S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 4-8

1.4 Steel Section

Steel Section are usually designated by shapes of their cross sections. The common types are
W Section (wide flange), S-beam (American Standard Beam), American Standard Channel, Tee
sections and Angular Sections.

W Shapes
American wide-flange I or H-shaped steel beams are referred to as W shapes and are
designated by the letter W followed by their nominal depth in millimeters, with their mass in kg/m
as the last designation.

Example W 410x 85 means that this W shape is 410 mm deep and has a mass of 85 kg/m. this
shape consists of two rectangular-shaped flanges connected by a rectangular plate and
symmetrical about both the x and y axes.

Typical W shape
d= deep of beam
b f = width of flange
t f = thickness of flange
t w= thickness of web

Design Theore Area Dep FLANGE Web

ation tical (mm2 ) th Wid Thick thickn
mass (m th ness ess
(kg/m) m) (m (mm) (mm)
 m)
W 410 85 1080 417 181 18.2 10.9
x 85 0

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 4-8

S Shapes
These shapes were formerly called I-beams and American Standard beams. The difference
between W and S-shapes are.

1. The flange width of the S-shape is narrower than the W-shape.

2. The inner face of the flange of the S-shape has a slope of about 16.7°

Example: S 610 x 134

Deep of beam= 610 mm
Theoretical mass= 134 kg/m

Design Theore Area Dep FLANGE Web

ation tical (mm2 th Wid Thick thick
mass ) (m th ness ness
(kg/m) m) (m (mm) (mm)
m)
S 610 134.4 171 610 181 22.1 15.9
x 134 00

M Shapes (also called HP Shapes)

These are doubly symmetrical shapes which are not classified as W or S-shapes. They are
symmetrical both x and y-axes.

Example: M 356 x 25.6

Deep of beam= 356 mm
Theoretical mass= 25.6 kg/m

Designa Are Dep FLANGE Web

 tion a( th Wid Thick thickn
mm2 (m th ness ess
) m) (m (mm) (mm)
m)
M 356 x 325 356 101 6.9 5.33
25.6 8 .6
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 4-8

C Shapes
These are channel shapes formerly called American Standard Channels. The inner face of the
flange has the same slope as S-shapes.

Example: C 380 x 74

Design Theore Area Dep FLANGE Web

ation tical (mm2 th Wid Thick thickn
mass ) (m th ness ess
(kg/m) m) (m (mm) (mm)
m)
C 380 x 74.4 948 381 94 16.5 18.2
74 0

MC Shapes
These were formerly called ship building or Miscellaneous Channels and are not classified as C
shapes.

Example: MC 458 x
86

Design Area Dep FLANGE Web

ation (mm2 th Wid Thick thickn
) (m th ness ess
m) (m (mm) (mm)
m)
MC 458 110 457 106 15.88 17.78
x 86 32 .2 .68

L Shapes
These are either equal of unequal leg angles. All angles have parallel flange faces.
Example: Equal angle section L 200 x 30.
 Size and Theor Area (
Thickness etical mm2)
mass
(kg/m
)
200 x 200 87.1 11100
x 30

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 4-8
Example: Unequal angle L- 200 x 150 x 25

Size Theo Are

and retic a (
Thic al mm2
kne mas )
ss s
(kg/
m)
200 63.8 812
x 0
150
x 25

Structural Tee or Split Tee WT 300 x 119.3

Structural Tee are obtained by splitting W, S or M shapes such that each split section has one
half the area of the original shape. Nominal depth is 300 mm and a mass of 119.3 kg/m
obtained by splitting W 600 x 238.6 shapes.

Example: WT 300 x 119.3

 Designa Area ( Dep FLANGE Stem
tion mm2 ) th Wid Thick thickn
(m th ness ess
m) (m (mm) (mm)
m)
W 300 x 15226 313 357 28.82 16.66
119.3 .94 .91 9 2

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 44-48

CHAPTER THREE
BOLTED CONNECTIONS FOR TENSION MEMBERS

3.1 Types of Bolts

Bolting and welding have been the methods used for making structural steel connections for the
past few decades and riveting is almost obsolete because they no longer provide the most
economical connections. Rivets are still occasionally used for fasteners, but their use has
declined to such a degree that most steel fabricators have discontinued riveting altogether.

