Aqueous Tawa-Tawa 1

Running head: TAWA-TAWA PLANT EXTRACT AS RICE BUGS ERADICATOR

Aqueous Tawa-Tawa Euphorbia hirta Linn. Plant Extract as

Rice Bugs Leptocorisa oratorius Fab. Eradicator

A Research Plan

Presented to

Mr. Miguel Ramon M. Calibjo

Subject Teacher

St. Anthony’s College

San Jose de Buenavista, Antique

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Research/Capstone Project

By

Chevrolet Franzinne M. Cepe, Jose Vermon T. Arandia, Phanuel Edrei Dugang, Lyka O. Goleña,

Frey Ken V. Linaja, Renz Jayrald E. Melayo, Kelly Joe E. Oñana, Melgin F. Viado

STEM 12-St. Agatha of Sicily

March, 2020
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A Research Plan
A. Rationale

Rice Oryza sativa L. is the most economically important food crop in many developing

countries. However, insect pest are the most prevalent biological constraints limiting rice

yield potential (Litsinger, 2009; Baharally & Simon, 2014). It was estimated that between

120 and 200 million tons of grains are lost yearly due to pests in rice fields. Several species

of rice bugs occur but L. oratorius is the most common among grain feeders insect pests.

Furthermore, pesticides are used for effectively eradicating any pest but persistent use of

these has led to a number of problems such as killing of non-target species, user hazards,

toxic residues in food, development of genetic resistance in the treated pest, increased cost of

application and the destruction of the balance of the ecosystem. Moreover, to identify an

effective and eco-friendly alternative method E. hirta was selected to test against Leptocorisa

oratorius. The importance of this study lies on the counteraction of aqueous tawa-tawa plant

extract as rice bugs eradicator. Hence, there is a need to establish the eradication potential of

aqueous tawa-tawa plant extract to rice bugs. More so, to provide scientific basis for its use

on the rice bugs.

B. Goals/Expected Outcome/Hypothesis

1. Goals/Objectives

The present study will aim to determine if aqueous tawa-tawa plant extract could be

used as rice bugs eradicator. Specifically, the study will seek answers to the following

questions:
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1. What are the active compounds present in aqueous tawa-tawa plant extract that

exhibits eradicator activity on rice bugs through phytochemical analysis?

2. What specific effect do each compound in aqueous tawa-tawa plant extract that

exhibits eradicator activity on rice bugs in terms of effectivity time and mortality,

respectively?

3. Is there a significant difference in the eradication activity exhibited of aqueous

tawa-tawa plant extract at varying concentrations and the positive and negative controls on

rice bugs in terms of effectivity time and mortality, respectively?

2. Hypothesis of the Study

The following hypotheses were put forward:

1. There is no active compound present in aqueous tawa-tawa plant extract that

exhibits eradicator activity on rice bugs through phytochemical analysis.

2. Each active compound present in aqueous tawa-tawa plant extract significally

exhibits eradicator activity on rice bugs in terms of effectivity time and mortality,

respectively.

3. There is no significant eradicator activity exhibited between aqueous tawa-tawa

plant extract at varying concentrations and the positive and negative controls on rice bugs

in terms of effectivity time and mortality, respectively.

3. Conceptual Framework

A diagram showing the relationships of the key variables to be investigated on

aqueous tawa-tawa plant extract as rice bugs eradicator is presented in Figure 1.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

1
Treatment A
60 milliliters Tawa-Tawa Plant
Active Compounds
Extract + 0 milliliters Distilled
Water + 30 Rice Bugs

Treatment B
45 milliliters Tawa-tawa plant
extract + 15 milliliters Distilled
Water + 30 Rice Bugs

Tawa-Tawa
Treatment C
Plant Extract 0
30 milliliters Tawa-Tawa Plant
Extract + 30 milliliters
] Distilled Water + 30 Rice Bugs
Effectivity time

Treatment D
15 milliliters Tawa-Tawa Plant
Extract + 45 milliliters
Distilled Water + 30 Rice Bugs

Treatment E
(Positive Control)
60 milliliters Deltamethrin +
30 Rice Bugs

Treatment F
(Negative Control)
60 milliliters Distilled Water + Mortality
30 Rice Bugs

Figure 1. A conceptual framework on aqueous tawa-tawa Euphorbia hirta Linn. plant extract as

rice bugs Leptocorisa oratorius Fab. eradicator.

C. Description in Detailed Methods and Procedure

1. Collection and Preparation of Research Tools, Equipment, and Materials

Two (2) kilograms of tawa-tawa plant will be collected randomly before sunrise from the

source. This will be placed in a basket container and will be brought to the Bureau of Plant

Industry, San Jose de Buenavista, Antique for examination, identification, and verification.

After the authentication, this will be brought to the site of experimentation. One hundred

eighty (180) pieces of rice bugs will be obtained from the source before the conduct of the

study. Rice plants will also be collected from a rice field and will be placed inside the glass

container for the source of food of rice bugs.

Other tools, equipment and materials needed will be beaker, funnel, test tubes, centrifuge,

weighing scale, spatula, scissors, graduated cylinder, glass container, spray bottle, stirring rod,

manual juicer, net, screen wire, gloves, laboratory gown, mask, and muslin cloth will be

prepared before the conduct of the study. A total of ten (10) liters of distilled water will be

purchased from local convenience store. Five hundred (500) milliliters of commercial

insecticide Deltamethrin will also be purchased from nearby agricultural supply store.

