Module 59

YS 8 Science

LIGHT, HEAT, AND ELECTRICITY

K to 12
Prepared by: Reviewed by: Endorsed by: Approved by:

________________ _________________ __________________ _________________

Ms. Angela Serapio Ms. Daisy Mangahas Mrs. Ma. Urduja Galang Dr. Rosanni
Del Mundo
Learning Facilitator Subject Coordinator Team-Principal Academic 0
Module Guide:

Please take note of the following reminders in the use and proper care of
the module.

1. Handle the module carefully.

2. Do not write anything on its pages. Maintain its cleanliness.
3. Use a separate notebook in answering the activities enumerated inside
the module.
4. In checking the activities, ask your facilitator for the answer key.
5. Return the module to its proper place after using it.

1
 Hello learners! Welcome to another new module in Science! More
lessons to learn to increase your knowledge as young scientists! If you
can recall, in the previous levels, we have discussed the center of the solar system: the
Sun. The sun may not be the focus of this module, but we will be discussing three of the
things that the sun provides - things that are necessary for people and other living
organisms then and now: light, heat and electricity.
Light is part of our lives. Do you think you are capable of living in total darkness?
You won’t be able to read your favorite book or watch your favorite movies. A few
minutes of power interruption is almost more than we can stand especially during
nighttime. Without light, how can we see our surroundings? How can we see different
colors? But aside from that, what is the nature of light? What are its properties? Aren’t
you curious about how light travels? We will discuss these in the first lesson. For now,
answer the pretest and prepare for the discussion.

Pretest
Direction: A. Fill in the blanks. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Among the following colors of the rainbow, __________ has the highest frequency.
A. blue C. violet
B. red D. yellow
2. __________ has the highest wavelength.
A. blue C. violet
B. red D. yellow
3. The color of the objects we see is the color of the light that is being __________.
A. absorbed C. scattered
B. reflected D. transmitted
4. Light would appear brighter to you if the distance between you and the light source
__________.
A. decreases C. remains constant
B. increases D. impossible to determine

2
 5. Light is a form of __________ wave.
A. electromagnetic C. mechanical
B. longitudinal D. transverse

B. Enumerate the following:

6-8. Primary colors of light

9-10. Sources of light

How was the pretest? Get a red pen and check your answers. Use the answer key.

If you got a score of:

10- Excellent job! You may ask your facilitator for an enrichment activity and you may
take the mastery activities right away.
8-9- Very Good! You need to review the area where you encountered difficulty and do
the enrichment activities. If you are done, get the mastery activities.
6-7- Good! But you need to study the lesson where you made most of the errors.
0-5- Fair. But it is fine. You need to work on the whole module and do your best in
answering the pre-mastery activities especially the posttest.
Good luck!

Lesson

1 3
Light

Light is something that is always present

in our lives. During daytime, our source of light
is the sun, while during nighttime, we have our
lamps and light bulbs. We experience darkness
when we choose to switch off lights at night or when we
experience power failure. Some of us only appreciate light
when we are shrouded in complete darkness. Light is
essential to almost all organisms. But what is light?
In the previous module, you learned about waves, and
I hope you can still recall the lesson about electromagnetic
waves. Electromagnetic waves (EM waves) are produced when an electric charge
vibrates or accelerates. These waves can travel through matter and empty spaces or
vacuum. The transfer of energy by EM waves is called electromagnetic radiation (EM
radiation). It has different ranges of frequencies and they are shown in an
electromagnetic spectrum.

Visible light, or light, is the visible part of the electromagnetic

spectrum. Since it is called visible light, it is light that the human eye
can see.

4
 It allows you and other organisms with sense of sight to see, communicate, read,
and do other activities which require our sense of sight. Light moves outward, away
from the source, and travels in a straight line.
The speed at which it travels in a vacuum is 3.0 x 108 m/s. If we look further at
the different frequencies, we can see the corresponding colors in the table below.

The Visible Light Spectrum

Color Wavelength (nm) Frequency (THz)
Red 620-750 400-484
Orange 590-620 484-508
Yellow 570-590 508-526
Green 495-570 526-606
Blue 450-495 606-668
(Space Grant Montana)

If you noticed, based from the table, it is the color of the rainbow ROY G. BIV
without indigo. The color of light with the longest wavelength is red while the color with
the shortest wavelength is violet. What can you tell about the relationship between the
color and frequency? What do you think is the relationship between wavelength and
frequency? Is it direct or inverse?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

The color of light with the shortest wavelength has the

highest frequency. If the frequency decreases as the wavelength
increases, and vice versa, then they have an inverse relationship.

When light strikes a medium, it could be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted. The

colors that we see are the ones being reflected by the object while the rest are
being absorbed. An apple is red because all the colors in the visible spectrum are
absorbed, except for red, which is reflected.

5
 Since light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, it means that light travels like
a wave. In the early times, people debate about light. Is it really a wave?

The Dual Nature of Light

Wave Model
An evidence for the wave model was an
experiment made by Thomas Young. Thomas
Young was an English physicist. In 1801, he
showed that light indeed behaves like a wave.
In his experiment, he allowed a beam of
light to pass through a card with a single slit, then
a card with double slit. He observed a pattern with
alternating light and dark bands. These bands
shows that interference was produced.
Interference is a phenomenon observed
with two waves. Therefore, light behaves like a

Figure 1: Thomas Young’s wave. The light bands show constructive

experiment on interference of wave interference while the dark bands show destructive
propagation
Credit: Physics Daily interference.
Why don’t you try Young’s experiment at home? You may use a flashlight and an
old illustration board. Ask assistance from your guardians in cutting the slits. Don’t
forget to turn off the lights so you can see the effect better.