Types of bolts for connecting members

1. Unfinished bolts = sometimes called ordinary or common bolts. They are classified by
the ASTM as A302 bolts and are made from carbon steels with stress-strain
characteristics similar to those of A-36 steel.

2. High strength bolts = they are made from medium-carbon heat treated steel and from
alloy steel and have tensile strengths greater than those of ordinary bolts. They are
designated as A 325 and A 490 bolts.
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 44-48

3.2 Types of bolted connection

1. Slip-critical or Friction type connection = bolted connections where high slip resistance is
desired. When high-strength bolts are fully tensioned, they clamp parts being connected
tightly together, this results on a considerable resistance to slipping on the surface equal
to the clamping force times the coefficient of frictional resistance, the members will slip
on each other and will tend to shear off the bolts. In this type of connection, the
specification assumes the bolts are in shear and no bearing.

2. Bearing type connection = bolting connections where high slip resistance is not
necessary.

3.3 Sizes and types of holes for bolts

Standard-size bolt and rivet holes are 1.6mm larger in diameter than the bolt or rivets.

1. Oversized Holes = they are used in all plies of connection as lon as the applied load
does not exceed the allowable slip resistance. They should not be used in bearing type
connection.
 2. Short Slotted Holes = they are used regardless of the direction of the applied load if the
permissible slip resistance is larger than the applied force. If the load be applied in a
direction normal to the slot, these holes maybe used in any bearing type connections.

3. Long Slotted Holes = they are used in only one of the connected parts of friction type or
bearing type connections. For friction type these holes maybe used in any direction but
for bearing-type connections the load must be normal to the axis of the slotted holes. If
long-slotted holes are used in an outer ply, they will need to be covered by plate
washers.

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 44-48

3.4 Types of Bolted Connections

1. Lap Joint

3. Double Plane Connection

2. Butt Joint
 6. Quadruple-Riveted Butt Joint

4. Bolts in Multiple Shear

5. Triple Riveted-Butt Joint

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 44-48
2. Tension Failure of Plate

3.5 Failure of Bolted Joints

1. Shear Failure of Bolt:

3. Bearing Failure of Plate

 4. Shear Failure of Plate Behind Bolt
5. Double shear Failure of a Butt
Joint

3.6 Minimum Spacing of Bolts

(Section 510.4.8)

Distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener holes shall not be less than
2
2 times the nominal diameter of the fastener nor less than the required by the following
3
paragraph, if applicable.

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 44-48
Along a line of transmitted forces, the distance between centers of holes “S” shall be less than
3d when:

F p = 1.2 F u for standard or short-slotted holes with two or more bolts in line of force.
F p = 1.0 F u for long-slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direction of load
and with two or more bolts in the line of force. Otherwise, the distance between centers of holes
shall not be less than the following:

2P d
S≥ + Equation 3.6-
Fu t 2
a

Where: P = force transmitted by one fastener to the critical connected part.

F u = specified min. tensile strength of the critical; connected part.
t = thickness of critical connected part
d = nominal diameter of fastener

3.7 Minimum Edge Distance

2P
Min. Le = but not less than 1.5d
Fu t
Equation 3.7-a

3.8 Maximum Edge Distance and Spacing

Max. Le = 12t but not exceed 150 mm

t = thickness of the connected part under considered

For unpainted built up members which is exposed to atmospheric corrosion:

Max. Le = 8t but not to exceed 125 mm
Spacing of fasteners = 14t but to exceed 175 mm
Where t = thickness of thinnest part

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 164-167

4.15 Problem
A C 375 x 50.5 (channel) is used as purlins of a roof truss having a pitch of ¼. There are 9
purlins on each of the top chord spaced at 2.15 m. on centers. The spacing between trusses are
subjected to the following loads:

Tile Roof = 860 kPa of roof surface

Wind load = 1.20 kPa normal to roof surface

Use A 36 steel:
F y= 248 MPa
F u= 400 MPa

1. Determine the diameter of the sag rods for thw purlins of the truss if they are placed at
the mid span.
2. Determine the diameter of the sag rods for the purlins of the truss if they are placed at
the third points.
3. Determine the diameter of the tie rods at the ridge if the sag rods are placed at the third
points.

SOLUTION:
1. Diam. Of sag rods at midspan of the purlins.
Load on each purlins.

