 25.0
= s
0.500s
m
= −50.0 2
s
The magnitude of the ball’s acceleration is
m m
50.0 2 . (The ball’s acceleration is −50.0 2 .) b) i) accelerated motion because line is a curve
s s

ii) uniform motion because line is straight

v − vi
14. a = f iii) accelerated motion because line is a curve
∆t
m m Student Book page 153
0.0 −10.0
= s s
0.0300s
m
Practice Problem
−10.0
= s
0.0300s Example Problem B1.10
m 17. a)
= −333 2
s
m
The magnitude of the puck’s acceleration is 333 .
s2
m
(The puck’s acceleration is −333 .)
s2

6 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

 b) i) A straight line with a positive slope is vf − vi
positive acceleration. 7. a=
∆t
ii) A straight horizontal line is uniform
m m
motion. 1.50 − 2.00
iii) A straight line with a negative slope is = s s
negative acceleration. 2.00s
m
Student Book page 154 = –0.250 2
s
m
The magnitude of the ball’s acceleration is 0.250 .
B1.3 Check and Reflect s2
m
1. a) Positive (speeding-up in a positive direction) (The ball’s acceleration is –0.250 2 .)
s
b) Negative (slowing-down in a positive  

direction)
8. v f = i ( a ∆t)
v
c) Negative (speeding-up in a negative direction) m
= (1.30 2 [N])(6.00 s)
d) Positive (slowing-down in a negative s
direction) m
2. It could be speeding-up in a negative direction = 7.80 2 [N]
s
3. a) It could be speeding-up in a positive direction. m
b) It could be slowing-down in a positive The final velocity of the object is 7.80 2 [N].
direction. s



v −v vf − vi
4. a) ∆t = f
i 9. ∆t =

a a



m m
b) vf = v + a ∆t (−49.1 [down]) − 0.0

s s

vf − vi
5. a= m
−9.81 2
∆t s
m m = 5.01 s
0 − 15 [N]
= s s It will take –5.01 s for the object to reach a final
3.0s velocity of –49.1 m/s downward.
m 10. a)
= –5.0 2 [N]
s
m
The acceleration of the bus is –5.0 [N].
s2



vf − vi
6. a=
∆t
m m
( − 40.0 [W]) − ( − 25.0 [W])
= s s
4.00s
m
−15.0 [W]
s A curved line has an increasing slope so it
=
4.00s indicates accelerated motion.
b)
m
= –3.75 2 [W] Time Interval Velocity
s ∆t (s)


v (cm/s)
m
The acceleration of the car is –3.75 [W]. 0.00 – 2.00 2.00
s2
2.00 – 4.00 6.00
4.00 – 6.00 10.00
6.00 – 8.00 14.00
8.00 – 10.00 18.00

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 7

 Student Book page 160

Practice Problems

Example Problem B1.11

18. W = Fd
= ( 6.50 × 103 N ) (150 m )
= 9.75 × 105 J
19. W = Fd
W
Note: For uniform motion, the average speed or F=
d
velocity during a time interval is equal to the speed or
velocity at any instant of the time interval. Thus, the 2.2 × 104 J
=
average speed or velocity during the time interval is 9.5 m
the speed or velocity at the end of the time interval. kg ⋅ m ⋅ m
/
For motion with uniform acceleration, the average 2.2 × 104 s 2
=
speed or velocity for a time interval is equal to the 9.5 m/
instantaneous speed or velocity at the midpoint of the = 2.3 × 10 N
3

time interval.
rise Example Problem B1.12
c) slope =
run
20. ∆ E = W
m
18.00 = 2.2 x 104 J
= s
9.00s Student Book page 161
m
= 2.00 2
s
d) i) Displacement could just be read from the B1.4 Check and Reflect
vertical axis of the position-time graph. 1. A force is a push or a pull on an object. For
ii) Displacement could be determined by example, a force of 10 N is required to pull a
finding the area under a velocity-time wagon.
graph. 2. If work is done on an object, the object must gain
11. a) i) speeding-up in a positive direction energy.
ii) uniform motion in a positive direction 3. Force is required to do work on an object (W =
iii) uniform motion in a negative direction Fd), and the object will gain energy equivalent to
iv) speeding-up in a negative direction the work done ( ∆ E = W).
b) kg ⋅ m
4. 1N =1 2
s
5. a) There is no motion.
b) The force and the movement are not in the
same direction.
c) Gravity is applying the force on the ball. There
is no force being applied by the student.
6. a) W = Fd
= ( 98.0 N )(1.50 m )
=147 J
b) W = Fd
12. You could measure the starting speed (vi) the final = (25.0 N)(2.00 m)
speed (vf) in a time interval (At) and determine = 50.0 J
acceleration using: c) W = Fd
vf − vi = (2.00 N)(0.100 m)
a=
∆t = 0.200 J

8 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

The cat does no work in carrying the kitten. Work is Student Book pages 162–163
only done when the cat lifts the kitten against the force
of gravity.
W B1.0 Section Review
7. F =
d
43.0 J Knowledge
=
3.20 m 1. Uniform motion is motion at a constant rate in a
=13.4 N straight line, while accelerated motion is changing
W motion.
8. d = 2. Average velocity is a vector quantity so direction
F
must be specified.
2.00 ×104 J
= 3. The speedometer only measures magnitude of
1.20 ×103 N motion or speed.
=16.7 m ∆d
4. slope =
9. W = Fd ∆t
= ( 30.0 N )(1.30 m ) = speed
5. a) scalar
= 39.0 J
b) vector
This is a work input, because this is the work that the c) scalar
person did to move the object. d) vector
10. a) W = area under the line e) scalar
= length × width 6. a) uniform motion
= Fd b) accelerated motion
= ( 50 N )(100 m ) 7. ∆W = ∆E
8. ∆E = W
= 5.0 ×103 J = 15.0 J
b) The area under the line represents the work
done. Applications
11. Yes, your heart does work because it applies a
force to move blood through a distance. ∆d
9. v=
12. He is not doing any work in holding the barbell ∆t
above his head. For work to be done, not only 23.0 m
=
must a force be applied but the object must also 14.2 s
move through a distance. In this case, there is no m
movement while he is holding the barbell above = 1.62
s
his head. He is, however, doing work when he
∆d
lifts the barbell from the floor to a position above 10. v =
his head. ∆t
13. The force of gravity is a pull because gravity pulls ∆d = v∆t
all objects toward the centre of mass or the centre m
= (5.30 )(55.0 s)
of Earth. A rock in the air will be pulled towards s
the centre of Earth, not pushed out into space. = 292 m
14. An object in straight-line motion should continue ∆d
in motion at a uniform speed in a straight line, 11. v =
∆t
unless a force acts on it. Since there is negligible
∆d
friction in space, there is really no opposing force ∆t =
on the craft so it will continue moving in uniform v
motion. 4200 km
=
km
800
s
= 5.25 h

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 9



12. a)
∆d
d) v =
∆t
200 m[N]
=
250s
= 0.800 m/s [N]
16. a)

rise
b) slope =
run
m m
20.0 − 20.0
= s s
5.00s
m
0
= s rise
b) slope =
5.00s run
m 30.00 m − 0.00 m
= 0.00 =
s2 10.00 s − 0.00 s
The slope represents acceleration. = 3.00 m/s
c) area = length x width

∆d

m Because the slope = , which equals v , the slope
= (20.0 )(5.00 s) ∆t
s represents the velocity.
= 100 m v −v
Because area = v∆t and v∆t = ∆d, the area represents 17. a = f i
the distance travelled. ∆t
13. a) ∆d = ∆d1 + ∆d2 m m
4.50 −0
= 2.0 m + 5.0 m = s s
8.00 s

= 7.0
m
m
b) ∆ d = ∆ d 1 + ∆ d 2 = .563 2
= (2.0 m [E]) + (–5.0 m [W]) s
 

= −3.0 m [W] 18. vf = vi + a ∆t
14. a) vector A = 75º m
vector B = 140º = (−3.00 2 [W])(4.00 s)
s
b) vector A = 15º
m
vector B = 310º = −12.0 [W]
15. a) ∆d = ∆d1 + ∆d2 s
= 500 m + 300 m v −v
19. t = f
i
a

