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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. PROJECT BACKGROUND ........................................................... 1

1.1.The Project ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Project Objectives ........................................................................................... 1
1.3. The Client ....................................................................................................... 1
1.4. Project Scopes and Limitations ....................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2. DESIGN INPUTS............................................................................. 3
2.1. Architectural Plans .......................................................................................... 3
2.2. Structural Plans ............................................................................................... 3
2.2.1. Structural Narrative Description ............................................................... 3
2.2.2. General Plan............................................................................................. 4
2.2.3. Elevation .................................................................................................. 4
2.2.4. Sectional View ......................................................................................... 5
2.3. Table of Initial Members ................................................................................. 5
2.3.1. Superstructure .......................................................................................... 5
2.3.2. Substructure ............................................................................................. 6
a) Pier Configuration...................................................................................... 6
b) Abutment Configuration ............................................................................ 8
CHAPTER 3. PRE-DESIGN ANALYSIS ............................................................ 10
3.1. Introductory Paragraph.................................................................................. 10
3.1.1. Superstructure Design Methodology ....................................................... 10
3.1.2. Piers Design Methodology ..................................................................... 11
3.1.3. Abutments Design Methodology ............................................................ 12
3.2. Design Criteria .............................................................................................. 12
3.2.1. Design Codes and Specifications ............................................................ 12
a) Local Design Reference ........................................................................... 12
b) International Design References ............................................................... 12
3.2.2. Computer Software and Programs .......................................................... 13
3.3. Design Development Flowchart .................................................................... 13
3.3.1. Evolution of Design Specification .......................................................... 13
3.3.1.1. Allowable Stress Design .................................................................. 14
3.3.1.2. Load Factor Design ......................................................................... 15
3.3.1.3. Load Resistance Factor Design ........................................................ 16
3.3.2. Load Factor and Load Combination........................................................ 18
 3.3.3. Applicable Limit States Definition for this Project ................................. 19
3.3.4. General Design Flowchart for Prestress Girder ....................................... 20
3.3.4.1. General Design Steps of PSCG Superstructure ................................ 21
a) Detailed Design Steps of PSCG ............................................................ 21
b) AASHTO Live Load Requirement ....................................................... 22
i. Design Truck..................................................................................... 22
ii. Design Tandem ................................................................................ 22
iii. Design Lane Load ........................................................................... 23
iv. Application of Design Live Loads ................................................... 23
c) Evolution of AASHTO Live Loading HL93 vs HS20 ........................ 25
3.3.5. General Design Flowchart for Deck Slab ................................................ 28
3.3.5.1. Detailed Design Steps of Deck Slab ................................................. 29
3.3.6. General Design Flowchart for Pier Column ............................................ 30
3.4. Design Loads ................................................................................................ 31
Permanent Loads ............................................................................................. 31
Transient Loads ............................................................................................... 31
3.4.1. Dead Loads (DL) ................................................................................... 32
3.4.2. Live Loads (LL) ..................................................................................... 32
3.4.3. Pedestrian Loading (PL) ......................................................................... 32
3.4.4. Braking Force (BR) ................................................................................ 32
3.4.5. Wind Loads ............................................................................................ 33
3.4.5.1. Horizontal Wind Pressure ................................................................ 33
3.4.5.2. Wind Pressure of Structure (WS) ..................................................... 33
3.4.5.3. Loads Applied to the Superstructure ................................................ 34
3.4.5.4. Forces Applied Directly to the Substructure ..................................... 34
3.4.6. Earthquake Effects (EQ) ......................................................................... 35
3.4.7. Load Calculations................................................................................... 35
3.4.7.1. Material Requirements..................................................................... 35
a. Concrete ............................................................................................... 35
b. Reinforcing Steel.................................................................................. 35
c. Structural Steel ..................................................................................... 35
d. Elastomeric Bearing Pads ..................................................................... 36
e. Compressible Neoprene Pads ................................................................ 36
3.4.7.1. Superstructure DL Calculation ......................................................... 36