Particle Model
Other scientists believe that light behaves like a stream of particles. In the late
1600s, Isaac Newton was the first to propose that light behaves like stream of particles
because it travels in a straight line and it casts a shadow. Not all evidence supports his
hypothesis though. An experiment showed a puzzling observation which led to an
evidence which showed that light behaves as particles.
When dim blue lights hit the surface of a metal such as cesium, electrons were
emitted. The emission of electrons from a metal caused by light striking the metal is

6
called the photoelectric effect. Take note that only dim blue light was used, but it was
sufficient enough to emit electrons. However, red lights such as infrared cannot emit
electrons from the cesium metal surface no matter how bright it is. What is the
difference between the two lights? Why is blue light capable of having a photoelectric
effect but red is not?

Figure 2a: Bright Figure 2b: Dim blue Figure 2c: Bright red
blue light emitting light emitting an light unable to emit
electrons from the electron from the electrons from the
metal surface metal surface metal surface

Credit: JACOPIN/ Science Photo Library

In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed that light, and all electromagnetic radiation,
consists of packets of energy, which are now called photons.

The amount of energy found in the photons is directly

proportional to the frequency of light.

Blue light, which has a higher frequency than red light, has photons with more
energy. So even if it’s dim, it can cause emission of electrons. Red lights can’t emit
electrons because the energy in its photons is not enough, even if you increase its
brightness. Which color of light has more energy than blue? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

The answer should be the violet light. This is because violet light has higher
frequency than blue light. Therefore, it also has higher energy.
Since light behaves sometimes like a wave and sometimes like a stream of
particles, then it has a dual nature.

7
Art Connect
Do you know the primary colors of light? It is different from the primary colors of
pigments that we use in mixing paints which include magenta, cyan, and yellow. The
three primary colors of light are red, green, and blue. This is the RGB
color model. Combining the primary colors of light will enable you to
produce different arrays of colors. If you
combine red and blue, you will get magenta.
This is obtained in additive color mixing.

Color Combinations Product

red + blue magenta
red + green yellow
green + blue cyan
red + green + blue white
Figure 3 shows additive color mixing.
Credit: Wikipedia Commons

Intensity and Brightness

The brightness of a light can sometimes be adjusted, just like in the photoelectric
effect set-up when a brighter blue light was used to emit more electrons. But usually,
most of the light source at home, school, and even in the streets cannot be adjusted.
The brightness of a light is related to its intensity.
The intensity of a light is the rate at which a wave’s energy
flows through a given unit area.

8
 It simply means that a light
seems brighter if it illuminates a
larger space because it gives off
more energy.
You already know that the
light from the sun is much brighter
than the light from the moon. Why? It
is because the light from sun can
illuminate a larger area of the earth
while the light from the moon is not
Relationship of Light and Space
enough to illuminate the
Credit: HowStuffWorks
surroundings during nighttime.
The intensity of light is also affected by the distance of the observer from the
source. Light appears more intense or brighter as the distance from the light source
decreases, and vice versa. Therefore, light intensity is inversely
proportional to distance from the light source.

Investigation: Light
Let us have a short experiment on light intensity.
Below are the things that you need:
 Flashlight (with fresh batteries)
 Wall or any steady flat surface
 Notebook and pen for recording observations

Procedures:
1. While holding the flashlight, face the wall and position yourself about five feet away
from it.
2. Switch on the flashlight and face the illuminated part on the wall. Make sure other
lights are switched off. Note your observations. _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

9
3. Move closer to the wall until you’re about two feet away from it. Using the same
flashlight, repeat step 2 and note your observations. ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Compare your observations from steps 2 and 3.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Note: Your distance from the wall or surface may differ from the procedure as long as one
distance is farther, while the other is closer to the surface.

Question:
What can you conclude about intensity and distance from the light source?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

BASIC SCIENCE CONCEPTS

 Light is a form of electromagnetic wave.
 Wavelength and frequency are two characteristics of light that are
inversely proportional.
 The speed of light, 3 x 108 m/s, is the product of frequency and wavelength.
 Each color from the visible spectrum corresponds to a specific range of
wavelength and frequency values.
 The three primary colors of light are red, green, and blue.
 Other colors of light can be obtained by combining different intensities of the
primary colors of light.
 The intensity of light is inversely proportional to the distance of the observant
from the light source.
Let’s see how much you’ve learned from the discussion by answering the
posttest.

10
 Posttest
Direction: Do what is being asked in the following statements.

1. State the relationship between wavelength and frequency.

2-3. Arrange the six colors of the visible light spectrum according to increasing
frequency.

4-5. Arrange the six colors of the visible light spectrum according to increasing
wavelength.

6-8. Explain how sun’s light intensity differs on the planets Earth and Mars based on
their distance from the sun.

9-10. Aside from light, think of other things that have dual nature and explain why. You
may choose concepts that are not relevant to science if you prefer.

11-12. Draw a Venn diagram that shows the combination of primary colors of light.