2. Experimental Research Design

The study will utilize the experimental method of research to assess the aqueous tawa-

tawa plant extract as rice bugs eradicator. One hundred eighty (180) rice bugs will be

analyzed in the entire study with six (6) treatments and three (3) replicates each with ten (10)

rice bugs in each replicate. Experimental activities will begin in January 13, 2020 and will end

in February 8, 2020.

The six (6) treatments in the study will be as follows:

Treatment A – 60 milliliters tawa-tawa plant extract + 0 milliliters distilled water + 30

rice bugs.

Treatment B - 45 milliliters tawa-tawa plant extract + 15 milliliters distilled water + 30

rice bugs.

Treatment C – 30 milliliters tawa-tawa plant extract + 30 milliliters distilled water + 30

rice bugs.

Treatment D – 15 milliliters tawa-tawa plant extract + 45 milliliters distilled water + 30

rice bugs.

Treatment E – (Positive Control) 60 milliliters commercial insecticide Deltamethrin+ 30

rice bugs

Treatment F – (Negative Control) 60 milliliters distilled water+ 30 rice bugs

3. Experimental Research Procedure

1. Extraction of Aqueous Tawa-tawa Plant

The stem, leaves, and roots of the collected tawa-tawa plant will be washed and

cleaned with well water to remove dirty particles and will be cut into smaller pieces using

a sterilized scissors. After washing, it will be air-dried for twenty-four (24) hours. The

ground tawa-tawa will be macerated for three (3) days with every 500 grams powdered

tawa-tawa will be placed in 1000 milliliters water. After maceration, this will be strained

using the muslin cloth to obtain the crude extract. The crude extract will be subjected to

centrifugation at 120 revolutions per minute (rpm) at 25°C. The resulting aqueous tawa-

tawa plant extract will be divided into two (2) parts. One (1) part of the extract will be

stored in an airtight sterilized jar and will be kept in the refrigerator at 4°C until it will be
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used for experimentation at varying concentrations, and the other part will be placed in an

airtight sterilized jar for phytochemical analysis/investigation.

2. Acquisition of Raw Materials

One hundred eighty (180) rice bugs will be obtained using a sweep net from the

source. Ten (10) rice bugs will be placed in each of the glass container with cloth as cap

for security.

3. Phytochemical Investigation/Screening

Phytochemical components will be assessed using the test tube method. The

compounds that will be tested are anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and

alkaloids, respectively. The phytochemical investigation/screening of the aqueous plant

extract from tawa-tawa will be conducted at the West Visayas State University, Central

Laboratory, La Paz, Iloilo City.

4. Data and Data Gathering Procedure

To determine the effectivity of aqueous tawa-tawa plant extract as rice bugs

eradicator, the solution will be used directly to the rice bugs for physical property test in

terms of time affected to eradicate the rice bugs.

5. Statistical Data Analysis

The obtained data from the study will be subjected to the following descriptive

and inferential statistical treatments. The statistical tools that will be used are: Mean – to

determine the average results of the set-up treatments; Single factor Analysis of Variance
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(ANOVA) – to determine the difference between two (2) or more means set at 0.05 and

0.01 levels of significance; and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) – to test the

significant difference between means at each treatment on the aqueous tawa-tawa plant

extract as rice bug eradicator. To determine the effectivity of tawa-tawa plant extract as

rice bugs eradicator, each treatment will be monitored every three (3) hours interval until

ninety-six (96) hours exposure time. The mortality, percent mortality and effectivity time

will be noted. The formula of Abbott will be needed in the study:

no . of mortality after application

6. Ways of Proper Disposal

After the experimental activities, borrowed materials, equipment and apparatuses

will be washed, cleaned and sterilized and will be kept inside the Science Laboratory

Stockroom for future use. Excess and used materials after the experimentation will be

place inside an organic container and will be buried thirty (30) centimeters below the

ground.

D. Bibliography/References

Cabasan, M.T.N, et al. (2019). Economic and ecological perspective of farmers on the insect pest

management. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management,5(1),

32.

Gupta, K. (2019). Cost benefit ratio for the management of rice gundhi bug, Leptocorisa acuta

(Thonberg) under field condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and

Phytochemistry, 219.
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Kosar, H., & Srivastava, M. (2016). Euphorbiaceae plant extracts as ovipositional deterrent

against Callosobruchus chinensis Linn.(Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of

Biopesticides, 9(1), 80-81.

Srivastava, M. (2014). Pesticides as pollutants of environment and use of botanicals as an

alternate management strategy, 473-478.

Devi, G. D., Murugan, K., & Selvam, C. P. (2014). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using

Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extract against crop pest of cotton

bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of

Biopesticides, 7, 54.

Baharally, V., & Simons, S. (2014). Biological studies on gundhi bug Leptocorisa oratorius Fab.

Under Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India conditions. International Journal of

Agricultural Science and Research, 4(3), 57-58.

Balleras, G.D., & Endonela, L.E. (2014). Aboveground arthropod composition, abundance and

guild structure in upland rice agro-ecosystem at North Cotabato, Philippines.

International Peer Reviewed Journal, 9, 68-69.

Tuan, P.P. (2014). Management of rice bug Leptocorisa oratorius F. using white mustardine

fungus Beauveria bassiana Bals. in upland rice and legume cropping systems.

International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 1(10),

665-666.