= 800 m


b) ∆ d = ∆ d 1 + ∆ d 2 m m
(4.00 [N]) − (2.50 [N])
= (500 m [N]) + (–300 m [S]) = s s
= 200 m [N] m
0.500 2 [N]
∆d s
c) v =
∆t = 3.00 s
800 m
=
250 s
m
= 3.20
s

10 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual



20. a)
∆d
v=
∆t
410 km[E]
=
4.00 h
= 103 km/h [E]
28. a) Upward-sloping straight line: uniform motion
in a positive direction
Horizontal line: Rest
Downward-sloping straight line: uniform
motion in a negative direction
b)
b) A positive slope indicates positive
acceleration.
21. F = F1 + F2
= −10 N [W] + 30 N [E]
= 20 N [E]
22. W = Fd
= (15.0 N)(40.0 m)
= 600 J
23. W = Fd
= (35.0 N)(3.0 N)
= 1.1 x 102 J
∆E = W 29. a) Yes, because frictional forces will slow the car
= 1.1 x 102 J down.
24. W = Fd b) No, because there are minimal frictional forces
W in space. As the spacecraft nears a planet,
F= however, the gravitational forces will act on it.
d
350 J
= Student Book page 172
10.0 m
= 35.0 N
B2.1 Check and Reflect
Extensions
1. Faraday discovered that magnetism can produce
25. a) No. Displacement could only equal distance electricity.
travelled. 2. a) Oersted’s experiment was a primitive electric
b) Yes. For example, an object travelling 10 [E], motor. As an electric current flowed in a wire,
then 10 [W] travels a distance of 20 m but the it produced a magnetic field that surrounded
displacement is 0. the wire. Electrical energy produces magnetic
26. Yes. For example, an object travelling 2.0 m [E] energy. When this wire is placed in another
for 1.0 s, then 2.0 m [W] for 1.0 s has an average external magnetic field, the wire will move.
speed of 2.0 m/s but an average velocity of 0.


b) Faraday invented the first electric generator.
27. ∆ d 1 = v ∆t Magnetism produces electricity. When a wire
km cuts a magnetic field it produces an electric
= (100 [E])(3.00 h) current.
h
c) Seebeck invented a thermo-electric device.

= 300


km [E]
Heat can be converted to electricity. When
∆ d 2 = v ∆t two strips of different metals of different
km temperatures are attached at a junction, the
= (110 [E])(1.00 h)
h thermal energy flows between the two metals
through the junction, and a current is produced

= 110
km [E]
in the metal strips.
∆ d t= ∆ d 1 + ∆ d 2
= 410 km [E] d) Edison invented the light bulb. Electricity is
converted to light energy.

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 11

 e) Volta invented the battery. The chemical first block, and the responding variable is the
reaction between two different types of metals thermal energy of the other block. If the swinging
in contact with one another can produce an block were released from a greater height, it
electric current. would have more kinetic energy and thus there
3. a) electromagnets would be a greater transfer of energy during the
b) electric generators collision and the temperature of the second block
c) thermo-electric devices; students are unlikely should rise higher.
to be able to identify specific applications 11. Students’ answers will vary, but may include
(e.g., portable refrigerators, night-vision examples of potential (gravitational, electric, or
goggles) chemical), kinetic, chemical, electric, heat, light,
d) light bulbs radiant, or magnetic energy.
e) batteries for all kinds of devices 12. a) chemical energy
4. Nuclear fusion is the fusing of the nuclei of two b) radiant or light energy
smaller atoms to form a larger nucleus, and c) kinetic energy
nuclear fission is the breaking up of a larger d) electric energy
nucleus to form two smaller nuclei. In both e) radiant energy
reactions, a large amount of energy is released. f) potential energy
Another difference is that nuclear fusion releases g) magnetic energy
much more energy than nuclear fission does. A 13. a) Students’ answers will vary. Example: A
similarity between the two reactions is that they battery requires energy from a chemical
both involve a nuclear change. reaction in the battery to produce electricity.
5. Early scientists thought that the Sun’s energy b) Students’ answers will vary. Example: A solar
came from chemical energy of burning panel requires light energy to produce
substances. This theory was not accepted because electricity.
the Sun waould have burned up completely in c) Students’ answers will vary. Example: A
about 5000 years. thermal imaging sheet or infrared film requires
6. Energy from the Sun comes from nuclear fusion heat energy.
reactions. Hydrogen nuclei fuse and in the process d) Students’ answers will vary. Example: A TV
produce large amounts of energy. requires electrical energy to work.
7. The ancient Greeks had difficulty defining energy e) Students’ answers will vary. Example: A
because it could not be seen. It can only be compass requires magnetic energy to work.
observed when it does something. 14. a) Students’ answers will vary. Example: A fuel
8. They thought that a quantity called vis viva or a cell produces chemical energy.
“living force” was transmitted through the balls b) Students’ answers will vary. Example: A light
and caused the ball on the other side to rise. bulb produces light energy.
9. a) Sadi Carnot discovered that the transformation c) Students’ answers will vary. Example: A
of heat into mechanical energy could occur toaster produces heat.
only when heat flows from a hot to a cold d) Students’ answers will vary. Example s: A
object; in the process some heat is always lost. generator will produce electrical energy.
b) James Young correctly suggested that e) Students’ answers will vary. Example: An
mechanical energy combined kinetic energy electromagnet will produce magnetic energy.
and potential energy, and that mechanical 15. Students’ answers will vary. Example: If sound is
energy was related to the work a system can a form of energy, then it should be easily
do. converted to other forms of energy. For example,
c) Joseph Black suggested that heat was a fluid a sound wave, carrying sound energy from a
called “caloric” that flowed from hot to cold tuning fork, can be received by a microphone. The
objects. microphone changes the sound energy to
d) Count Rumford was the first to suggest that electrical energy in the form of a current that can
heat and mechanical energy were related. then be displayed as waveforms of the sound on
10. The moving block of wood swinging toward the an oscilloscope. Alternatively, a struck tuning
motionless block has kinetic energy. When it fork could be placed in water. The waves
strikes the stationary block, it loses its kinetic produced in the water are produced by the sound
energy, which is converted to thermal energy in energy from the tuning fork.
the stationary block. This increase in thermal
energy causes the block’s temperature to rise. The
manipulated variable is the kinetic energy of the

12 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

 Student Book page 174 W
5. F=
d
155J
Practice Problem =
1.20 m
= 129 N
Example Problem B2.1 Ep
1. Ep(grav) = mgh 6. h=
mg
= (25.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(4.00 m)
= 981 J 800 J
=
( 55.0 kg ) ( 9.81m/s2 )
Student Book page 175 = 1.48 m
7. Ep = W = Fd
= (500 N)(0.750 m)
Practice Problems = 375 J
Ep
Example Problem B2.2 8. F =
d
2. Ep(grav) = mgh 320 J
=
Ep(grav) 0.100 m
h =
mg = 3.20 × 103 N
47.0 J 9. Ep = mgh
= = (60.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(3.50 m)
( 0.800 kg )  9.81 2 
m
= 2.06 x 103 J
 s  10. To increase the elastic potential energy of a
= 5.99 m spring, you could stretch or compress a spring a
3. Ep(grav) = mgh greater distance. Students may also mention that
Ep(grav) you could change the type of spring to one with
m = greater or less tension.
gh
11. Potential energy is calculated relative to a
1.47 × 103 J reference point where the potential energy is 0.
=
 m Relative to the surface of Earth, an object would
 9.81 2  ( 3.00 m ) have a potential energy of 0. However, relative to
 s 
= 49.9 kg the centre of Earth, the object still has
gravitational potential energy because it could
Student Book page 178 potentially fall down a mine shaft farther toward
the centre of Earth.