11
Explain the relationship between the following:
13. energy and light intensity

14. energy and wavelength

15. Give the importance of being able to control or manipulate the intensity of light.

Let’s check your answers. Come on and get the answer key.

If you got a score of…

You’re okay. Congratulations!

15 - Wow! You really worked hard to accomplish this module. Great job!
Now, you may take the mastery test for this lesson.

12-14 - Very good! Just review the lessons where you encountered
difficulties and take the mastery test if you are ready.

Not okay. Do other supplementary activities.

10-11 - Good. But you need to do the reinforcement activities. Then, go

back to those items you failed to answer correctly.

0-9 - Fair. But don’t feel sorry because you can do it again. Read the
module once again. Ask for further help from your facilitator. More exercises are waiting
for you. Work doubly hard this time. I’m sure you can make it!

12
 One of the important things that we get primarily from the sun is
heat. Heat is important to living organisms because they require a range
of temperature in order to function completely. If this requirement was not met, or is too
much, then it may cause the death of the organism.
How do we get heat from the sun if it’s so far away? How do we control heat
coming from other sources? Is there a way to maximize or minimize the heat that we
receive? I’m sure you have an idea about the topic so let us start the lesson by
answering the pretest.

Pretest
Direction: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Write the letter on the space before
each number.
_____ 1. A thermos bottle is silvered to _____
A. prevent radiation.
B. promote conduction.
C. increase heat loss.
D. eliminate conduction.

_____ 2. On a sunny day, a road surface is probably hotter than a cold sidewalk
because the road surface is _____
A. thicker.
B. smoother.
C. blacker.
D. wider.

_____ 3. Ice melts at exactly 00 Celsius because _____

A. that is the highest temperature that it can reach.
B. that is the definition of 0˚C.
C. water freezes at that temperature.
D. it cannot expand at higher temperatures.

13
_____ 4. Steam at 100˚C is more dangerous than the same amount of water at 100˚C
because the steam _____
A. moves faster.
B. contains more thermal energy.
C. is less dense.
D. has a higher specific heat capacity.

_____ 5. When a liquid evaporates _____

A. it gives off heat.
B. its temperature drops.
C. it absorbs heat.
D. its temperature rises.

_____ 6. The freezing point of water is 0˚. Its melting point is _____
A. slightly lower than 0˚C.
B. slightly higher than 0˚C.
C. 0˚C.
D. 32˚C.

_____ 7. The only good conductor in the list is _____

A. wood.
B. plastic.
C. gold.
D. ceramic.

_____ 8. Heat flows _____

A. from hot to cold.
B. from cold to hot.
C. randomly.
D. heat does not flow.

14
 _____ 9. The heat from the sun reaches you by _____
A. conduction.
B. convection.
C. induction.
D. radiation.

_____ 10. The particles of an object moves faster when its state is _____
A. gas.
B. liquid.
C. solid.
D. cannot be determined.

How was the pretest? Get a red pen and check your answers against the
key.

How did you find the test? Did you fare well? Let’s look through the criteria.
If you got:
10- Excellent job! You may ask your facilitator for an enrichment activity and you
may take the mastery activities right away.
8-9- Very Good! You need to review the area where you encountered difficulty and
do the enrichment activities. If you are done, get the mastery activities.
6-7- Good! But you need to study the lesson where you made most of the errors.
0-5- Fair. But it is fine. You need to work on the whole module and do your best in
answering the pre-mastery activities especially the posttest.
Good luck!

15
 Lesson
Heat
2
Have you felt cold before? So cold you feel like you’ll freeze?
What is your body’s reaction when you’re cold?
When a person has fever or feels cold, the body’s
reaction is to shiver. It is the body’s attempt to create warmth
and regulate our body’s temperature. Moving a lot also helps us
regulate our body heat because mechanical movements
generate heat. This is the reason why we feel hot after we
exercise.
When you’re feeling cold, you also seek the company of
another person that’s why people huddle together when the

Credits: http://dontwannahearit.com/wp- temperature is low. Maybe you prefer to hug your

content/uploads/2008/01/shivering.gif
pet because hugging your pet will make you feel its
warmth, too. How do people and animals share body heat? Why do we need heat so
much?
When you hear the word “heat”, what comes to your mind? Most of
you will probably say “warmth”, “thermal energy”, or maybe “fire”. All those
words are related to heat. Heat is a requirement for life. It is needed in
order to maintain body functions. Even though we, humans, can regulate
our body heat, we cannot be exposed to an extremely cold environment for a long
period of time because it will cause hypothermia. Too much heat, however, can give us
hyperthermia. Both conditions may lead to death while sufficient heat is necessary in
order to survive. Before we discuss heat, let us first define a term that will help us
understand heat and that is thermal energy.

Thermal Energy
Thermal energy is the sum of all the kinetic energies of the
particles in an object.

16
 It depends on the mass, temperature, and phase of an object. Thermal
energy is all about the movements of the particles in an object. A massive object has
more particles; therefore, its particles move a lot and has higher thermal energy
compared to a less massive object of the same kind and temperature. It also depends
on temperature because as you increase the energy of an object, its particles move
more rapidly. The rapid movement of the particles causes an increase in temperature,
which means higher thermal energy compared to an object with the same mass and
make. It also depends on the phase of an object because its state will also have an
effect on the movement of the particles.