Roof covering = 2.15 (0.86)

Roof covering = 1.849 kN/m

50.5(9.81)
Weight of purlins =
1000
Weight of purlins = 0.495 kN/m

1
Tan θ =
2
θ = 26.57°

Tangential component of the loads:

W t = (1,849 + 0.495) Sin 26.57°
 W t = 1.048 kN/m

Using 3 moment equation:

2
M B = - WL
32
2
M B = - 1.048(6.75)
32
M b = - 1.492 kN/m

(3.375)
M B = 3.375 R1 - 1.048(3.375)
2
-1.492 = 3.375 R1 - 5.969

R1 = 1.327 kN
R2 = 1.327 kN

R1 + R2 + R=1.048 ( 6.75 )
1.327 + 1.327 R = 1.048 (6.75)
R = 4.42 kN (reaction at sag rods at mid point)

Total load on the critical sag rods: (It will support the 8 lower purlins)
T = 8(4.42)
T = 35.36 kN

T
A=
0.33 F u
35360
A=
0.33(400)
A= 267.88 mm2
π d2
= 267.88
4
d = 18.47 mm

Use d= 20 mm ø

2. Diameter of sag rods at middle thirds:

Using 3 moment equation.

M B= M C
2
M B = - WL
90
2
M B = - 1.048(6.75)
90
 M B = 0.53 kN.m

(2.25)
M B = R1 (2.25) – 1.048(2.25)
2

-0.53 = 2.25 R1- 2.652

R1= 0.943 = R2

R1 + R2 +2 R=¿ 1.048(6.75)
R=¿ 0.2594 kN (reaction at sag rods at middle thirds)

T= 2.594(8) (total reaction of critical sag rods)

T= 20.752 kN

T
A=
0.33 F u

20752
A=
0.33(400)
A= 157.21 mm2
π d2
= 157.21
4
d=14.14

Use d= 16 mm ø (min. diam.)

3. Dia. Of tie bar at ridge purlins:

T h= Cos θ= 20752
20752
T h=
cos 26.57 °
T h= 23202 N (tension of tie bar)

Th
A=
0.33 F u
23202
A=
0.33 ( 400 )
A= 175.77 mm2
π d2
= 175.77
4
d= 14.95 mm

use d= 16 mm (min.diam.)
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 188-188A

5.12 Standard Bolted Beam Connections

Several types of Standard Bolted Connections

(a) Framed Connection (b) Framed Connection

(c) Framed connection with seat (d)Seated connection

 (e) Seated connection (f) Seated connection with stiffened seat

FRAMED CONNECTION
These types of connections consist of a pair of flexible web angles usually shop-connected to
the web of the supported beam and field-connected to the supporting beam or column. When
two beams are being connected, it is usually necessary to keep their flanges at the same
elevation, the top flange of one of the beam will have to cut back, this is called coping. This type
of connection must be check for block shear capacity.

FRAME CONNECTION WITH SEAT

This type of framed connection consists of two web angles connected to the beam web in the
shop after which bolts are placed through the angles and column in the field. An angular section
called erection seat, supports the beam during erection.

SEATED CONNECTION
This type of connection consists of an erection set which is shop connected to the column and
another angle at the top of the beam which is field-connected to the beam and column. The top
angle keeps the top flange of the beam from being accidentally twisted out of place during
construction.

SEATED CONNECTION WITH STIFFENED SEAT

This connection is used for heavier loads by placing stiffened seats in addition to the top angle.
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251

BENDING STRESSES

7.1 Types of Beams

Beams are structural members that support transverse loads, horizontal, sloping or vertical
loads, depending upon their end connections. Simple beams have end connections which are
considered not to have any end moments with its end free to rotate. A beam is considered
continuous beams if it extend continuously across three or more supports and it is considered
fixed beams if its ends are rigidly attached to other members so that a moment can be
transmitted across the connection.

1. Joist = these are closely spaced beams supporting the floors and roofs of buildings
2. Lintels = are beams over openings in masonry walls such as windows and doors.
3. Spandrel beams = these beams supports the exterior walls of the building.
4. Floor beams = these are larger beams found in many bridges perpendicular to the
roadway of the bridge and they are used to transfer the floor loads from stringers to the
roadways.
5. Stringers = these are beams in the floor of bridges which are running parallel to the
roadways.
6. Girder = these are large beams into which smaller beams are framed.

