Calculation of Mutual Inductance Based on Field-Circuit Coupling

Analysis for WPT

Yang Han 1 Xiaoming Wang 2
1
Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin
E-mail: [email protected]
2
Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract-Determination of mutual inductance in the WPT calculates the coupling coils, then the configuration and
system based on the electromagnetic coupling mode is crucial spatial distribution of the coupling coils can be intuitively
for system design and efficiency optimization. The analytic analyzed and improved from the rate of the secondary coil
formulas and experimental methods which only aim at a receiving magnetic field. The secondary open circuit
coupling coil with a certain type of configuration and
voltage and the primary current with
parameters are not universal approaches. Therefore they
can’t serve as a design basis for the system optimization. This short circuit for the secondary are obtained by calculating
paper presents a novel calculating method based on field- and analyzing based on field-circuit coupling, and then the
circuit coupling. This method can process the different coil primary self-inductance and the mutual inductance of coils
configurations and two coils with different spatial positions. are also obtained. The variety law of the mutual
It also allows the variation of magnetic medium during inductance and the power transmission efficiency of the
modeling. In this method, the mutual inductance parameter two electromagnetic coupling coils can be calculated by
is processed by Matlab with the secondary open circuit changing the coupling coils spatial distribution parameters.
voltage as the intermediate variable. Then, a mutual
inductance function of axial distance, intersection angle, coil
II. HOLLOW SOLENOID COIL MODEL AND
configuration and turn ratio is obtained. This function can be
directly used to calculate the operation parameters and FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION
optimize the system efficiency in the power transmission
system with electromagnetic coupling or resonant coupling. In the topology of power transmission system with two
The method has made a breakthrough and provided a coupling coils, the coils are always arranged in coaxial,
powerful tool for the design and optimization of lateral deviation, angular deviation and embedded position.
electromagnetic coupling power transmission system. The paper establishes a model for the first type in order to
simplify the analysis, and the two hollow solenoid coils
Keywords-Mutual inductance, field-circuit coupling, FEA, have the same parameters as shown in Figure 1.
WPT
For the two hollow solenoid coils, the axial distance
I. INTRODUCTION between the coils is d; the turns, the inner radius, and the
outer radius of the coils are respectively N, and ; the
As a fundamental electrical parameter, mutual
height and the cross section area of the coils are
inductance’s practical usage appears in numerous fields
respectively h and .
and applications, such as all ranges of transformers [6],
applications of wireless power transmission [1,2,3,7,8,14], z
R2
generators, motors, magnetic resonance applications [5,9],
medical electronic devices [10], etc. Many of the R1
mentioned areas require precise computational results of
mutual inductance. Take WPT applications for example,
numerous WPT systems use the configuration of two
electromagnetic coupling coaxial circular coils with
rectangular cross section. Many factors affect the coupling d
efficiency such as axial distance, lateral deviation, angular
deviation, etc. There are numerous approaches and h
techniques for calculating mutual inductance, by using
x
elliptic integrals of the first and second kind of Heuman's
lambda function [11,12], Neumann functions [4,11],
Bessel functions, or a combination of Bessel, Struve and y
Legendre functions [13], etc. However, it is difficult to
propose a practical formula through analytical methods on
the condition of irregular geometrical shape and particular Fig. 1: The model of coaxial hollow solenoid coils
spatial position of coils.
1. Circuit model of WPT system
The paper proposes a navel approach based on field-circuit The circuit model of WPT system is envisaged in Figure 2.
coupling for calculating mutual inductance of power The peak value of AC voltage source is 220V and the
transmission system with electromagnetic coupling coils frequency is 20kHz; the reactance of the primary and
and utilizes the results to obtain system transmission secondary circuit are respectively , , while the current
efficiency. The new method models, analyses and
are respectively and ; the load is ; the axial distance
is d and the mutual inductance is M.
(4)

M
I1
Z1 Z2
I2 where
—the primary peak current when the secondary circuit is
jωMI2 jωMI1 RL
open
U1
—the primary peak current when the secondary circuit is
short
d
—the peak value of energizing voltage
Fig. 2: Circuit model of WPT system —the secondary peak voltage when the secondary
KVL equation is obtained according to the system model circuit is open
—angular frequency
—the reactance of the primary circuit
—the reactance of the secondary circuit
—mutual inductance

2. Sinusoidal steady-state simulation analysis of the

coupling coils with open and short circuit for the
(1) secondary
In the WPT system based on the
electromagnetic coupling mode, transmission distance is a
crucial index. The model of the coaxial coils is shown in
(2)
Figure 3. The paper takes the method based on field-
circuit coupling to analyze the ration between mutual
inductance and axial distance, and then compares the
It is obvious in equation (2) that the system efficiency is results between the two methods. Ansys is available to
only related to the mutual inductance when load, couple electromagnetic field analysis with electric circuits.
excitation source and coils parameters are determined. To do a 2D field-circuit coupling analysis, the general
circuit element (CIRCU124) is needed in conjunction with
1.1. Analytical method the field element (PLANE53). Since the coil has only one
The parameters of the primary and secondary coil are unique current and one potential drop across the coil
exactly the same. terminals, a single value for each of these degree of
When the secondary circuit is open freedom unknowns is required. Thus, the CURR degree of
freedom and the EMF degree of freedom of all nodes of
the coil region in the finite element domain must be
coupled. CURR represents the current flowing per turn of
the coil and EMF represents the potential drop across the
When the secondary circuit is short
coil terminals.