B2.2 Check and Reflect Student Book page 179

1. Potential energy is not obvious because it is

stored energy. It is only evident when it Practice Problems
transforms into another form of energy.
2. a) elastic potential energy
b) gravitational potential energy Example Problems B2.3, B2.4
c) elastic potential energy
1
d) gravitational potential energy 4. Ek = mv 2
e) chemical potential energy 2
2
3. Kinetic energy is energy due to the motion of an 1  m
object, and potential energy is due to the state or = ( 9.11 × 10−31 kg )  2.00 × 105 
2  s 
position of the object. Also, potential energy is −20
= 1.82 x 10 J
stored energy but kinetic energy cannot be stored.
4. a) W = Fd
W = (32.0 N)(3.00 m)
W = 96.0 J
b) W = Ep = 96.0 J

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 13

 1 the half-way point. From there up, it gradually
5. Ek = mv 2 decreases to zero.
2
2E b) i) A gain in kinetic energy can only be the
m = 2k result of conversion from another form of
v energy. In this case, elastic potential energy
2(18 J) in the spring is converted to kinetic energy.
= 2
 m ii) A loss on kinetic energy indicates that
 2.2 
 s  kinetic energy is converted to some other
= 7.4 kg form of energy; in this case, potential
energy.
Student Book page 181 1 2
5. a) Ek = mv
2
1
Practice Problems =
2
(0.500 kg)(12.0 m/s)2
= 36.0 J
Example Problem B2.5 1
b) Ek = mv 2
1 2
6. Ek = mv 2 1
2 = (75.0 kg)(40 m/s)2
2Ek 2
v= = 6.00 x 104 J
m 1
2 ( 304 J ) c) Ek = mv 2
= 2
0.300 kg 1
= (4.00 x 10−3 kg)(140 m/s)2
m 2
= 45.0 = 39.2 J
s
1 1 2
7. Ek = mv 2 6. Ek = mv
2 2
2Ek 2Ek
v= m=
m v2
2(57.6 J)
2 (18 J ) =
=  m
2

7.4 kg  2.40 
 s 
= 2.2 m/s
kg ⋅ m /
2
115.2
Student Book page 182 s/ 2
= 2
m /
5.76 2
s/
B2.3 Check and Reflect = 20.0 kg
1. Kinetic energy is associated with the motion of an 1
object. 7. a) Eki = mv 2
2
2. The mass and the speed of the object determine its
2Eki
kinetic energy as described in the formula vi =
1 m
Ek = mv 2 .
2 2 ( 320 J )
=
kg ⋅ m 2 40.0 kg
3. 1J=1
s2 kg ⋅ m 2
4. a) On the way down, the kinetic energy of the 640
mass gradually increases, until it is half-way = s2
down. From the half-way point, the kinetic 40.0 kg
energy gradually decreases to zero. On the m
way back up, the kinetic energy increases until = 4.00
s

14 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

 1 2 Ek1 ⋅ m 2
b) EK = mv Ek2 =
f
2 m1
2EKf (40.0 J)(2)
vf = =
m 1
= 80.0 J
2 ( 400 J ) 1 2
= b) Since Ek = mv
40.0 kg 2
kg ⋅ m 2 then Ek ∝ v2
800 Ek1 v12
= s2 =
40.0 kg E k2 v 2 2
m E k1 ⋅ v 2 2
= 4.47 Ek2 =
s v12
Therefore, ∆v = vf − ∆vi (40.0 J)(2) 2
=
m m 12
= 4.47 − 4.00 = 160 J
s s
m
= 0.470 Student Book page 183
s
8. a)
Practice Problems
Example Problem B2.6
8. Em = Ek + Ep(grav)
1
= mv 2 + mgh
2
2
1  m
= (0.300 kg )  8.00  +
2  s
(0.300 kg )(9.81 m / s 2 )(30.0 m)
= 9.60 J + 88.29 J
b) The graph shows that kinetic energy varies = 97.9 J
directly with the square of the speed. 9. Em = Ek + Ep(grav)
9. a)
Ep(grav) = Em − Ek
1
= Em − mv 2
2
2

( 55.0 kg )  8.33 
1 m
= 3.00 × 103 J −
2  s 
= 3.00 × 10 J − 1.91 × 10 J
3 3

= 1.09 x 103 J
10. Em = Ek + Ep(grav)
Ek = Em − Ep(grav)
= Em − mgh
b) The graph shows that kinetic energy varies  m
directly with mass. = 1.88 × 103 J − ( 2.00 kg )  9.81 2  ( 50.0 m )
 s 
1 2
10. a) Since Ek = mv = 1.88 × 10 J − 981 J
3

2 = 899 J
then Ek ∝ m
Ek1 m1
=
Ek2 m2

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 15

 Student Book page 184 2EK
v =
m
Practice Problems =
2 ( 0.491 J )
0.500 kg
Example Problem B2.7 kg ⋅ m 2
2(.491 )
11. Ek (bottom) = Ep(grav) = s2
(top)
.500 kg
1 2
mv = mgh m
2 = 1.40
v = 2 gh s

 m
= 2  9.81 2  (12.0 m ) Student Book pages 188–189
 s 
m
= 15.3 B2.4 Check and Reflect
s
12. Ep(grav)(top) = Ek (bottom) 1. Mechanical energy is the sum of the kinetic and
potential energy of an object at any given time.
1 2. a) The moment the ball leaves the kicker’s foot,
mgh = mv 2
2 the ball has kinetic energy.
1  v2  b) Halfway to its highest point, it has kinetic and
h=   potential energy.
2 g 
c) At its highest point, it has potential energy and
2
 m kinetic energy.
 1.60  d) The kinetic and gravitational potential energy
= 
s 
are equal when the ball is halfway up or down
 m
2  9.81 2  its vertical arc.
 s  e) The kinetic energy is lowest at the top of the
= 0.130 m arc.
f) The gravitational potential energy is lowest at
Student Book page 185 the bottom of the arc.
g) The mechanical energy is the same anywhere
in the arc after the ball leaves the foot of the
Practice Problems punter.
3. The law of conservation of energy states that the
Example Problem B2.9 total amount of energy in a given situation
remains constant.
4. a) As the height increases, the gravitational
13. Em = Ep(grav) + Ek potential energy increases directly, and as the
Ep(grav) = Em − Ek ball falls there is a corresponding loss of
gravitational potential energy.
1
= Em − mv 2 b) As the height increases, the kinetic energy
2 decreases directly, and as the ball falls there is
2
1  m a corresponding increase in kinetic energy.
= 0.481 J − ( 0.020 kg )  4.10  c) As the height increases, the mechanical energy
2  s 
= 0.481 J − 0.168 J remains constant.
= 0.313 J 5. a) W = Fd
W = (40.0 N)(0.100 m)
14. Em —> Ek W = 4.00 J
Therefore Ek = .491 J b) The work is stored as elastic potential energy
in the spring.
1
Since Ek = mv 2 c) The elastic potential energy in the spring is
2 converted to kinetic energy in the ball.
d) The ball will have 4.00 J of kinetic energy the
instant the ball leaves the spring.
16 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual
 2Ek 9. a) Ep(grav) = mgh
e) v = = (2.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(1.50 m)
m
= 29.4 J
2 ( 4.00 J ) b) Ep(grav) = Ek
=
1.00 × 10−2 kg Therefore Ek = 29.4 J
= 28.3 m/s 1
Since Ek = mv 2
f) The ball will gain 4.00 J of gravitational 2
potential energy. 2Ek
Ep v =
g) h = m
mg 2 ( 29.4 J )
4.00 J =
= 2.00 kg
(1.00 × 10-2 kg )  9.81 sm2  kg ⋅ m 2
2(29.4 )
= 40.8 m = s2
6. Ek(bottom) = Ek(top) 2.00 kg
1/2mv2 = mgh = 5.42 m/s
v = 2gh c) i) maximum gravitational potential energy:
top of the arc
m ii) maximum kinetic energy: bottom of the arc
= 2(9.81 )(.910 m)
s2 iii) maximum mechanical energy: throughout
= 4.23 m/s the arc
7. Em = Ek+ Ep(grav) 10. It will lose some kinetic energy to friction in the
= 1/2mv2 + mgh air.
= 1/2(0.300 kg)(1.50 m/s)2 + 11. a) upper line: object’s mechanical energy is
(0.300 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(1.30 m) increasing
= 0.3375 J + 3.8259 middle line: object has constant mechanical
= 4.16 J energy
8. a) bottom line: object’s mechanical energy is
decreasing
b) The top line is impossible unless new energy
is added to the system.

