CS8651_IP_UNIT IV PHP and XML

An introduction to PHP: PHP- Using PHP- Variables- Program control-

Built-in functions- Form Validation- Regular Expressions – File handling –
Cookies – Connecting to Database.

XML: Basic XML- Document Type Definition- XML Schema DOM and
Presenting XML, XML Parsers and Validation, XSL and XSLT
Transformation, News Feed (RSS and ATOM).

PHP Variables
The main way to store information in the middle of a PHP program is by using a variable.

Here are the most important things to know about variables in PHP.

 All variables in PHP are denoted with a leading dollar sign ($).

 The value of a variable is the value of its most recent assignment.

 Variables are assigned with the = operator, with the variable on the left-hand side and the
expression to be evaluated on the right.

 Variables can, but do not need, to be declared before assignment.

 Variables in PHP do not have intrinsic types - a variable does not know in advance
whether it will be used to store a number or a string of characters.

 Variables used before they are assigned have default values.

 PHP does a good job of automatically converting types from one to another when
necessary.

 PHP variables are Perl-like.

PHP has a total of eight data types which we use to construct our variables −
  Integers − are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195.

 Doubles − are floating-point numbers, like 3.14159 or 49.1.

 Booleans − have only two possible values either true or false.

 NULL − is a special type that only has one value: NULL.

 Strings − are sequences of characters, like 'PHP supports string operations.'

 Arrays − are named and indexed collections of other values.

 Objects − are instances of programmer-defined classes, which can package up both

other kinds of values and functions that are specific to the class.

 Resources − are special variables that hold references to resources external to PHP (such
as database connections).

The first five are simple types, and the next two (arrays and objects) are compound - the
compound types can package up other arbitrary values of arbitrary type, whereas the simple
types cannot.

We will explain only simple data type in this chapters. Array and Objects will be explained
separately.

Integers

They are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195. They are the simplest type .they
correspond to simple whole numbers, both positive and negative. Integers can be assigned to
variables, or they can be used in expressions, like so −

$int_var = 12345;
$another_int = -12345 + 12345;

Integer can be in decimal (base 10), octal (base 8), and hexadecimal (base 16) format. Decimal
format is the default, octal integers are specified with a leading 0, and hexadecimals have a
leading 0x.

For most common platforms, the largest integer is (2**31 . 1) (or 2,147,483,647), and the
smallest (most negative) integer is . (2**31 . 1) (or .2,147,483,647).
Doubles

They like 3.14159 or 49.1. By default, doubles print with the minimum number of decimal
places needed. For example, the code −

Live Demo
<?php
$many = 2.2888800;
$many_2 = 2.2111200;
$few = $many + $many_2;

print("$many + $many_2 = $few <br>");

?>

It produces the following browser output −

2.28888 + 2.21112 = 4.5

Boolean

They have only two possible values either true or false. PHP provides a couple of constants
especially for use as Booleans: TRUE and FALSE, which can be used like so −

if (TRUE)
print("This will always print<br>");

else
print("This will never print<br>");

Interpreting other types as Booleans

Here are the rules for determine the "truth" of any value not already of the Boolean type −

 If the value is a number, it is false if exactly equal to zero and true otherwise.
  If the value is a string, it is false if the string is empty (has zero characters) or is the
string "0", and is true otherwise.

 Values of type NULL are always false.

 If the value is an array, it is false if it contains no other values, and it is true otherwise.
For an object, containing a value means having a member variable that has been
assigned a value.

 Valid resources are true (although some functions that return resources when they are
successful will return FALSE when unsuccessful).

 Don't use double as Booleans.

Each of the following variables has the truth value embedded in its name when it is used in a
Boolean context.

$true_num = 3 + 0.14159;
$true_str = "Tried and true"
$true_array[49] = "An array element";
$false_array = array();
$false_null = NULL;
$false_num = 999 - 999;
$false_str = "";

NULL

NULL is a special type that only has one value: NULL. To give a variable the NULL value,
simply assign it like this −

$my_var = NULL;

The special constant NULL is capitalized by convention, but actually it is case insensitive; you
could just as well have typed −

$my_var = null;

A variable that has been assigned NULL has the following properties −
  It evaluates to FALSE in a Boolean context.

 It returns FALSE when tested with IsSet() function.

Strings

They are sequences of characters, like "PHP supports string operations". Following are valid
examples of string

$string_1 = "This is a string in double quotes";

$string_2 = 'This is a somewhat longer, singly quoted string';
$string_39 = "This string has thirty-nine characters";
$string_0 = ""; // a string with zero characters

Singly quoted strings are treated almost literally, whereas doubly quoted strings replace
variables with their values as well as specially interpreting certain character sequences.

Live Demo
<?php
$variable = "name";
$literally = 'My $variable will not print!';

print($literally);
print "<br>";

$literally = "My $variable will print!";

print($literally);
?>

This will produce following result −

My $variable will not print!

My name will print

There are no artificial limits on string length - within the bounds of available memory, you
ought to be able to make arbitrarily long strings.
Strings that are delimited by double quotes (as in "this") are preprocessed in both the following
two ways by PHP −

 Certain character sequences beginning with backslash (\) are replaced with special
characters

 Variable names (starting with $) are replaced with string representations of their values.

The escape-sequence replacements are −

 \n is replaced by the newline character

 \r is replaced by the carriage-return character

 \t is replaced by the tab character

 \$ is replaced by the dollar sign itself ($)

 \" is replaced by a single double-quote (")

 \\ is replaced by a single backslash (\)

Here Document

You can assign multiple lines to a single string variable using here document −

Live Demo
<?php
$channel =<<<_XML_

<channel>
<title>What's For Dinner</title>
<link>http://menu.example.com/ </link>
<description>Choose what to eat tonight.</description>
</channel>
_XML_;
 echo <<<END
This uses the "here document" syntax to output multiple lines with variable
interpolation. Note that the here document terminator must appear on a line with
just a semicolon. no extra whitespace!

END;

print $channel;
?>

This will produce following result −

This uses the "here document" syntax to output

multiple lines with variable interpolation. Note
that the here document terminator must appear on a
line with just a semicolon. no extra whitespace!

<channel>
<title>What's For Dinner<title>
<link>http://menu.example.com/<link>
<description>Choose what to eat tonight.</description>

Variable Scope

Scope can be defined as the range of availability a variable has to the program in which it is
declared. PHP variables can be one of four scope types −

 Local variables

 Function parameters

 Global variables

 Static variables
Variable Naming

Rules for naming a variable is −

 Variable names must begin with a letter or underscore character.

 A variable name can consist of numbers, letters, underscores but you cannot use
characters like + , - , % , ( , ) . & , etc

There is no size limit for variables