Heat
In the 1700’s, most scientists thought that heat
was a fluid that flows between objects. This was
debunked by Count Rumford (born Benjamin
Thomson) in 1798 when he concluded that heat could
not be a kind of matter because it is related to
mechanical work.
Credit: http://readywisconsin.wi.gov/heat/
Heat is a form of thermal energy that transfers from one
substance to another due to the difference in temperature.

It can be expressed as Joules (J). However, calorie (cal) is a more common unit
for heat. One calorie is the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of one
gram of water to one degree Celsius.

Heat and Temperature

Heat shouldn’t be equated to temperature
because they may be related, but they are not the
same. Heat is a form of energy.

Temperature Credit: https://cloudmakertech.com/learn/temp-control/

17
is a measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to a reference point.
In the Celsius scale, the reference points are the freezing and boiling points of
water. Below zero, you will know that water will start to freeze. Beyond one hundred,
water starts to become steam. In the Kelvin scale, the reference point is absolute zero.
Now that the concept of heat and temperature are clarified, let us discuss how heat
flows.

Heat Flow
Heat flows from an area of higher temperature to an area of
lower temperature. In short, the transfer of heat is from a hot area to a
cold area. If you are in an air-conditioned room and somebody left the door open, which
of the following is true:
A. cool air from the room will go outside; or B. warm air will go inside?
The answer should be letter B. The warmth from the air outside the room will flow
towards the room with a cooler temperature. This is how heat flows - from hot to cold.
How does heat transfer from one object to another? There are three ways by which heat
is transferred: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Modes of Heat Transfer

Credits: http://www.karubecue.com/

18
 Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact. It occurs within the
material or between materials that are touching. Conduction occurs when heat transfers
to another object with a lower temperature if the two objects touched. It is observed
mainly on solid objects because the particles of solids are close to each other.
Illustration:

Be careful if you’re going to

try this! Observe proper ways
of heating in the laboratory.

Credits: http://www.educationalelectronicsusa.com/

If you touch a steel rod to the fire from the Bunsen burner, what will you feel after
a few seconds or maybe a minute after you touch it? It will be warm, maybe hot. Why is
that so? This is because the heat from the fire was transferred to the particles of the
steel rod. The fire makes the particles of the rod vibrate more, and since it is solid, it
passes onto the next particle. The heat then moves away from the area closest to the
fire to where the temperature is relatively lower until the whole rod is warm to the touch.
It will continue to increase in temperature as long as the rod is touching the fire.
Increasing the temperature will speed up the movement of the particles of the object.
This process is called thermal conduction. Take note that only the heat was transferred,
not fire, because conduction transfers only thermal energy but not matter.

Figures 4 & 5 show the particles of an object as heat is conducted through the material.

19
 Materials that can conduct heat well are called conductors. The better the
conductor, the more rapidly heat will transfer. Materials that cannot conduct heat well
are called insulators. Since insulators are poor conductors of heat, it takes longer for
heat to spread or transfer. It is often used in keeping heat away or within a certain
space. You can use insulators to keep heat out of your house (if it’s warm outside) or
you can use it to keep heat inside the house (if it’s very cold outside). Imagine if all the
things around you are conductors and you are in a warm place. Can you imagine if all
the objects conduct heat? Below are the list of good conductors and insulators.

Good conductors: silver, gold, copper,

aluminum, iron, steel, and other metals

Credits: http://www.ndt-ed.org/

Good insulators: wood, plastic, glass,

styrofoam, wool, air, paper, carbon, and
other nonmetals

Credits: http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/1878/enlarge

Let’s have another example. This time, I want you to answer the questions.
Suppose we have a pot with boiling water and two
ladles, one is pure stainless steel, while the other is
wood. Place both ladles in the pot of boiling water.

Which will be warmer, the steel ladle or the

wooden ladle? Why?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________

20
______________________________________________________________________
____________
Credits from
http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-51002185/stock-vector-quirky-drawing-of-a-wooden-spoon.html

What will you do if you have to hold the steel ladle? How about the wooden ladle?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

You’ll need a mitten or pot holder in order to hold the

steel ladle if it doesn’t have a heat resistant handle. However,
you will be able to touch the wooden spoon with your bare
hands because it won’t be hot. This is because wood is a bad
conductor, meaning it is a good insulator. Heat won’t be
transferred to the handle of the wooden ladle therefore you can
touch it without fear of getting burned. Steel is a good conductor
that is why it can conduct heat.
We still have two modes of heat transfer to discuss. But
before that, answer the activity below to see how much you’ve learned from the lesson.

Activity 1
Direction: Explain the significance of the following materials to heat transfer
and their effects.
1. Plastic or wooden handle for pots and pans
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. Steel or copper pots

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

21
3. Fur of animals
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4. Aluminum baking pan

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

5. Ceramic mugs
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

In our example earlier, we included boiling water. Have

you tried boiling water in the kitchen or maybe in the
laboratory? I’m sure you did it at least once. (If not, then maybe you
should participate more in the experiments.)
The mode of heat transfer when you boil water is convection.
Convection is a transfer of thermal energy when particles of
a fluid (liquid or gas) move from one place to another.

When substances are heated, they expand. And when substances expand, they

How was the activity? I hope it made you think about the importance of
thermal conduction and insulation in your life.

become less dense compared to their surroundings. This density difference makes
hotter substances rise and cooler substances sink. Refer to the illustration below.

