EFFECT OF NOISE ON ANALOG

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1
"There are two voices in you at all times. One
howls what the world expects of you, while
the other gently whispers all that you, in your
heart, truly want. Happiness comes to those
who have learned how to drown out the
white noise of the world and pay close
attention to what really matters.“
Beau Taplin
2
Noise pollution is a relative
thing. In a city, it's a jet plane
taking off. In a monastery, it's
a pen that scratches.
Robert Orber

3
CONTENTS:

Effect of Noise on AM Systems

 Baseband Systems
 BSB-SC Systems
 SSB-AM Systems
 Conventional AM Systems
4
EFFECT OF NOISE
ON AM SYSTEMS
5
Effect of Noise on AM Systems [1] :
 Frequency modulation (FM) systems can provide a high
degree of noise immunity; therefore, they are desirable
in cases of severe noise and/or low signal power.
 This noise immunity is obtained at the
price of sacrificing channel bandwidth because (as we
have seen in Chapter 4) the bandwidth requirements of
angle modulation systems are considerably higher than
the required bandwidth of amplitude modulation (AM)
systems.
6
Effect of Noise on AM Systems [1] :
 The presence of noise degrades the performance of
communication systems.
 The extent to which noise affects the performance of
communication systems is measured by the output signal-
to-noise power ratio (SNR) or the probability of error.
 The signal-to-noise ratio is used to measure the
performance of analog communication systems.
 We’ll be mainly concerned with the additive noise that
accompanies the signal at the input to the receiver.
7
Effect of Noise on AM Systems :

𝑆 𝑆
= 10 × log10
𝑁 𝑑𝐵
𝑁 𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸𝐴𝑅
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Effect of Noise on AM Systems :

Example 2: 60 dB Channel Attenuation

𝑃𝑇 𝑃𝑇
 = 60 = 10 × log10
𝑃𝑅 𝑑𝐵 𝑃𝑅 𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸𝐴𝑅
𝑃𝑇
 = log −1 (6) = 106
𝑃𝑅 𝐿𝐼𝑁.
 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑷𝑹  𝑷𝑹 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑷𝑻 9
Effect of Noise on AM Systems [1] :
Demodulated Signal +
(Twice) Filtered Noise

𝑷𝑻 𝑷𝑹 = 𝑷𝒖
𝑷𝒐 , 𝑷𝒏𝒐
𝒓 𝒕 =𝒖 𝒕 +𝒏 𝒕
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Effect of Noise on AM Systems [2] :
It is assumed that:
 Input of the TX is modeled by the random process
X(t).
 Channel only introduces additive random noise.
 Noise is zero-mean white Gaussian process with
𝑵𝟎
𝑺𝒏 𝒇 = .
𝟐
 Noise is uncorrelated with 𝑿(𝒕).
 RX is a linear systems.
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Effect of Noise on AM Systems [2] :
o At the RX input, we’ve a signal mixed with noise.
o The signal and noise power at RX input are 𝑆𝑖 and
𝑁𝑖 , respectively.
o Since the RX is linear, its output can be written as:
𝒀𝟎 𝒕 = 𝑿𝟎 𝒕 + 𝑵𝟎 (𝒕) ------ (8.1)
where 𝑋0 𝑡 and 𝑁0 𝑡 are the signal and noise
components at the RX output, respectively.

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Effect of Noise on AM Systems [2] :
Recall:

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Effect of Noise on AM Systems [2] :

14
Effect of Noise on AM Systems [1] :
 It is customary to compare the effect of
noise on various carrier modulated systems
with the effect of noise on an equivalent
baseband communication system.
 In baseband communication systems, the signal is
transmitted directly without any modulation.
 The results obtained for baseband systems serve
as a basis for comparing with other systems. 15
Effect of Noise on a Baseband Systems [1] :

16
Effect of Noise on a Baseband Systems [1] :
 Throughout our noise analysis, when we
refer to the modulated signal, we mean the
signal as received by the receiver.
 Therefore, the signal power is the power in
the received signal, not the transmitted
power.
 Hence 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃𝑈 .
17
Effect of Noise on a Baseband Systems [1] :

18
Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM Systems [1] :

𝒖 𝒕 + 𝒏𝒘 𝒕 = DSB-SC signal + WHITE Noise

𝒓 𝒕 = 𝒖 𝒕 + 𝒏 𝒕 = DSB-SC signal + FILTERED Noise

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Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM Systems [1] :

20
Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM Systems [1] :

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 0.5 cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 0.5 [ sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) ]
21
Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM Systems [1] :