Student Book page 195

b) B2.5 Check and Reflect

1. Flowing water from a dam or river has kinetic
energy. When the water strikes the turbines in a
power plant, the kinetic energy is transformed to
mechanical energy in the rotating turbines. The
rotation of the turbine turns a coil of wire in a
magnetic field, and the mechanical energy is
converted into electrical energy in the generator.
2. The burning of coal in a combustion chamber
converts chemical energy to heat. The heat is used
c) to produce steam that is directed towards the
turbines. From this point, the processes of energy
transformation are the same as in question 1.
3. a) In a hydro-electric power station, heat is only
produced wherever there is friction, and the
greatest source of heat due to friction comes
from the rotating turbines in the generator.

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 17

 b) In a coal-burning power station, the greatest radiant, mechanical (kinetic and potential),
loss of heat occurs in the combustion magnetic, electrical, and nuclear.
chambers, where fuel is burned to heat water b) Students’ answers will vary. One example is:
to produce steam. The chemical potential energy in oil, gas, and
4. In a coal-burning power station, there is a coal, formed when plants converted radiant
combustion chamber to burn the fuel that heats energy from the Sun to chemical energy
the water to produce steam. In any combustion through the process of photosynthesis. It has
process, the majority of the heat is lost in the been stored for millions of years.
venting of exhaust gases. Also, as the steam c) Students’ answers will vary. One example is:
travels through the piping, it cools and condenses, Light energy is converted to electric energy in
losing a lot of heat to the surroundings. In hydro- solar cells.
electric generating stations, heat is not required to 10. As the barbell falls, it is changing its position and
produce electricity. Heat is only produced through is in motion. Both of these are evidence that an
friction, which can be controlled. energy conversion has taken place. Students may
5. Nuclear energy → heat → mechanical energy → also mention that when the barbell hits the floor, it
electrical energy makes a loud noise, which is also evidence of an
6. Solar cells are similar to batteries because the energy conversion.
positive and negative layers in a solar cell are 11. Heat involves the motion of atoms within a
similar to the positive and negative terminals in a substance, and motion is kinetic energy, which is
battery. part of mechanical energy.
7. Students’ answers will vary, but may include:
light bulbs: electricity to light Student Book pages 196–197
speakers: electricity to sound
radiators: heat to radiant energy
electric clocks: electricity to mechanical energy B2.0 Section Review
8. a) Nuclear energy is converted to radiant energy
in the Sun. Radiant energy travels to Earth and Knowledge
is stored as chemical potential energy in plants
through the process of photosynthesis. The 1. Students’ answers may vary but could include
stored chemical energy in plants, in the form heat, electrical, kinetic, potential, light, sound,
of fossil fuels, is combusted in a generating nuclear, radiant, or magnetic energy.
station to produce heat. The heat produces 2. Energy is defined as the ability to do work.
steam, which turns turbines, converting heat 3. Thermodynamics is a study of the
energy into mechanical energy. The interrelationships between heat, work, and energy.
mechanical energy in the rotating turbines 4. The principle of thermodynamics developed from
produces electricity. The electricity the study of heat was that heat flows from hot to
transmitted to your home is converted into cold objects.
heat in the heating pad. 5. Nuclear fusion is the combining of two smaller
b) Nuclear energy is converted to radiant energy nuclei to produce a larger nucleus, while nuclear
in the Sun. Radiant energy travels to Earth and fission is the breaking down of a larger nucleus
is stored as chemical potential energy in plants into two smaller nuclei.
through the process of photosynthesis. The 6. The reaction in the Sun is nuclear fusion of
stored chemical energy in plants, in the form smaller hydrogen atoms into larger helium atoms.
of the fossil fuel gasoline, is combusted in the 7. Kinetic energy is the motion of an object, and
engine to produce mechanical energy and heat. potential energy is the position of the object.
c) Nuclear energy is converted to radiant energy 8. a) Students’ answers will vary. One example is:
in the Sun. Radiant energy travels to Earth and An object is rolling along the surface of Earth.
is stored as chemical potential energy in plants b) Students’ answers will vary. One example is:
through the process of photosynthesis. The An object is held above the surface of Earth
stored chemical energy in plants is digested by without moving.
the horse, which converts the stored chemical c) Students’ answers will vary. One example is:
potential energy through the process of An object is moving above the surface of
respiration into mechanical energy and heat. Earth.
9. a) Students’ answers will vary. One example is: 9. Potential energy becomes useful when it is
When you go outside, you can detect many converted to another form of energy that does
forms of energy, including heat, light, sound, work on an object.

18 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

10. Mechanical energy involves both potential and kinetic: engine
kinetic energy. sound: stereo
11. The mass of an object is a measure of the inertia 19. Students’ answers will vary but may include the
of the object, measured in kilograms, while the following:
weight of an object is a measure of the chemical: leaves of trees
gravitational force on the object, and is measured light: Sun
in newtons. Mass is constant, while the weight thermal: fire
varies with gravity. radiant: Sun
12. Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of electricity: electric eel
molecules. It is released during a chemical kinetic: river
reaction. sound: buzzing of a bee
13. a) The person has maximum kinetic energy at the 20. W = Fd
beginning of the leap. = (30.0 N)(1.50 m)
b) The person has minimum kinetic energy at the = 45.0 J
top of the leap. 21. Ep = mgh
c) The person has maximum gravitational = (1.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(1.00 m)
potential energy at the top of the leap. = 9.81 J
d) The person has minimum gravitational 22. The work done and the energy gained are not
potential energy at the start of the leap. equal because energy is lost to friction as the
e) The gravitational potential energy equals the block slides up the inclined plane.
kinetic energy at the halfway point of the 23. There was 800 J of elastic potential energy stored
person’s rise into the air. in the springboard.
14. a) Students’ answers will vary. One example is: 24. The assumption was that all the elastic potential
When a moving ball with kinetic energy energy was converted to gravitational potential
collides with a wall, some kinetic energy is energy. No energy was lost to heat.
lost to heat in the collision. 2Ek
b) Students’ answers will vary. One example is: 25. v=
m
Striking a tuning fork on a table converts
mechanical energy to sound energy. 2(800 J)
=
c) Students’ answers will vary. One example is: 50.0 kg
The mechanical energy of a generator = 5.7 m/s
produces electricity, which can be converted 26. The assumption was that all the potential energy
to light. was converted to kinetic energy.
d) Students’ answers will vary. One example is: 27. Students’ answers will vary but may include the
The mechanical energy of a generator following: Digestion in your small intestine
produces electricity. converts the stored chemical energy in food to
15. The byproducts of a hydrogen fuel cell are water heat and energy for cells, which can then be
and oxygen. transformed into mechanical energy when the
muscles in your vocal cords move to produce
Applications sound. In this example, chemical potential energy
16. They could not explain why the ball on the other is converted to mechanical energy that, in turn, is
side rose to nearly the same height. Some converted to sound.
scientists suggested that the first ball had a vis 28. Students’ answers may vary but could include the
viva or living force that was transmitted through following:
the balls and caused the ball on the other side to a) chemical to light: the burning of phosphorus
rise. produces a strong light
17. Young thought that mechanical energy was b) light to chemical: photosynthesis converts
related to the work a system could do. light energy to stored chemical energy
18. Students’ answers will vary but may include the c) kinetic to heat: a moving object produces
following: friction which produces heat
chemical: battery d) heat to kinetic: heating air causes air
light: light bulb molecules to vibrate faster
thermal: toaster e) electric to magnetic: electric energy is
radiant: fireplace converted to magnetic energy in an
electric: generator electromagnet