7.2 Bending Stresses

If a beam in subjected to a bending moment, the stress maybe computed using the flexural
MC
formula f b= . When the stresses are within the limit of the material, the procedure is called
I
elastic design or allowable stress design (ASD).

MC
f b=
I
Equation 7.2.1

Where:
f b= extreme fiber stress
M= bending moment at the section under consideration.
I= moment of inertia of the cross section with respect to the neutral axis.
c= distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber.
I
= is known as the section modulus.
c
f b= allowable bending stress.

MC
f b=
I
M
f b= < f b
S

It should be remembered that this formula is limited to stress situations below the elastic limit
because it is based on the usual elastic assumptions, that a plane section before bending
remains a plane section after bending, and the stress is proportional to the strain.

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251

7.3 Allowable bending stresses for i-shaped members and channels bending about the
strong axis.
For Compact Sections bending about strong axis.

f b= 0.66 f y Equation 7.3.2

A compact section is one that satisfy the following conditions;

1. Its flanges must be continuously connected to the web.
2. The section must have the following flange width-thickness ratio of its compression
elements.
bf 170
≤ Equation 7.3.2
2t f √ f y

3. The section must have the following depth to web thickness ratio.
 d 1680
≤ Equation 7.3.3
tw √f y
4. The literally unsupported length of the compression flange Lb does not exceed the value
of Lc . Where Lc is the smaller value of L1 or L2.
200 bf
L 1= Equation 7.3.4
√f y
137900
L 2= f y d Equation 7.3.5
bf t t
When Lb ‹ Lc it is a compact section, use F b= 0.66 F y
Note: For beams having full lateral supports Lb= 0

7.4 For members with compact sections as defined by section 2.1 (NSCP)
(excluding hybrid beams and members with yield points greater than 448 MPa)
symmetrical about and loaded in the plane of their minor axis, the allowable stress is
F b= 0.66 F y.
bf 170
≤
2t f √f y
d 1680
tw ‹ √ f y

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251
Table 7.4.1
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios For Compression Members With Compact Sections
Width Limiting Width-
Thick Thickness Ratios
Description of element ness (Compact)
Ratio
Flanges of I-shaped rolled beams and b/t 170/√ F y
channels in flexurea
Flanges of I-shaped welded beams in flexure b/t 170/√ F y
Outstanding legs of pairs of angles in b/t NA
continuous contact; angles or plates
projecting from rolled beams or columns;
stiffeners on plate girders.
Angles or plates projecting from girders, built- b/t NA
 up columns or other compression members;
compression flanges of plate girders
Stems of trees b/t NA
Unstiffened elements simply supported along b/t NA
one edge, such as legs or single-angle struts,
legs of double-angle struts with separators
and cross or star-shaped cross section
Flanges of square and rectangular box and b/t
hollow structural sections of uniform thickness 500/√ F y
subject to bending orcompression d; flange cover
plates and diaphragm plates between lines of
fasteners or welds.
Unsupported width of cover plates perforated b/t NA
with a succession of access holesb
All other uniformly compressed stiffened b/t NA
elements, i.e, supported along two edges. h/t w
Webs in flexural compression d/t 1680/√ F y
h/t w -------
Web in combined flexural and axial d/t w For f a/ F y ≤ 0.16
compression
1680 fa
√Fy (1 – 3.74 )
fy
For f a/ F y ≤ 0.16

675
√F y
Circular hollow sections D/t
In axial compression 22,750/ F y
In flexure 22,750/ F y
a. For hybrid beams, use the yield strength of the flange F yf instead of
F y.
b. Assumes net area of plate at widest hole.
c. For design of slender sections that exceed the non-compact limits
see unstiffened and stiffened compression elements.
d. See members with compact sections for box shaped members.
405
e. K c = , if h/t > 70, otherwise k c= 1.0
( h/t )0.46
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251

Non-Compact Sections
In a non-compact section, the yield stress can be reached in some but not all the
compression elements before buckling occurs. Non-compact sections do not qualify as compact
shapes but have width-thickness ratios that do not exceed the values given for non-compact
sections.