22
 A container that has water was heated using a stove. The water particles from
the bottom of the container expand as they absorb the heat from the pot; its particles
become less dense. Hot water then rises while the cool water sinks because it becomes
relatively denser than the hot water. As the hot water rises, it moves away from the
source of heat allowing it to cool. This is the reason why the top part of the pot is
relatively cooler compared to the bottom. However, when the cool water sinks, to move
close to the source of heat, it becomes hot. In short, the particles of water move in a
circular motion as hot water rises and cool water sinks.
Convection current occurs when a fluid circulates in a loop
as it alternately heats up and cools down.
Convection current is important because it can be observed in many natural
cycles. An example of natural cycle is the water cycle. Can you think of other situations
where convection can be observed? Think about it. But for now, answer the activity that
follows.

Activity 2
Direction: Answer the following questions using your own words. Write your
answers on the space provided.
1. Explain the process of convection through an illustration. Describe it in your own
words.

T.L.E. Connect
2. Which part of the oven should have the highest
temperature? Why?

23
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
Credits: http://www.sketchmyworld.com

3. How will a colored ice-cold water move when poured into a container with hot water?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Sun blocks and sun screens are must-haves nowadays. This is

due to the fact that too much sun exposure can damage the cells and
cause skin cancer. But how does the heat from the sun reach the surface
of the earth if the distance between them is about 93 million miles?
The heat from the sun reaches the earth by radiation. This is the third mode of
heat transfer that will be discussed in this lesson.

Credits: http://www.proprofs.com/

Radiation is the transfer of energy by waves moving through space.

The light and heat from the sun travels to earth by waves because there is no air
between the sun and earth, making it impossible for energy to travel by convection or
conduction.
The sun is not the only heat source that transfers heat through thermal radiation.
If you stand by a charcoal grill, you’ll realize that the heat reaches you even without
touching the grill (conduction), or when observing heater/ moving fluid in a container.
This is because all objects radiate energy. As its temperature increases, the energy or

24
heat it radiates also increases. The amount of energy that you receive depends on how
close you are to the source of heat. You will feel warmer if you are closer to the heat
source, and the amount of heat you receive decreases as you move farther.

What You Need to Know about Sunscreen

What Are Sunscreens?

Sunscreens are products combining several ingredients that help prevent the sun's
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from reaching the skin. Two types of ultraviolet radiation, UVA and
UVB, damage the skin and increase your risk of skin cancer. Sunscreens vary in their ability to
protect against UVA and UVB.
What Are UVA and UVB?
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is part of the electromagnetic (light) spectrum that reaches the
earth from the sun. It has wavelengths shorter than visible light, making it invisible to the naked
eye. Ultraviolet A (UVA) is the longer wave UV ray that causes lasting skin damage, skin aging,

25
and can cause skin cancer. Ultraviolet B (UVB) is the shorter wave UV ray that causes
sunburns, skin damage, and can cause skin cancer.
What Is SPF?
SPF – or Sun Protection Factor – is a measure of a sunscreen's ability to prevent UVB
from damaging the skin. Here's how it works: If it takes 20 minutes for your unprotected skin to
start turning red, using an SPF 15 sunscreen theoretically prevents reddening 15 times longer –
about five hours. Most sunscreens with an SPF of 15 or higher do an excellent job of protecting
against UVB.
What Does Broad-Spectrum Mean?
Broad-spectrum sunscreens protect the skin from both UVA and UVB rays. Beginning in
December 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) implemented new rules for
"broad-spectrum" products.

Retrieved January 7, 2013 from http://www.skincancer.org/prevention/sun-protection/sunscreen

BASIC SCIENCE CONCEPTS

Let’s summarize what you’ve learned from this lesson.

 Thermal energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy of a substance.

 Thermal energy is affected by mass, temperature and the state of the substance.
 Heat is the transfer of thermal energy due to temperature difference. It flows from
hot to cold.
 There are three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
 Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact. This is the usual mode of
heat transfer for solid materials.
 Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids creating a
convection current.
 Radiation is the transfer of heat by waves moving through space.

Answer the posttest to know if you’re ready for the mastery activity.
Posttest
Modified True or False

26
Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct. If the statement is wrong, underline the
word(s) that make it incorrect and replace it with the correct term.
__________ 1. Thermal conduction occurs when heat is transferred between fluids that
are in direct contact.
__________ 2. Heat flows from hot to cold.
__________ 3. Convection current is the circular movement of the particles of solids as
particles repeatedly heat up and cool down.
__________ 4. The transfer of heat by waves is conduction.
__________ 5. Heat transfer is possible if objects have different temperatures.

6-10. List 5 conductors you see every day and describe their uses.

11-15. List 5 insulators you see every day and describe their uses.

27
 Let’s check your answers.

You’re okay. Congratulations!

15 - Wow! You really worked hard to accomplish this module. Great

job! Now, you may take the mastery test for this lesson.
12-14 - Very good! Just review the lessons where you encountered
difficulties and take the mastery test if you are ready.

Not okay. Do other supplementary activities.

10-11 - Good. But you need to do the reinforcement activities. Then, go
back to those items you failed to answer correctly.
0-9 - Fair. But don’t feel sorry because you can do it again. Read the
module once again. Ask for further help from your facilitator. More
exercises are waiting for you. Work doubly hard this time. I’m sure
you can make it!