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 19

 f) magnetic to electrical: a generator converts Student Book page 205
magnetic energy to electrical energy
29. Solar cells are used to produce electricity on space
stations because they convert light directly to B3.1 Check and Reflect
electricity. Since they have no moving parts and 1. Thermodynamics is the study of the
don’t involve chemical reactions, they never need interrelationships between heat, work, and energy.
maintenance or recharging. 2. The first law of thermodynamics states that the
30. As the ice cube melts, there is a change in total energy, including heat, in a system and its
temperature and shape, and as the ice cube slides surroundings must remain constant.
down, there is a change in motion. These changes 3. Work is the movement of matter from one place
are evidence of energy conversions. to another and heat is the transfer of thermal
energy from one location to another.
Extensions 4. a) 1st law of thermodynamics
31. Students’ answers will vary. One example could b) 2nd law of thermodynamics
be projecting an object into the air using a coiled c) 1st law of thermodynamics
spring or stretched elastic. Students would have to 5. A heat engine converts heat into mechanical
measure the height to which the object rises to energy and a heat pump uses mechanical energy
determine the potential energy. They would then to transfer heat. Students may provide a variety of
compare it to the kinetic energy given to the answers. For example, an automobile engine is a
object from the initial, stored elastic potential heat engine; a refrigerator is a heat pump.
energy through the work done to stretch the 6. A perpetual motion machine is able to transfer all
elastic. The manipulated variable would be the the energy input into mechanical energy output
amount the spring was compressed or the elastic with no loss of energy to the surroundings.
stretched. The responding variable would be the 7. The second law of thermodynamics states that
height to which the object rises. heat flows naturally from hot objects to cold
32. A drop of water in a cloud has potential energy objects and, in the process, some heat is lost to the
due to its position relative to the surface of Earth surroundings. Some of this energy can be
and it also has kinetic energy because it is converted to mechanical energy
moving. A drop of water on a still lake does not 8. Two sticks rubbed together is positive work
have these energies. because work is done by the surroundings on a
33. Yes. Earth has gravitational potential energy system.
relative to the gravitational pull of the Sun. It also 9. When water condenses on a cold glass, heat is
has kinetic energy because it is in motion around flowing from the warmer water vapour in the air
the Sun. to the cooler glass. As the water vapour cools, it
34. A scientist would consider the development of the condenses.
hydrogen fuel cell as an energy source to be an 10. a) The first law of thermodynamics: Heat in a
important innovation because it involves a system and its surroundings remains constant.
reaction in which electricity can be produced Heat cannot be created so you cannot get
quite effectively with no recharging necessary. An something for nothing.
environmentalist would consider it to be an b) The second law of thermodynamics: When
important innovation because the only waste heat flows from hot to cold, some, but not all,
products are water and oxygen, both of which are of this heat can be used to do work. So you
beneficial to the environment. will never come close to getting the same
35. Students’ answers will vary but may resemble the amount of work output as the amount of heat
following. We must develop a source of energy put into a system.
which will not be harmful to the environment, can c) The second law of thermodynamics: Heat
be used to provide the necessary energy for all of naturally flows from hot to cold, not from cold
society’s needs, and can be easily accessible in all to hot. A rock will never naturally jump into
parts of the world. For example, electricity the air.
produced from hydrogen fuel cells or solar cells 11. No. The refrigerator is a heat pump. It uses
should be developed. mechanical energy to transfer heat from a hot
object to a cold object. If you leave the
refrigerator door open, the refrigerator will
operate at a greater rate in attempting to cool the
interior. And in the process, it will transfer

20 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

 thermal energy to the room making the room even disadvantages were that they were very large and
hotter. very inefficient.
12. A perpetual motion machine attempts to convert 8. Daimler designed an internal combustion engine
one type of energy to another type of energy with powered by gasoline rather than coal gas. This
100% efficiency and so no energy would be lost was an improvement because gasoline burns
to the surroundings. A Rube Goldberg machine hotter than coal gas and provides more energy.
just converts energy from one type to another with 9. The intake valve allows for the injection of the
no regard for efficiency. fuel into the combustion chamber, and the exhaust
valve expels the waste gases from combustion.
Student Book page 214 10. a) Papin designed the first heat engine in which
heat was used to do work. The heat created
steam that was used to drive a piston forward
B3.2 Check and Reflect in a tube. As the steam cooled, a vacuum was
1. Hero’s steam engine was considered a toy created, and atmospheric pressure pushed the
because it did not perform any useful purpose. piston back.
2. By the 1600s, many European countries had cut b) Newcomen devised a pump that used a beam
down most of their forests. Since wood was the pivoted at its centre. Steam pressure would
primary source of energy, they had to switch to cause the beam to tilt one way, and by
coal. One of the problems in coal mining is that condensing the steam the beam would tilt the
the mine shafts slowly fill with water. The water other way. The tilting of the beam, back and
had to be extracted with pumps. A machine had to forth, would cause a rod to move up and
be developed that would operate the pumps down, drawing water up a pipe.
continuously and provide more power. Thus the c) Watt devised a steam engine with a separate
evolution of the steam engine began. condenser to cool the steam. This greatly
3. One discovery was the tremendous force created improved the efficiency of the steam engine as
by a vacuum, and the other discovery was that the boiler chamber always remained hot.
water increases its volume by 1300 times when 11. Student diagrams should resemble Figure B3.11
converted to steam. on page 206 of the student book. The diagram
4. The first attempts to create gunpowder explosions should show that the pressure created by the
in a chamber to move a piston were considered steam moves the piston up. When the steam
too dangerous, so inventors concentrated on condenses, a partial vacuum is created, and the
developing relatively safer technologies using piston is pushed back down by atmospheric
steam. The internal combustion engine was pressure.
developed as a way of improving on steam 12. The internal combustion engine delivered more
engines, which could not be used on roads. power and was much smaller than the steam
Another reason was that gasoline had not yet been engine. Also, it did not need a separate boiler to
discovered as a fuel source. create the heat needed to do the work.
5. Watt considered Newcomen’s engine inefficient 13. a) minivan: piston
because the water was heated to produce steam b) 747: turbine
and was cooled to create a vacuum in the same c) propeller airplane: piston
chamber. To produce steam again, the chamber d) propeller boat: piston
had to be reheated. Watt considered this to be a e) lawn mower: piston
waste of energy. He designed a separate chamber f) motorcycle: piston
in which to cool the steam, thus the heating 14. a) Students’ answers will vary but could include:
chamber always remained hot. a gas-powered lawnmower, a gas powered
6. Students could provide one of the following weed-eater, a gas-powered generator.
answers. Watt’s engine: b) Students’ answers will vary but could include:
– had a separate chamber to condense the steam. a twirling water sprinkler, any fan with an
– had double-acting pistons, so that the electric motor.
downward as well as the upward stroke
produced power.
– converted the back-and-forth motion of the
piston into rotary motion.
7. The advantages of steam engines were that they
were easy to build and easy to maintain. Two

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 21

 Student Book page 216 Em(useful output)
e) percent efficiency = × 100%
Em(total input)
Practice Problem 800 J
=× 100%
1000 J
Example Problem B3.1 = 80%
6. Students’ answers will vary. This is one example:
Em (useful output) Thermal energy is useful when it is used to heat a
1. % efficiency = × 100%
Em (total input) home or food. It is considered wasted energy
when it is a product of an energy transformation,
1.96 × 104 J
= × 100% such as the combustion of fuel in an engine, to
5.61 × 104 J produce mechanical energy or movement.
= 34.9% Work useful output
7. percent efficiency = × 100%
Student Book page 217 Work total input
2.30 ×103 J
= ×100
3.50 ×103 J
Practice Problems
= 65.7%
8. Work useful output = efficiency × Work total input
Example Problem B3.2
= ( 0.350 ) (1.20 ×104 J )
Em(useful output)
2. % efficiency = × 100 = 4.20 ×103 J
Em(total input)
Em(useful output)
Em(useful output) 9. Em(total input) =
efficiency = efficiency
Em(total input)
mgh
Em(useful output) = efficiency × Em(total input) Work total input =
efficiency
= (0.85)(15 J)
= 13 J
=
( 2.00×10 3
kg )( 9.81m/s 2 ) ( 5.00 m )
0.350
Example Problem B3.3 = 2.80 x 105 J
10. The work input would be how much energy you
heat useful output
3. % efficiency = × 100% consume in doing the work input and the work
heat total input output would be how much energy the skateboard
125J gains in terms of mechanical energy.
= × 100% 11. A perpetual motion machine is nearly 100%
4.00 × 103 J
= 3.13% efficient while an internal combustion engine is
only about 15% efficient.
Student Book page 220 12. A perpetual motion machine is much more
efficient than a Rube Goldberg machine.