Table 7.5.1
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios For Compression Members With Non-Compact Sections

Width Limiting Width-

Thick Thickness Ratios
Description of element ness (Non-Compact)
Ratio
Flanges of I-shaped rolled beams and b/t 250/√ F y
channels in flexurea
Flanges of I-shaped welded beams in flexure b/t 250/√ F y / k c e

Outstanding legs of pairs of angles in b/t 250/√ F y

continuous contact; angles or plates
projecting from rolled beams or columns;
stiffeners on plate girders.
Angles or plates projecting from girders, built- b/t 250/√ F y / k c
up columns or other compression members;
compression flanges of plate girders
Stems of trees b/t 333/√ F y
Unstiffened elements simply supported along b/t 200/√ F y
one edge, such as legs or single-angle struts,
legs of double-angle struts with separators
and cross or star-shaped cross section
Flanges of square and rectangular box and b/t 625/√ F y
hollow structural sections of uniform thickness
subject to bending orcompression d; flange cover
plates and diaphragm plates between lines of
fasteners or welds.
Unsupported width of cover plates perforated b/t 832/√ F y
with a succession of access holesb
All other uniformly compressed stiffened b/t 664/√ F y
elements, i.e, supported along two edges. h/t w
Webs in flexural compression d/t --------
h/t w 1995/√ F y
Web in combined flexural and axial d/t w 1995/√ F y
compression
Circular hollow sections D/t
In axial compression --------
In flexure --------
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251

7.6 Partially compact bending about strong axis

For members meeting the requirements of compact sections bending about the strong
axis except that their flanges are non-compact (excluding built-up members with yield points
greater than 448 MPa) the allowable stress is:
bf
[
F b= F y 0.79−0.000762
2tf
√F y ] Equation 7.6.1

170 bf 250
< < (partially compact.)
√ F y 2t f √ F y
The section is partially compact.

7.7 For built up members meeting the requirements of compact sections bending about
the strong axis except that their flanges are non-compact and their webs are compact or
non-compact (excluding hybrid girders and members with yield points greater than 448
MPa) the allowable stress is.
b Fy
[
F b= F y 0.79−0.000762 f
( )√
2 tf Kc ] Equation 7.7.1

Where:
4.05
h
K c = h 0.46 if > 70, otherwise K c = 1.0 Equation 7.7.2
( )
tw
tw
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251

7.8 For members with a non-compact section bending about the strong
axis, but not included in equation 7.6.1 and equation 7.7.2 and loaded
through the shear center and braced laterally in the region of compression
200 B f
stress at interval of not exceeding: S=
√F y
The allowable bending stree is F b= 0.60 F y

7.9 Allowable Bending stress for I-shaped members, solid bars and
rectangular plates which is bending about its weak axis.
7.10 Members with Compact Sections, bending about its weak axis.
For doubly symmetrical I and H-shape members with compact flanges, continuously connected
to the web and bent about their weak axis (except members with yield points greater than 448
Ma) solid round and square bars, and solid rectangular sections bent about their weaker axis,
the allowable stress is:

F b = 0.75 F y Equation 7.10.1

bf 170
= (compact section)
2t f √ F y

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251

7.11 Members with non-compact sections, bending about its weak axis.
For members not meeting the requirements for compact section and not covered for box-type
and tubular flexural members, bent about their minor axis, the allowable stress is.

F b = 0.60 F y Equation 7.11.1

7.12 Partially compact, bending about its weak axis.

For Doubly symmetrical I and H-shaped members bent about their weak axes (except
members with yield points greater than 448 MPa) with non-compact flanges continuously
connected to the web maybe designed on the basis of an allowable stress of:

bf
[
F b = F y 1.075−0.0019
2t f
√F y ] Equation 7.12.1

170 bf 250
< < (partially compact)
√ F y 2t f √ F y
7.13 Members with compact or non-compact sections with unbraced length
greater than Lc : ( Lb > Lc )
Allowable bending stress is F b= 0.60 F y
Where Lc is the smaller value of L1 or L2

200
L 1= Lu= the bigger value of L1 and L2
√F y
137900
L 2= F y d Lb= unbraced length
bf t f

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251

7.14 For flexural memers with compact or non-compact sections, and with unbraced
lengths Lb greater than Lc and unbraced length Lb less than Lu , the allowable bending
stress is F b= 0.60 F y
When Lb > Lc
L b < Lu

7.15 For such members with an axis of symmetry and loaded in the plane or their web,
the allowable bending stress in and loaded in the plane or their web, the allowable
bending stress in compression is the larger value of equation 7.15.1 and or equation
7.16.1 and equation 7.15.2 except that equation 7.15.2 is applicable only to sections
with a compression flange that is solid and approximately rectangular in cross section
and that has an area not less than the tension flange.
When Lb > Lc and Lb < Lu Use the following relation.
 703270 C b 3516330 C b
Case 1
√ Fy
<
√ Fy

Allowable bending stress is the larger of equation 7.15.1 and equation 7.15.2 but < 0.60 F y.