3.4.8. Table of Load Summary ......................................................................... 37
 3.5. Seismic Analysis ........................................................................................... 37
3.5.1. Seismic Analysis Flowchart ................................................................... 37
3.5.1.1. Structural Conditions ....................................................................... 38
3.5.1.2. Calculation of Design Force ............................................................ 39
a. Bridge Operational Classification ......................................................... 39
b. Load Conditions ................................................................................... 41
c. Load Reactions at Substructures ........................................................... 41
d. Live Load ............................................................................................. 42
e. Ground Conditions ............................................................................... 42
i. Outline of Ground Conditions ........................................................... 42
ii. Soil Type Classifications .................................................................. 42
f. Design Acceleration Response Spectra .................................................. 44
i. Identification of Acceleration Coefficients ......................................... 44
ii. Determination of Site Factors ........................................................... 45
iii. Formulation of Design Acceleration Response Spectrum ................ 46
g. Analysis Requirements and Applied Analysis Methodologies............... 47
i. Seismic Performance Zone ................................................................ 47
ii. Analysis Requirements (for Multi-span Bridge)................................ 47
iii. Minimum Analysis Requirements ................................................... 48
3.5.2. Modern Tool Analysis ............................................................................ 48
3.5.2.1 Modeling Discretization ................................................................... 48
3.5.3. Table Summary of Design Loads............................................................ 49
3.6. Frame Analysis ............................................................................................. 51
3.6.1. Frame Analysis Flowchart ...................................................................... 51
3.6.2. Modern Tool Analysis ............................................................................ 52
3.6.3. Table Summary of Design Load ............................................................. 53
CHAPTER 4. STRUCTURAL DESIGN .............................................................. 55
4.1. Load Resistance Factor Design ..................................................................... 55
4.1.1. PSCG Design Flowchart......................................................................... 55
4.1.1.1. Flexural Design of Prestressed I-Girders .......................................... 57
a) Service and Fatigue Limit States........................................................... 57
b) Strength and Extreme Event Limit States ............................................. 57
c) Service Design ..................................................................................... 58
i. Loads and Bending Moments for Composite Construction ................ 58
4.1.1.2. Typical Design Sequence................................................................. 59
 a. Prestress Force and Eccentricity, Begin a Design .................................. 59
b. Flexural Conditions that Control the Required Prestress Force .............. 62
c. Summation of Stress and Final Prestress Strand Selection ..................... 63
d. Stress at Other Locations of Interest ..................................................... 65
e. Condition at Transfer ............................................................................ 66
f. Service Limit Verification (Flexure)...................................................... 68
g. Strength Check ..................................................................................... 68
4.1.1.3. Sample Design (AASHTO Girder Type V) ...................................... 70
4.1.1.4. Structural Details of AASHTO Type V PSCG ................................. 95
4.1.2. Pier Column Design ............................................................................... 97
4.1.2.1. Pier Column Design Flowchart ........................................................ 97
4.1.2.2 Pier Design Methodologies (LRFD) ................................................. 99
a) Column Design Forces ......................................................................... 99
b) Column Resistance............................................................................. 100
i. Flexural Resistance ......................................................................... 100
ii. P- Requirements........................................................................... 100
iv. Requirement for Minimum Reinforcement .................................... 101
4.1.2.3. Sample Design (Pier Column 2500 Diameter)................................ 103
4.1.2.4. Structural Details (2700 Diameter Pier Column) ............................ 106
4.1.3. Deck Slab Design ................................................................................. 108
4.1.3.1. Deck Slab Design Flowchart.......................................................... 108
4.1.3.2. Sample Design (Deck Slab 220mm Thickness) .............................. 110
4.1.3.3. Structural Details (220mm thk. Deck Slab) .................................... 114
CHAPETR 5. GEOTECHNICAL AND FOUNDATION DESIGN .................. 116
5.1. Geotechnical Analysis ................................................................................. 116
5.1.1. Geotechnical Objectives ....................................................................... 116
5.1.1. Soil Analysis ........................................................................................ 116
5.1.2. Soil Bearing Capacity ........................................................................... 116
5.1.2.1. Pile Foundation ............................................................................. 116
5.2. Foundation Design ...................................................................................... 117
5.2.1. Pile Foundation .................................................................................... 117
5.2.1.1. Design Flowchart .......................................................................... 118
5.2.1.2. Sample Design .............................................................................. 119
5.2.1.3. Structural Details ( 1800mm C.I.P Reinforced Concrete Pile) ....... 128
APPENDIX A. STAAD SYNTAX....................................................................... 130