Electricity is something that we use to simplify our activities. Without

electricity, it will be like the old times when all things are done manually.
Right now, you can read this module because of the light coming from the
fluorescent lamps, and you feel comfortable because the air-con is switched on. I want
you to imagine how life would be like for you if suddenly there is no electricity. It would
be difficult, right? In this lesson, we will discuss the different electrical charges and
charging processes as well as some of the precautions to prevent accidents related to
electricity. Answer the pretest so we can start the learning process.
Pretest
For numbers 1 to 4, label the parts of the atom.

1. ____________________

2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________

28
 For numbers 5 to 10, complete the sentences by choosing the best answer from the box.
Answers may be repeated.

attract conductor electron insulator proton repel

5. Electric current is the flow of charged particles usually __________.

6. Like charges __________.
7. Opposite charges __________.
8. Copper wire is commonly used in plugs and cables because it is a good __________.
9. Electrical cables are covered with a material that is a poor __________ to prevent
electrical shock.
10. Electrical tapes are used on electrical wires because they serve as __________.

How was the pretest? Grab a red pen and check your answers against the
key.

If you got:
10- Excellent job! You may ask your facilitator for an enrichment activity and you
may take the mastery activities right away.
8-9- Very Good! You need to review the area where you encountered difficulty
and do the enrichment activities. If you are done, get the mastery activities.
6-7- Good! But you need to study the lesson where you made most of the errors.
0-5- Fair. But it is fine. You need to work on the whole module and do your best
in answering the pre-mastery activities especially the posttest.
Good luck!

29
 Lesson
Electricity
3
Can you give the name of the things you see below?

________________ ________________ ________________

I’m sure you are familiar with a refrigerator, a television or
computer monitor, and a microwave oven. These electrical appliances
are present in most homes nowadays. For some, they are merely luxuries
and they can live without them. But we cannot deny that having them
around makes life a little bit easier.
These appliances are all run by electricity, the movement of electrical charges
through a wire.

Electric charge is a property that creates electric and

magnetic forces and interactions. It causes the attraction and
repulsion of the atom’s subatomic particles.

Can you still recall the subatomic particles in an atom? The two charged sub-
atomic particles are electrons (negatively-charged) and protons (positively-
charged). There is also neutron, a particle without a charge or neutral. Protons and
neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom while electrons move along the orbits
around the nucleus.

30
 Source: http://www.universetoday.com/56747/atom-structure/
The charge of the particles of an object depends on the number of the charged
particles in the object. An object is neutral or has a charge of zero if the number of
protons and electrons are equal. An object is positively charged if the number of protons
is greater than the number of electrons. An object also becomes positively charged if,
from its neutral state, it loses electrons. An object is negatively charged if the number of
electrons is greater than the number of protons or if it gains electrons. Excess or
shortage of electrons produces a net electric charge. The figures that follow show the
direction of the electric field of a positive charge and of a negative charge.

+ -

Electric Forces

Source: http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk

31
 Have you tried sitting on a mono block chair for a while then suddenly you can
feel your hair being attracted to the plastic? This happens because of electric forces.
When two objects are electrically charged, they may repel or they may attract
each other depending on their charge. Objects with like charges repel, while objects
with opposite charges attract. Have you heard of the saying “opposite attracts”? This
is true for electrical charges. Do you think plastic mono block chair and dry hair have the
same charges or not? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

The plastic mono-block chair and hair have opposite charges because they
attract each other. Plastic, when rubbed, becomes negatively charged while human hair
becomes positively charged. The two objects have opposite charges which allow them
to attract each other. Aside from rubbing, how do objects become charged?

Charging Processes
Static electricity is the study of the behavior of electrical charges,
including how charge is transferred between objects or how objects
become charged.
Charging means gaining or losing electrons. A material can be any of the
following: positively charged, negatively charged, or neutral. Materials can be charged
by friction, conduction or induction.

32
 Table 1. The Triboelectric Series

Source:
http://www.kirksville.k12.mo.us/

Charging by Friction
When you charge materials
by rubbing it to another, you are
charging by friction. Charging by
friction is also commonly known as
Source: triboelectric charging where “tribo”
http://electroiq.com/blog/2014/12/eliminating-
electrostatic-discharge-protecting-tomorrows-
means “to rub”.
technology/ Suppose you have a rubber
balloon rubbed with human hair. You will notice after a few seconds of rubbing that the
hair strands becomes attracted to the balloon. Rubber tends to become negatively-
charged when rubbed with human hair because the electrons from the hair transfer to
the rubber balloon.
Since the hair lost electrons, it becomes negatively charged. We’ve discussed
that opposite charges attract, which is why the positively-charged hair becomes
attracted to the negatively-charged rubber balloon. Table 1 shows the different materials
and their relative charge. Materials close to each other in the triboelectric series and
have the same charge cannot create a difference in charge. You can do a trial and error
using the different materials in the table.
33
 Charging by Conduction
Just like heat, electrons can transfer from one object to another
by touching or contact.
Good thermal conductors are also good electron conductors because they
have free electrons in their structure which allow the ease of conduction of electrons on
these materials. Examples of good conductors are gold, copper, and even the human
body can be a good conductor.
Materials that can conduct electric charge or electrons under certain
circumstances are called semiconductors.
Insulators are materials that do not allow electrons to flow. The electrons in
these materials are more stable and has a stronger bond which is why electrons cannot
move easily. Glass, plastic, wood and air are examples of insulators. Refer to the
illustration below for our discussion.