F y ( L/r t )2
F b= F y
[ 2
−
3 10.55 x 102 Cb ] Equation 7.15.1

Cb
F b= L d Equation 7.15.2
bf t f

7.16 For such members with an axis of symmetry in and loaded in the plane or their
web, the allowable bending stress in compression is the larger value of equation 7.15.1
and or equation 7.16.1 and equation 7.15.2 except that equation 7.15.2 is applicable
only to sections with a compression flange that is solid and approximately rectangular in
cross section and that has an area not less than tension flange.
When Lb > Lc and Lb > Lu Use the following relation.

L 3516330 C b
Case 2
rt
>
√
Fy

Allowable bending stress is the larger value of equation 7.16.1 and equation 7.15.2 but < 0.60
Fy.

1172100 Cb
2
F b= L Equation
() rt
7.16.1

82740C b
F b= Ld Equation
bf t f
7.15.2

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251
Note: Equation 7.15.2 shall not apply to hybrid girders.
Where:
L= distance between cross section braced against twist or lateral displacements of the
compression flange, in mm. For cantilevers braced against twist only at the support, L may
conservatively be taken as the actual length.

r t = radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange plus 1/3 of the
compression web area, taken about an axis in the plane of the web, in mm.

b f = width compression flange in mm.

t f = thickness of compression flange in mm.

M1 M1 2
C b= 1.75 + 1.05
M2
+ 0.3( )
M2
but not more than 2.3

Equation 7.16.2

M 1= smaller bending moment at the ends of the unbraced length taken about the strong axis of
the beam.

M 2= larger bending moment at the ends of the unbraced lengths taken about the strong axis of
the beam.

M1
= ratio of end moments.
M2

M1
= is positive when M 1 and M 2 have the same sign.
M2
(reverse curvature bending)
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251
M1
= is negative when they are of opposite signs (single curvature bending).
M2

7.17 Other Values of C b

1. When the bending moment at any point within unbraced length is larger than at both
ends of this length C b = 1.0.

For member AB: Lateral support only at A and B.

C b= 1.0

2. For simply supported beams. C b= 1.0

3. For Cantilever beams. C b=1.0

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251
Value of C b : For Laterally Unbraced Beams
S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251
Summary

Allowable bending stress for laterally unbraced beams

1. When unbraced length Lb < Lc

F b= 0.66 F y

2. When unbraced length Lb < Lc

But Lb < Lu
F b= 0.60 F y

3. When unbraced length Lb < Lc

L b < Lu
F b is less than 0.60 F y

Check whether:

703270 C b L 3516330 C b
A.
√ Fy
<r <
t √ Fy

Use bigger value of F b from (a) or (b) but < 0.60 F y

F y ( L/r t )2
(a) F b= F y
[ 2
−
3 10.55 x 106 C b ]
82740C b
(b) F b= Ld
bf t f

703270 C b L 3516330 C b
B.
√ Fy
<r <
t √ Fy

Use bigger value of “ F b” from (a) or (b) but < 0.60 F y

 1172100 Cb
(a) F b= 2
( L/r t )
82740C b
(b) F b= Ld
bf t f

S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L D E S I G N 238-251
7.18 Computation of radius of gyration r t

Properties of W 12 x 14
d = 302.514 mm
b f = 100.787 mm
t f = 5.69 mm
t w = 5.029 mm

1
x= (145.567)
3

x = 48.522

Area of shaded portion:

A = 100.787(5.69) + 48.522(5.029)
A = 817.50

5.69 ( 100.787 )3 48.522 ( 5.029 )3

I= +
12 12

I = 485964.4

I
rt =
√ A

r t = 485964.4
√
817.50

r t = 24.38