22
Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM Systems [1] :

cf. Eq. (3.2.4)

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Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM Systems [1] :

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Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM Systems [1] :

Frequency Response of Noise-Limiting BPF

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Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM Systems [1] :

𝐻1 (𝑓)

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Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM Systems [1] :

27
Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM Systems [1] :

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Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM Systems [1] :

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Effect of Noise on SSB AM Systems [1] :

𝒖 𝒕 + 𝒏𝒘 𝒕 = SSB-SC signal + WHITE Noise

𝒓 𝒕 = 𝒖 𝒕 + 𝒏 𝒕 = SSB signal + FILTERED Noise

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Effect of Noise on SSB AM Systems [1] :

31
Effect of Noise on SSB AM Systems [1] :

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 0.5 cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 ;

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 0.5 [ sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) ]

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Effect of Noise on SSB AM Systems [1] :

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Effect of Noise on SSB AM Systems [1] :

𝐻2 (𝑓)

34
Effect of Noise on SSB AM Systems [1] :

35
Effect of Noise on SSB AM Systems [1] :

36
Effect of Noise on Conventional AM Systems [1] :

𝒖 𝒕 + 𝒏𝒘 𝒕 = DSB+C signal + WHITE Noise

𝒓 𝒕 = 𝒖 𝒕 + 𝒏 𝒕 = DSB+C signal + FILTERED Noise

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Effect of Noise on Conventional AM Systems [1] :

38
Effect of Noise on Conventional AM Systems [1] :

39
Effect of Noise on Conventional AM Systems [1] :

40
Effect of Noise on Conventional AM Systems [1] :

41
Effect of Noise on Conventional AM Systems [1] :

42
Effect of Noise on Conventional AM Systems [1] :

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 ENVELOPE DETECTION
INSTEAD OF
SYNCHRONOUS DETECTION

44
Effect of Noise on Conventional AM Systems [1] :

45
Effect of Noise on Conventional AM Systems [1] :

46
Effect of Noise on Conventional AM Systems [1] :
However, if the above assumption is
not true, with synchronous
demodulation we still have additive
signal and noise at the receiver
output, but with envelope
demodulation, the signal and noise
become intermingled (Sine ED is Non-Linear).47
Effect of Noise on Conventional AM Systems [1] :

48
Effect of Noise on Conventional AM Systems [1] :

From Eq. (6.1.34) it is observed that at the demodulator

output, the signal and the noise components are no
longer additive and, in fact, the signal component
is multiplied by noise and is no longer distinguishable.
In this case, no meaningful SNR can be defined. It is said
that this system is operating below the threshold.
The subject of threshold and its effect on the performance of a communication system will be covered in more detail when
we discuss the noise performance in angle modulation.
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Binomial Approximation :
o Binomial approximation states:
(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒏 ≈ 𝟏 + 𝒏𝒙
o It is valid when 𝑥 < 1 and 𝑛𝑥 ≪ 1; where 𝑥 and 𝑛 may be real or complex numbers.
o Binomial approximation is useful for approximately calculating powers of sums of a small
number 𝑥 and 1.

50
Effect of Noise on AM Systems [1] :

51
Effect of Noise on AM Systems [1] :

52
Effect of Noise on AM Systems [1] :

53
Effect of Noise on AM Systems [1] :

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Effect of Noise on AM Systems [1] :

55
Effect of Noise on AM Systems [1] :

56
Effect of Noise on AM Systems [1] :

57
Effect of Noise on AM Systems [1] :

Hence, in order to achieve an output SNR of 50 dBs, the conventional

AM system needs to transmit 909 Watts of power while DSB and SSC
systems can achieve the same output SNR with 200 Watts. 58
PR. NO. 6.3 [1]

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Pr. No. 6.3 [1] :

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Pr. No. 6.3 [1] :

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Pr. No. 6.3 [1] :

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Pr. No. 6.3 [1] :

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Recall – Ex. 5.2.13 [1] :

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Recall – Ex. 5.2.14 [1] :

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Recall – Ex. 5.2.20 [1] :

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PR. NO. 6.5 [1]

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Pr. No. 6.5 [1] :

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Pr. No. 6.5 [1] :

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Pr. No. 6.5 [1] :

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Pr. No. 6.5 [1] :

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Pr. No. 6.5 [1] :

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Pr. No. 6.5 [1] :

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PR. NO. 6.7 [1]

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REFERENCES :
[1] FCS 2nd Ed. [Proakis-2014]

[2] [Hsu-2003] A&D Communications

[3] [Lathi-2009] MDnACS

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