. ¢ Reducible Second-Order Equations 7 A second-order differential equation involves the second derivative of the unknown function y(x), and thus has the general form Foxy Wy") = 0. If either the deperbie t variable y or the independent variable x is missing from a second-order equation, then it is easily reduced by a simple substitution to a first- order equation that may be solvable by the methods of this chapter. Dependent variate y missing. If y is missing, then Eq. (32) takes the form (32) = F(x, yy") = 0. (33) Then the substitution > results in the first-order differential equation F(x, p, p’) yo 2 Ga) ~ dx 0. If we can solve this equation for a general solution p(x, Ci) involving an arbitrary constant Cy, then we need only write yay fy'eode= [ple cide + Ce to get a solution of Eq, (33) that involves two arbitrary constants C, and C2 (as is to be expected in thease of a second-order differential equation). iti a fussid Scanned with CamScanChapter 1 First-Order Differential Equations _— EEN Soive the equation xy" F 3y"= Solution The substitution defined in (34) gives aE corder equation dn Bye xB pap mos; thats, FE + P= ro de de s integrating {actor Cbserving tat he eqstion om tng ih re ie ncar, we mal BY HIF p= exp (/@x) dx) = e2!* = x? and get + Dy(x?p) = 63", tp ster a a i of the second-order equation xy" + 2y" = 6x. Solution te ia 1 8. Solution curves of simply vertical translates of the parabola y = x? (for whicl 2 ‘Solution )axt a for shows this parabola and some typical solution curves with C2 = 0 but & # a Seay ‘rio, £2635, 460, curves with Cy and Cz both nonzero are vertical translates of those other than the PASO’, shown in Fig. 1.6.8. the form Independent variable x missing.| If x is missing, then Eq, (32) takes the 1 > Fons) =o. ey Then the substitution dy dp > aye” Se (36) a dx’ Pay results in the first-order differential equation dp * (nme) for p as a function of y. If we can solve this equation for a general solution p(y, C1) involving an arbitrary constant C), then (assuming that y' 7 0) we need only write dx 1 i dy = [Fe] ame [50=] went Ifthe final integral P = f(1/p) ly can be evaluated, the result is an implicit solution x(y) = P(y, C1) + Cz of our second-order differential equation. [EEE Solve the equation yy” = (y')? in which the independent variable x is missing. Solution We assume temporarily that y and y’ are both nonnegative, and then point out at the end that this restriction is unnecessary. The substitution defined in (36) gives the first-order equation “Then separation of variables gives eel OO Ss | ll dere fio P yt Inp=Iny+C (because y > Oand p paay | Scanned with CamScan1.6 Substitution Methods and Exact Equations 69 where Cy = eC. Hence 141 pCi’ fad: ' Gix= Seley +C2 The resulting general solution of the second-order equation yy” = (y’)? is | y(X) = exp(Cix — Cy) = Ae®*, where A = e~©2 and B = C1. Desnite onr temnarary acenmntiane Scanned with CamScan2 Z 4/2 y sxveyere Find a general solution of each reducible second-order differ: ential equation in Problems 43-54, Assume x, ne y’ positive where helpful (as in Example 11). 43, xy” =y.: 45, y"+4y =0 47, yl" = (y')? 49, yy" + (9)? = yy! 51. y" = 2y(y")? 53, y” = 2yy! . 44, yy” + oO"? =0 46. xy” +y! = 4x 48. x2y" + 3xy! =2 50. yh" = (ety)? 52. oy E394 54, yy” = 3(y’)? — «wv 1 hy tn transforms Scanned with CamScanr Order yeous al fppose that one solution. y1(x) of the homogent * .cond-order linear differential equation 18 ; y+ ply’ tacdy =9 (18) c us in known (on an interval where p and are coninuous funetions), ‘The method of reduction of order consis * Of substtoting ya (x) = wCx)y (x) in (18) and anernphOe to setermine the Fetion v(x) so that ya) ia second " linearly independent solution of (18), After subsuuing ys u(x)y1(x) in Bq. (18), use the fact that yx (x) solution to deduce that yi” + Cy, + py" If p16) is known, then (19) is a separable equation that is readily solved for the derivative v'(x) of w(x). Integra- tion of r’(x) then gives the desired (nonconstant) function vs) Before applying Eq. (19) with a given homogeneous second-order linear differential equation and a known so- lution 1 (x), the equation must first be written in the form of (18) with ieadidg coefficient 1 in order to correctly eterntine the coefficient function p(x). Frequently it is more convenient to simply substitute y = v(x) sr (x) in the given differential equation and then proceed directly to find v(x). Thus, starting with the readily verified solu- tion yi (x) = x3 of the equation «yy 37. 27\" Sry" 4 9y =0 (x > 0), va? and deduce that xv" + v” = 0. Thence solve for v(x) = C Inx, and thereby obtain (with C = 1) ‘he secon solution y2(x) = x? Inx ich of Problems 38 through 42, a differential equation and ‘ne solution yy are given. Use the method of reduction of or- der as in Problem 37 to find a second linearly independent solution y2, 38. 320" + 2y/—9y =0 (>0); yx) 39. ay" — Ay! y= 05 yy(x) = oF? 40. xty"— x(x 4 Dy! + (x + 2)y x aL dy" (4D ty =0 (w>-1); (x) set 42. = x2)y" 4 day 2y 50 Cl 0) of Besse’s equation of onder 4, 2" bay OP by 30, Then derive by reduction of order the second solution sinx, >cannea with CamScan