B3.3 Check and Reflect Student Book page 227

1. Heat is usually the wasted energy during an

energy transfer or transformation. B3.4 Check and Reflect
2. The exhaust system or the cooling/heating
systems consume the most energy. 1. Students’ answers will vary but could include the
3. Efficiency is how well a device produces useful following:
energy outputs compared to the total energy input. Solar: solar cell, fossil fuel, biomass, or biogas
4. A steam engine is more efficient than a gas or Non-solar: nuclear, geothermal, tidal
diesel engine. 2. The ultimate source of energy in the Sun is a
5. a) Input: 1000 J nuclear fusion reaction where hydrogen nuclei
b) Output: 800 J fuse to form a heavier helium nucleus.
c) Useful work: 800 J 3. Biomass is any organic matter, such as wood,
d) Wasted energy: 200 J crop residues, seaweed, algae, and animal wastes.

22 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

4. Cogeneration is the process of using waste energy • The cost will fall only on the users and not the
from one process to power a second process. rest of society.
5. Sustainable: any process that supplies the needs of • The tax will lead to increased conservation of
today’s society without compromising the needs energy.
of future generations. • The tax will force users to become more
6. Fossil fuels are considered indirect solar energy efficient.
sources because they were formed from the Disadvantages:
process of photosynthesis, which involves solar • The tax will increase the cost of energy.
energy, in plants millions of years ago. • The tax would be difficult to administer and
7. Photosynthesis converts solar energy to stored monitor.
chemical energy directly. A windmill relies on • The tax does not solve the problem of an
solar energy to heat Earth’s surface air first, energy crisis.
creating convection currents of air, which then
turn the turbines of a windmill. Student Book pages 228
8. Biomass is considered renewable because it can
be replaced in a relatively short period of time.
9. The three factors are: an increasing population, an B3.0 Section Review
increasing demand for energy, and the reliance on
non-renewable sources of energy. Knowledge
10. An energy crisis happens when the reserves of
available energy sources are depleted. 1. Heat is converted to mechanical energy in a heat
11. Two short-term solutions are to search for new engine.
reserves of fossil fuels and reduce the rate of 2. Heat flows naturally from hot objects to cold
consumption of existing fossil fuel reserves. objects. In the process of heat transfer, some
12. The most practical solution is to use our available energy is always lost to heat.
non-renewable energy sources more efficiently, 3. In a perpetual motion machine, no energy is lost
and to search for new, more sustainable energy to the surroundings during energy transfers in the
sources. device.
13. Students’ answers will vary, but should include 4. When you form a snowball, heat is flowing from
some of the following. your hands to the snow.
Costs of developing thermal power stations: 5. A thermo-electric converter has two strips of
• Fossil fuels cannot be replaced. different metals joined at a junction. When the
• Combustion results in thermal pollution in the two strips are at different temperatures, heat flows
air. from the warmer metal to the colder one. This
• Combustion results in emissions of harmful flow of heat creates an electrical current that can
gases. be converted to mechanical energy in the motor.
• Fossil fuels are needed for the production of 6. Animals, wind, and moving water were used to
other materials such as fertilizers and operate pre-industrial simple machines.
chemicals. 7. Students’ answers will vary but could include the
• Reserves are dwindling, which leads to global following:
uncertainties and political unrest. Benefits of non-renewable energy sources:
Benefits of developing thermal power stations: • easily obtainable
• Fossil fuels are accessible in many places in • found in almost all places in the world
the world. • transportable in large quantities relatively
• Fossil fuels can be transported in large cheaply
quantities via tanker or pipeline. Costs of non-renewable energy sources:
• Fossil fuels can be transformed into other • harmful because of combustion products
forms of energy through a relatively simple • wasteful of thermal energy
process of combustion. • not sustainable
• Fossil fuels store a great deal of chemical 8. Southern Alberta has strong and steady winds due
potential energy. to the prevailing westerlies over the Rocky
• Fossil fuels are affordable as an energy Mountains.
supply.
14. Students’ answers will vary but could include the Applications
following: 9. Students’ answers will vary but may be similar to
Advantages of a “user pay” tax: the following. A light bulb converts electrical
Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 23
 energy to light energy but most of the electrical Extensions
energy is lost as heat. The heat and the light
21. Because cold air falls, the cold air from the
produced must equal the amount of input
electricity. freezer compartment was used to cool food in
10. Assuming that the floor does not absorb any of lower compartments.
22. They are related because the greater the
the energy from either ball, the steel ball will rise
efficiency, the less energy is used so more is
higher because it does not deform as much as the
conserved.
rubber ball when it hits the floor. But as the
23. It can be made more efficient by installing better
rubber ball deforms, its kinetic energy is
converted to elastic potential energy, and during insulation on the hot-water heater, lowering the
the deformation, energy is lost to heat. This is an temperature of the hot water, and installing more
efficient burners or elements.
application of the first law of thermodynamics.
24. Electric car motors do not have as much power as
11. This violates the first law of thermodynamics.
internal combustion engines and electric batteries
You can never get more out of a system than you
put in. Energy can never be created. run down too quickly.
12. Hydro generation can be up to 75% efficient 25. To an environmentalist the term “sustainable
development” means developing energy sources
while thermal generation is only up to 15%
other than fossil fuels that will ensure a safe
efficient because in thermal generating stations,
environment and an energy supply for future
most of the energy from combustion is lost to
heat. This is the waste energy. The useful energy generations. To an oil industry employee, the term
is only the amount of electrical energy produced. “sustainable development” means discovering
new reserves for future generations.
13. A 25% efficiency means that only one quarter of
the total energy input is converted to useful
energy output. Student pages 232–237
14. a) heat output = efficiency x heat input
= (0.35)(1000 J)
= 350 J
Unit B Review
= 3.5 x 102 J
b) The rest of the energy is wasted in the form of Vocabulary
heat.
15. The energy crisis is the depletion of our energy 1. acceleration: change in velocity during a specific
sources. time interval
16. The current solution is to try to find new reserves cogeneration: using the waste energy from one
of non-renewable sources of energy, conserve process to power another process
energy, and try to become more efficient. efficiency: the ratio of the useful energy output to
17. Students’ answer will vary but could include the the total energy input
following: energy: the ability to do work
a) Residential sector: better insulation of homes first law of thermodynamics: the total amount of
b) Commercial sector: energy-efficient office energy, including heat, in a system and its
equipment surroundings always remains constant
c) Industrial sector: more efficient machines and force: a push or pull
cogeneration where possible heat: the transfer of thermal energy
d) Transportation sector: more fuel-efficient kinetic energy: energy due to the motion of an
vehicles or rail object
18. Increasing energy conservation and energy law of conservation of energy: energy can never
efficiency means we use less non-renewable be created nor destroyed but can be converted
energy but we are still using them up. from one form to another.
19. A better solution to the energy crisis is to develop potential energy: energy due to the position of an
a new source of energy that is renewable. object relative to another object (e.g.,
20. Alberta power plants use non-renewable energy gravitational potential energy results from an
sources because there are large reserves of coal object’s position relative to Earth’s surface)
located near the thermal generating stations. They second law of thermodynamics: heat flows
don’t use wood because wood would have to be naturally from hot to cold objects and in the
transported from great distances, depending on process can be made to do work; during this
the location of the cutting areas. process some energy is always lost as heat