[Type a quote from the document

In figure (a), you can see positively-charged material and a neutral material. If
you put a conductor to connect those materials, such as a metal nail, you can see in
figure (b) that the neutrally-charged material became positive while the positively-
charged material became less positive.
How? Did the protons transfer to the neutrally-charged material? The answer is
no. Neutrally-charged materials have equal amounts of protons and electrons. Some of
the electrons transferred to the positive object by passing through the nail, which os a
conductor.
Let’s go back to figure (a), with our positive and neutral-charged particles. What
happens when you connect them using an insulator like a strip of wood?

34
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Nothing happens to the charges because the electrons from neutral charged
cannot pass through the wood, hence, no change in charge.

Charging by Induction
Charging by friction and conduction both require contact but that is
not required if you’re charging by induction.
Refer to the illustration on the right Figure (a): neutral material

Figure (a) is a neutral two-piece

rectangular material. But if you place a Figure (b): charges separate
positively-charged material near the object
(Figure b), the negative charges attract
while the positive charges repel. This
Figure (c): two charged materials
separation of charge happens during
charging by induction. If you separate the Source: http://www.siliconfareast.com/

objects from Figure (b), you will have two charged objects (Figure c).

Activity 3

35
Illustrate the three charging processes and give a brief explanation for each. Draw the
materials/ objects and indicate their charge as positive (+), negative (-), or neutral (0).
Use arrows to show illustrations before and after charging occurred.

Friction Conduction Induction

______________________ ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________ ______________________

Get the answer key and check you work.

Now that you know how to charge objects, which do you think is more stable,
charged objects or neutral objects? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Neutral objects are more stable because the amount of positive and
negative charges are equal, hence, no attraction or repulsion will occur once it
comes in contact with another object. Have you experienced a mild electric shock

36
when you’re touching an electrical appliance? There could be excess electrons on the
surface, that when touched, jump to your body which gives you a mild shock.
To maintain the neutral charge of an object, earthing or grounding is applied.

Grounding
Grounding is the removal of the excess charge of an object.
If an object is positively-charged, the electrical ground will supply
electrons to make it neutral. For negatively-charged objects, the electrical ground will
take the excess electrons to balance the charge.
It is called earthing or grounding because it is connected to the ground or to earth.
This prevents people from touching dangerous voltage by mistake. Sometimes, the
ground is also used as a conductor of the surface that’s why it fits the term “grounding”.
Take time to inspect your electrical appliances at home.
Your laptop or computers and refrigerators probably have three-
prong plugs. The third prong in the plug gives a path to ground
the appliances the same way electric current travels. Never clip
or remove the third prong just to make it fit your outlet! It helps
protect us against electric shock.
Plug with third prong
In some places where lightning and thunderstorms are common, buildings and
houses have lightning rods that serve as electrical ground in case lightning strikes the
building.

Proper Fitting of plug to its Socket

Credits: http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/labsafetymanual/sec7g.htm

LIGHTNING SAFETY
Lightning is produced by electrical energy. It is caused by unbalanced
electrical charge in the atmosphere.

37
 Your goal is to make a poster to inform the people on how to prepare themselves
and their homes in case of lightning and thunderstorms.
Category Excellent Satisfactory Needs Not Acceptable
(4) (3) Improvement (1)
(2)
Project is The output is The poster is not The poster does
excellent! The good. The attractive and not show
poster is artfully materials used was done with creativity.
Creativity (40%) made and the are simple but minimal effort.
materials show eye-catching.
careful planning.
The poster The poster is It requires The poster is
shows complete presented in an symbols that confusing and
Presentation
information that organized way helps complete not organized.
(40%) is well organized but with less an idea.
and easy to effort.
comprehend.
The poster The poster has The poster lacks The poster does
contains useful useful information that not contain
Content (20%)
information and information that can help the useful
some interesting can be used by audience. information.
trivia about the the audience.
subject.

BASIC SCIENCE CONCEPTS

 Electric current is the continuous flow of electrical charge.

 Electrical charge is a property that causes attraction and repulsion of subatomic
particles.
 Electric field shows the effect of an electric charge to other charges. The field of
a positive charge moves outward while the field of a negative charge goes inward.
 Electric force is the attraction or repulsion between two charged particles.
 An atom has three subatomic particles: proton (+), electron (-), and neutron (0).
 Materials with like charges repel each other while materials with opposite
charges attract each other.
 A material has a net electric charge if there is an excess or shortage of electrons.

38
  Materials can be charged by friction, conduction, and induction.
 Charging by friction or triboelectric charging is the charging of materials by
rubbing it to another to change its charge.
 Charging by conduction charges a material by the transfer of electrons using a
conductor.
o Conductors are materials that allow electrons to pass through with ease.
o Semi-conductors are materials that conduct electron under specific
circumstances.
o Insulators are poor conductors and do not allow electrons to pass through.
 Charging by induction is done by separating the
charges of a neutral material by placing it near a
charged material.
 Charged particles can be neutralized by
electrical grounding.
 Lightning rods serve as electrical ground for
lightning.

Answer the posttest so we can see how much you’ve learned.