R1 h
x
R2

Fig. 3: The model of coaxial coupling coils

2.1. The relation between mutual inductance and axial

(3) distance of coils
The paper takes the method of analytical and open-circuit
voltage to calculate the primary current with short
circuit for the secondary, also the primary current and the
1.2. Open-circuit voltage method
When the secondary circuit is open secondary voltage when the secondary circuit is open.
Take d=10cm for example, the distribution of magnetic The paper compares the results of the two methods
flux on the condition of open and short circuit for the according to the formula (3) and (4).
Analytical method
secondary are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. The
simulation data are listed in table 1 and 2.

Open-circuit voltage method

Obviously, the result illustrates that the relative error of

the mutual inductance by the two methods is extremely
small. Moreover, the method of open-circuit voltage is
more convenient for establishing model and analyzing
process. Figure 6 presents the curve that M varies with d.
It’s easy to see that mutual inductance decreases rapidly
when axial distance is small, however, the mutual
inductance tends to be steady after d=80cm. Equation (5)
presents a formula by calculating based on Matlab and the
comparison between the results of simulation and
calculation is shown in Figure 6.

Fig. 4: The distribution of magnetic flux when the secondary

circuit is open

Fig. 6: The comparison of simulation and calculation results

(5)

III. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS FOR MUTUAL

INDUCTANCE OF COUPLING COILS

The paper also takes the method of open-circuit voltage to

analyze the variety law of mutual inductance under other
conditions and the results can be directly used as the basis
for calculating the operation parameters and optimizing
Fig. 5: The distribution of magnetic flux when the secondary the system efficiency.
circuit is short
1. The relation between mutual inductance and cross
Table 1: Simulation data with open circuit for the secondary section area of the secondary coil
The model of coupling coils is shown in Figure 7. The
219.566V 90.073V 24.282A paper analyzes the variety law of mutual inductance under
the condition that cross section area of the secondary coil
varies while the cross-sectional area of the primary coil
Table 2: Simulation data with short circuit for the secondary
doesn’t (d=10cm). Figure 8 illustrates the curve that p.u.
of M varies with p.u. of the secondary coil’s cross-section
219.566V 0V 29.215A area. Obviously, the mutual inductance has maximum
value when . The mutual inductance sharply
increases on the condition of and decreases when
. The mutual inductance decreases slightly
on the condition of . Equation (6) presents a
formula by calculating based on Matlab and the
comparison between the results of simulation and
calculation is shown in Figure 8.
Fig. 9: The embedded model of coupling coils
—the cross section area of the primary coil
—the cross section area of the secondary coil

Fig. 7: The coaxial coupling coils model with different cross

section areas of the secondary coil
Fig. 10: The comparison of simulation and calculation results

(7)

3. The relation between mutual inductance and magnetic

medium
The model that magnetic medium is embedded in the
coupling coils is shown in Figure 11. The paper analyzes
the variety law of mutual inductance under the condition
that the coaxial magnetic medium is embedded in the two
coupling coils and the axial distance of the coils is 10cm.
Figure 12 illustrates the curve that M varies with w. It is
obvious that the mutual inductance increases when
magnetic medium is embedded in the coupling coils. The
mutual inductance increases sharply on the condition of
Fig. 8: The comparison of simulation and calculation results and slightly when . Equation (8)
presents a formula by calculating based on Matlab and the
M pu  f S pu  
20S 2

 26S pu  21 comparison between the results of simulation and
100S 
pu
2
pu  150S pu  120 calculation is shown in Figure 12.
(6) w—the thickness of magnetic medium (iron yoke).