24 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

 sustainable: processes that will not compromise force is equivalent to the weight, and the distance
future generations the object moves vertically determines the work
system: set of interconnected parts; in studies of done on an object.
work and energy transfers, object or objects 13. If you stretch the elastic more, it has more elastic
involved in a transfer potential energy. This transforms into more
uniform motion: travel at a constant rate of kinetic energy in the rock, so the rock will have a
motion in a straight line greater speed.
velocity: speed and direction of an object 14. Kinetic energy is greatest at the time that the rock
work: a force moving an object through a distance leaves the catapult. The gravitational potential
energy is greatest at the highest point the rock
Knowledge reaches.
15. Students’ answers will vary but could include the
following:
B1.0 a) Solar energy is converted to electrical energy
2. Students’ answers will vary for the examples in a solar cell.
given in parentheses below. b) Light energy is converted to stored chemical
a) scalar (10 m) energy in plants through photosynthesis.
b) vector (10 m [E]) c) Chemical energy in a battery is converted to
c) scalar (10 m/s) electrical energy.
d) vector (10 m/s [E]) 16. Solar energy is converted to electrical energy.
e) vector (10 m/s2 [E]) 17. Hydro-electric power stations do not involve
f) scalar (10 J) combustion of fuels. This combustion results in a
g) scalar (10 J) large loss of heat to the surroundings. So hydro is
h) vector (10 N [E]) more efficient.
3. You must measure the distance travelled and the 18. When you turn a page, chemical energy within the
time in which the distance was travelled. cells of your body is converted to the mechanical
4. Acceleration is the rate of change in speed. It may energy of your muscles that cause your hand to
be speeding up or slowing down. Uniform motion move. The mechanical energy from your hand
is motion in which the object maintains the same does work in turning the page and thus gives the
speed over a time interval. page mechanical energy.
5. a) If a force is applied in the same direction as
the motion, then the object will speed up.
B3.0
b) If a force is applied in the opposite direction to
the motion, then the object will slow down. 19. A heat engine uses heat to produce mechanical
6. Work is done on an object when a force moves an energy, and a heat pump uses mechanical energy
object through a distance. The force and the to transfer heat. Students’ examples will vary but
distance moved must be in the same direction. could include: a jet engine is a heat engine, and an
7. If you carry an object while moving forward, the air conditioner is a heat pump.
force applied on the object is vertical to overcome 20. They both stipulate that in any conversion to other
the gravitational force on the object, while the types of energy, energy must be conserved.
distance travelled is horizontal. 21. Students’ answers may vary but could include the
8. W = Fd following. A hot-water heater uses heat to heat up
= (20.0 N)(1.30 m) water. It illustrates the first law of
= 26.0 J thermodynamics because not all the heat that is
put into the system heats up the water. Some of
B2.0 the heat will be lost to the surroundings.
22. If heat were added to a perpetual motion machine,
kg ⋅ m 2 all the heat should be completely transformed into
9. 1J=1
s2 mechanical energy with no heat lost to other
10. Kinetic energy is energy due to the motion of an forms of energy.
object. 23. They both describe the behaviour of heat in
11. Gravitational and elastic are two forms of transfers or transformations.
potential energy. 24. Students’ answers will vary but may include the
12. The weight of an object is the force necessary to following. In the home, heat flows into a
move an object against the opposing force of thermostat causing the metal strip to expand and
gravity. If an object is lifted vertically, then this

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 25

 in the expansion, the strip moves, indicating a ∆d
gain in mechanical energy. c) v =
∆t
25. Students’ drawings should resemble Figure B3.14 20.0 m
on page 208 of the student book. A boiler =
produced steam that forced a piston up a cylinder. 4.00 s
When cold water was sprayed on the outside of = 5.0 m/s


the cylinder, the steam would condense, and the
∆d
d) v =
piston would move back down the cylinder. The ∆t
piston rod was connected to a pivoting beam, 0m
which in turn was connected to the mine pump. =
4.00s
The up-and-down motion of the piston drove the
= 0.0 m/s
pump. 

26. A Watt engine uses steam power to drive a piston,
vf − vi
33. a =
while the internal combustion engine uses the ∆t
gases produced from the combustion of fuels to m m
drive a piston. An internal combustion engine 50 [N] − 0
= s s
produces much more heat than a steam engine. 6.00s
27. Coal is formed from plants that used solar energy
in the process of photosynthesis millions of years = 8.33 m/s2 [N]
ago. 34. W = Fd
28. Students’ answers will vary but could include the = (6.0 N)(0.33 m)
following. Gas furnaces, gas stoves, gas water = 2.0 J
heaters, etc., could all be converted to electrical 35. The chain and the sign are pulling forces, while
devices. The electricity supplied to the home the beam is a pushing force on the ring.
could come from hydro-electric or wind power 36. W = Fd
stations. = (100 N)(5.00 m)
29. Cogeneration is a process of using waste energy = 500 J
from one process to power another process. In 37. By storing the water in high towers, the water
some schools, water is heated to supply the hot gains the necessary gravitational potential energy
water necessary for showers, etc. Once used, this to flow through the water system in the
hot water could be piped throughout the school to community.
heat the building. 38. The object gains kinetic energy because of its
motion, but does not gain any gravitational
potential energy.
Applications
1 2
30. The three lines on the graphs should all be straight 39. E k = mv
2
lines. The line with the steeper slope depicts the
1
E k = (0.00230 kg )(2.50 m/s )
2
faster car, the line with the shallower slope
depicts the slower car, and a horizontal line 2
depicts the car at rest. = 7.19 ×10 −3 J
∆d 2 Ek
31. ∆t = 40. v =
v m
180 km 2(4.00 × 105 J
= =
90.0 km/h 2.00 × 103 kg
= 2.00 h
= 20.0 m/s
32. a) ∆d = ∆d1 + ∆d2
41. Ep = mgh
= 10.0 m + 10.0 m
= (0.400 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )(500 m)

= 20.0
m
= 1.96 x 103 J
b) ∆ d = ∆ d 1 + ∆ d 2 Ep( grav )
= ∆10.0 m [down] + 10.0 m [up] 42. h =
mg
=0m
7.90 × 105 J
=
800 N
= 988 m

26 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

43. Ep = mgh Ep(grav)
= (750 N)(15.0 m) h=
mg
= 1.13 x 104 J
Ep is converted from Ek , 6.46 ×10 3 J
h=
therefore Ek = 1.13 x 104 J (
(0.300 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 )
2 Ek = 2.19 × 103 m
v=
m 47. Step 1: Find the work done in lifting the object to
a height.
  Step 2: Equate the work done Wdone with Ep,
 750 N 
= 2(1.13 × 104 J)   which equals Ek.
 9.81 m2  Step 3: Once you know the Ek you can determine
 s  the speed.
= 17.2 m/s 48. Step 1: Determine the Ek.
44. i) a) This is gravitational potential energy Step 2: Equate the Ek with Ep.
b) When the water in the reservoir is allowed Step 3: Once you know the Ep, you can determine
to flow downhill, the gravitational the height. You must ignore friction.
potential energy can be made to move 49. Students’ answers will vary but could be the
some device, converting the potential following. Energy is used to heat water in a hot-
energy into kinetic energy. water tank and the only purpose for the hot water
c) This potential energy can be converted to in most homes is for washing. Once used, this
electrical energy, as in a hydro-electric waste hot water could be piped throughout the
power station. home for heating.
ii) a) The rocket has chemical potential energy. 50. Mechanical energy in the movement of the match
b) When the chemical reaction occurs, the is first converted to heat to ignite the match. This
rocket will rise into the air. initial heat is then converted to chemical energy
c) The chemical potential energy was first due to combustion, and the chemical energy is
converted into kinetic energy, which in then converted to heat and light energy.
turn was converted into gravitational 51. The extra energy will be stored as chemical
potential energy. potential energy in the form of fat.
iii) a) The toy gun has elastic potential energy. 52. a) You cannot have an efficiency of over 100%
b) When released, the elastic potential energy because, according to the first law of
can move the dart. thermodynamics, the energy in a system and
c) The elastic potential energy is converted its surroundings must remain constant. To
first to kinetic energy. have an efficiency of over 100%, energy
45. a) The initial source of energy is chemical would have to be created, which is impossible.
potential energy. It is potential energy because b) ii) A steam engine can extract heat from a
it is stored energy. combustion reaction and use it to heat
b) The battery is still functional after a long steam, and the steam can then be used to
period because the chemical reaction inside do work.
the battery does not occur unless there is a iii) Only a hypothetical perpetual motion
drain of the energy. machine can convert mechanical energy to
c) The stored chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy with no loss.
electrical energy. useful energy output
53. percent efficiency = × 100%
1 total heat input
46. Ek = mv 2
2 350 J
2 = × 100%
1  km  1000 m  1 h   1000 J
= ( 0.300 kg )  747   
2  h  1 km  3600 s   = 35.0%
work output
54. workinput =
= 6.46 x 103 J efficiency
But Ek is converted to Ep, workoutput = Fd
therefore Ep = 6.46 x 103 J = 400 N x 3.50 m
= 1400 J