Posttest

Direction: I. Multiple choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

_____ 1. A material has net electric charge because it

39
 A. discharges.
B. has an alternating current.
C. has an excess or shortage of electrons.
D. has a direct current.

_____ 2. Static electricity is the study of

A. build up of charge.
B. electric discharges.
C. electric fields.
D. all of the above.

_____ 3. Materials that allow electricity to flow through them easily are
A. conductors.
B. insulators.
C. semiconductors.
D. all of the above.

_____ 4. The attraction or repulsion between particles is the

A. electric charge.
B. electric current.
C. electric field.
D. electric forces.

_____ 5. Among the following materials, the good electrical conductor is

A. air.
B. copper.
C. plastic.
D. wood.

II. Read and analyze the given statements then answer the questions that follow.

i. There are five characters: A, B, C, D, and E.

ii. When A approaches B, A feels “indecisive”.
iii. When B approaches C, they became instant friends.

40
 iv. But B hates E and stays away from it.
v. C, however, likes hanging out with E.
vi. B decided to become BFFs with D.
vii. When A and D shared a metal bench, A feels “optimistic”.

6-7. If A, B, C, D, and E are subatomic particles, what are their charges?

8. Which character is playing the role of a neutron? Give the statements that support
your answer.

9. Which pairs have the same electric charges? Give the statements that support your
answer.

10. Which charging processes are being described in statements II and III.

III. Explain the importance of grounding (5 points).

41
 Get the answer key and check your work.

You’re okay. Congratulations!

15 - Wow! You really worked hard to accomplish this module. Great

job! Now, you may take the mastery test for this lesson.
12-14 - Very good! Just review the lessons where you encountered
difficulties and take the mastery test if you are ready.

Not okay. Do other supplementary activities.

10-11 - Good. But you need to do the reinforcement activities. Then, go
back to those items you failed to answer correctly.
0-9 - Fair. But don’t feel sorry because you can do it again. Read the
module once again. Ask for further help from your facilitator. More
exercises are waiting for you. Work doubly hard this time. I’m sure
you can make it!

42
 Word Bank

Charging is the gaining or losing of electrons.

Charging by conduction charges a material by the transfer of electrons using a
conductor.
Charging by friction is the charging of materials by rubbing it to another to change its
charge. It is also called triboelectric charging.
Charging by induction is done by separating the charges of a neutral material by
placing it near a charged material.
Conduction is the transfer of heat or electric charge through direct contact.
Conductors are materials that can conduct heat or electrons well.
Convection is a transfer of thermal energy when particles of a fluid (liquid or gas) move
from one place to another.
Convection current occurs when a fluid circulates in a loop as it alternately heats up
and cools down.
Electric charge is a property that creates electric and magnetic forces and interactions.
Electric current is the continuous flow of electrical charge.
Electric field shows the effect of an electric charge on other charges. The field of a
positive charge moves outward while the field of a negative charge goes inward.
Electric force is the attraction or repulsion between two charged particles.
Electricity is the movement of electrical charges through a wire.
Electrons are negatively-charged subatomic particles.
Grounding is used to balance the negative and positive charges in a material by
providing a source of electrons.
Heat is a form of thermal energy that transfers from one substance to another due to
the difference in temperature.
Insulators are materials that cannot conduct heat or electrons well.
Intensity of light is the rate at which a wave’s energy flows through a given unit area.

43
Light is a form of electromagnetic wave.
Lightning is produced by electrical energy. It is caused by unbalanced electrical charge
in the atmosphere.
Lightning rods serve as electrical ground for lightning.
Neutrons are subatomic particles with no charge because of the equal amount of
positive and negative charges.
Photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a metal caused by light striking
the metal.
Photons are packets of energy from waves.
Protons are positively-charged subatomic particles.
Radiation is the transfer of energy by waves moving through space.
RGB color model is a color model where the primary colors used were red, green, and
blue.
Semiconductors are materials that can conduct electrons under certain circumstances.
Static electricity is the study of the behavior of electrical charges.
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to a reference
point.
Thermal energy is the sum of all the kinetic energies of the particles in an object.
Visible light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

References

Books:

Padua, A., et al. (2003). Physics. Quezon City, Philippines: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

Portugal, H., Padua, A., Fondevilla, E., & Crisostomo, R. (1997). Science and
Technology IV: Physics. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
Sabalburo, L., et al. (2009). Physics. Quezon City, Philippines: Sunshine Interlinks
Publishing House, Inc.

44
Wysession, M., Frank, D., & Yancopoulos. (2006). Physical Science: Concepts in Action.
Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Internet Sources:

Educational Electronic (August 2008). Heat. Retrieved November 2012 from

http://www.educationalelectronicsusa.com/p/heat-IV.htm

GCSE Revising Revision (June 2012). Conduction in Nonmetals. Retrieved November

2012 from http://www.gcse.com/energy/conduction.htm

Mike Curtis (April 2006). Heat. Retrieved October 2012 from

http://www.mikecurtis.org.uk/Heat.htm

SiliconFarEast (August 2011). Triboelectric Series. Retrieved November 2012 from

http://www.siliconfareast.com/tribo_series.htm

Space Grant Montana. Light. Retrieved May 2016 from

http://spacegrant.montana.edu/MSIProject/Light.html

Tennessee Valley Authority (February 2007). The Danger of Electrical Shock. Retrieved
November 2012 from http://www.tva.gov/power/homesafety.htm

The Physics Classroom (November 2012). Methods of Charging. Retrieved November

2012 from http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/u8l2a.cfm

45