2. The relation between mutual inductance and the lateral w z iron yoke
deviation of the coils
The embedded model of coupling coils is shown in Figure
9. The paper analyzes the variety law of mutual inductance d
under the condition that . The comparison of
simulation and calculation results is shown in Figure 10. It 1mm R1 x
h
is visible that the mutual inductance decreases sharply
R2
when g increases. Equation (7) presents a formula
calculating based on Matlab and the comparison between
the results of simulation and calculation is shown in Figure
10. Fig. 11: The model of the coupling coils with magnetic medium
 Kin Wing Kwok, “Design of a contactless power charger
for a functional jacke”t, Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl. (2011).
[7] Stanimir Valtchev, Beatriz Borges, Kostadin Brandisky, J.
Ben Klaassens, “Resonant Contactless Energy
TransferWith Improved Efficiency”, IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, Vol. 24, No. 3, MARCH 2009.
[8] Heri Rakouth, John Absmeier, Andrew Brown Jr., In-Soo
Suh, Miller John M., Randy Sumner, Richard Henderson,
“EV Charging Through Wireless Power Transfer: Analysis
of Efficiency Optimization and Technology Trends”, SAE-
China and FISITA (eds.), Proceedings of the FISITA 2012
World Automotive Congress, Lecture Notes in Electrical
Engineering.
[9] Ikuo Awai, Tetsuya Ishida, “Design of Resonator-Coupled
Wireless Power Transfer System by Use of BPF Theory”,
Journal of The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic
Engineering and Science, Vol. 10, No. 4, DEC. 2010.
Fig. 12: The comparison of simulation and calculation results [10] Xiuhan Li, Hanru Zhang, Fei Peng, Yang Li, Tianyang
Yang, Bo Wang, Dongming Fang, “A Wireless Magnetic
Resonance Energy Transfer System for Micro Implantable
(8) Medical Sensors, Sensors 2012, 12, 10292-10308.
[11] S. I. Babic, C. Akyel. New mutual inductance calculation
of the magnetically coupled coils: thin disk coil-thin wall
IV. CONCLUSION solenoid, J. of Electromagnet. Waves and Appl., Vol. 20,
No. 10, 1281–1290, 2006
The paper illustrates that mutual inductance is a crucial [12] Yong Ren, FutangWang, Guangli Kuang, Wenge Chen,
Yunfei Tan, Jiawu Zhu, Peng He. Mutual Inductance and
factor in the WPT system based on the electromagnetic
Force Calculations Between Coaxial Bitter Coils and
coupling mode and then proposes a novel method based on Superconducting Coils with Rectangular Cross Section, J
field-circuit coupling. The new method aims at calculating Supercond Nov Magn (2011) 24:1687–1691.
the mutual inductance with different coils parameters, [13] Tomislav Župan, Željko Štih, Bojan Trkulja. Fast and
different spatial distribution and different thickness of Robust Method for Mutual Inductance Calculation of
magnetic medium. Compared with other approaches, this Coaxial Circular Coils with Rectangular Cross Section,
method is more direct and universal. According to the compumag 2013.
results, mutual inductance can be increased by decreasing [14] KAZUYA YAMAGUCHI, ICHIJO HODAKA, YUTA
the axial distance and the lateral deviation, equaling the YAMAMOTO. Estimation of coupling coefficient for
wireless power transfer, Recent Advances in Circuits,
cross-section areas of the primary and secondary coil,
Communications and Signal Processing 2013.
embedding magnetic medium. The method can be directly
used for WPT system design and efficiency optimization
based on the understanding of the relations among mutual
i n d u c t a n ce a n d t h e v a r ia b le s d e s cr i b e d a b o v e. BIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES
Yang.Han obtained his Bachelor degress from
[1] Saeed Hasanzadeh, Sadegh Vaez-Zadeh, “Design of a Hefei Institute of Technology in 2007 and
wireless power transfer system for high power moving Master degrees from Harbin Institute of
Technology in 2010 respectively. He is
applications”, Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 28, 258-
pursueing his PhD degrees now in HIT.
271, 2013. His Major Research field is power electric
[2] Hao Qiang, Weiyong Zhu and Jianfeng Zheng, technology and the applications of WPT.
“Simulation Study on Coil Design of Wireless Power
Transfer System for Optimal Transmission Efficiency”,
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering
and Technology 5(21): 5039-5041, 2013.
[3] TAN LinLin, HUANG XueLiang, HUANG Hui, ZOU
YuWei, LI Hui “Transfer efficiency optimal control of
magnetic resonance coupled system of wireless power
transfer based on frequency control”, Science China
Technological Sciences, 2011, 54(6):1428-1434.
[4] X. L. Huang, H. Qiang, L. L. Tan, “The Coil Misalignment
Model of Inductively Coupled Wireless Power Transfer
System: Mutual Inductance Analysis and Transfer
Efficiency Optimization”, Progress In Electromagnetics
Research Symposium Proceedings, Moscow, Russia,
August 19-23, 2012, 679-683.
[5] Kamil A. Grajski, Ryan Tseng and Chuck Wheatley,
“Loosely-Coupled Wireless Power Transfer: Physics,
Circuits, Standards”, Technologies, Systems and
Applications (IMWS), 2012, IEEE MTT-S International.
[6] Yan Lu, Ka Wai Eric Cheng, Shuxiao Wang, Kai Ding,