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 27

 work output Extensions
workinput =
efficiency 61. Students’ answers may vary but they are likely to
1400 J include the example in the student book: steam
= engines. In trying to develop better systems to
0.15
= 9.33 x 103 J pump water, steam engines were developed to
move the piston back and forth to pump water.
55. a) The surroundings are the air and blankets that 62. For every new development in a technology, there
surround the hot-water bottle. is a scientific principle to explain its operation.
b) It is a closed system because energy is Technologies are always being developed to
transferred to the surroundings, not matter. exploit scientific principles.
c) It would then be an open system, since there is 63. Students’ answers may vary, but one example
an exchange of both matter and energy may be the following. The most important
56. If energy from the Sun originated from the technology has been the internal combustion
combustion of matter, then the Sun should have engine. Efficient engines have resulted in modern
burned out after about 1000 years. industrialized societies that are totally reliant on
57. a) Combustion chamber, turbine, generator this technology.
b) Combustion chamber: Heat energy is 64. Students’ answers will vary but could include the
produced which can be useful in heating water following:
to steam and wasted through the exhaust a) Heat can produce steam that, in a steam
system. engine, is used to propel a vehicle.
Turbine: The energy in the steam can be b) Heat can produce the combustion of gases
useful in rotating the turbines and wasted in that, in a rocket engine, may propel a rocket
friction and lost heat. upwards, changing the rocket’s position.
Generator: The mechanical energy of the c) Heat from a stove element can increase the
rotating turbine in a magnetic coil can produce temperature of a pot on the stove.
useful electrical energy and wasted in energy 65. Hot-water heaters are usually the most inefficient
lost to friction. energy consumers in the home. Possible ways to
58. Waste heat from the combustion chamber and improve efficiency would be:
from the steam in the turbines can be recycled and • Improve the tank’s insulation.
used to heat the power plant. There is not much • Turn down the temperature of water.
energy to recover from the generator itself. • Use an electric heating element rather than a
59. gas-powered element.
Risk Benefit Sustainability 66. Initially, the object has kinetic energy. As the
Wood Produces a lot of Cheap and Sustainable since
object rises, the kinetic energy is converted to
waste ash and easy to it can be replaced potential energy. At the highest point in its rise, it
polluting gases obtain in a relatively only has potential energy. The mechanical energy
short time involves both potential and kinetic energy, and
Coal Produces a lot of Cheap and Not sustainable each can convert into the other, so in this situation
waste ash and burns but there are still the mechanical energy remains constant.
polluting gases hotter large supplies
remaining 67. Total Ep = mgh (at the top)
Gas Only produces Cheap and Not sustainable
= (0.0100 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(1.30 m)
polluting gases cleaner and only small = 0.128 J
burning supplies At the point that the Ek = Ep, the Ep(grav) =
remaining 0.128 J
= 0.0638 J
60. A pump system must be devised to keep the warm 2
water tank constantly filled with warm water and Ep(grav)
the cold water tank filled with cold water. h=
mg
However, very powerful pumps must be used if
water is to be pumped through great distances. 0.0638 J
=
( 0.0100 kg )  9.81 2 
Secondly, the flow of energy from the hot tank to m
the cold tank is necessary to turn the turbines that  s 
drive the propeller. However, the force of the flow = 0.650 m
of energy will not be powerful enough to turn a At this height, both the kinetic and potential
turbine to rotate a propeller. energy are equal.

28 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual

68. Work is done on the object against gravity so 76. a) Students should use the distances measured in
energy is transferred (the bone gains potential question 75.
energy) in both cases. b) The speed-time graph should have a horizontal
69. The pendulum’s potential energy will be less on straight line. Note: For any object undergoing
the moon because the force of gravity is less on uniform acceleration, the average speed
the moon. Consequently, the kinetic energy will determined during a time interval (e.g., 0.0 s
also be less because potential energy is converted to 0.1s) using v = ∆d/∆t is the instantaneous
to kinetic energy. speed at the midpoint in the time interval (e.g.,
70. a) Hydro-electric stations should be located near 0.05 s).
fast moving water, coal-burning or gas- c) It represents uniform motion.
burning stations should be located near fossil d) If the object was accelerating, the speed-time
fuel deposits, and nuclear stations should graph would show a straight line with a
ideally be located wherever it is difficult to positive slope.
locate the other types of stations. e) The line of best fit has a slope of 0.
b) They all generate electricity and they all are f) The slope represents the acceleration.
potentially harmful to the environment. g) area = length × width
c) Coal- and gas-burning plants use chemical = (7.0 s)( 7.5×10−3 m/s)
combustion reactions to produce heat while = 5.3 × 10−2 m
nuclear plants use nuclear fission reactions to h) The area represents the total distance travelled.
produce heat. Also, nuclear plants are much 77. W = Fd = area under the line
more complex in design. = 1/2(5.0 m)(10.0 N)
d) Hydro-electric stations are the most efficient, = 25 J
followed by thermal, and then nuclear power 78. a)
stations.
71. A superconductor can be considered a perpetual
motion machine because it can transform energy
without any energy loss.
72. Students’ answers will vary but may include the
following: Hot water used for washing could
circulate through the house to heat the home.
73. Since the government is concerned with the
welfare of society as a whole then their chief b) 1. speeding up — positive direction
concern should be the effects of energy sources on 2. slowing down — positive direction
the environment. 3. speeding up — negative direction
74. A new energy source would affect every 4. slowing down — negative direction
technology in the home. For example, all the c)
appliances that run on electricity would have to be
replaced. Also, all the machines that run on fuel
would have to be replaced. However, if the new
energy source was used to generate electricity,
then only the appliances running on fuel would
have to be changed.

Skills Practice
75. a) Students should measure distance carefully on 79. The water could be pumped through hollow
page 236 of the student book. bamboo. A problem to be overcome is developing
b) The distance-time graph should be a straight a pump. You would also have to overcome the
line with a positive slope of problem of the height that the water has to be
7.5×10−3 m/s pumped. You could use a windmill to power the
c) The object is exhibiting uniform motion. pump. To overcome the height problem, you may
d) The slope is 7.5×10−3 m/s. have to pump the water up in steps.
e) The value represents the average speed of the
object.
f) An upward curve would show that the object
is accelerating.

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems 29

Self Assessment
80. Drawing conclusions is extremely important in
assessing the success of the investigation or the
research. The validity of the conclusion depends
on how well the investigation or the research was
done and how well the researcher interpreted the
results.
81. Students’ answers will vary but students should
show an interest in the topics they have
encountered.
82. Students’ answers will vary, but should reflect the
content of the unit.
83. The concept of energy was difficult to develop
because energy is an abstract phenomenon that
can only be observed during a transformation or a
conversion when something is done. Technology
was vital to the concept of energy, because the
technologies allowed scientists to analyze the
behaviour of energy, mostly in the form of heat.
84. Students’ answers will vary but students should
indicate what they personally can do to help
conserve energy and so protect the environment.

30 Addison Wesley Science 10 Solutions Manual