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Seismic Behavior of Some Ancient Masonry Structures in Antalya

Article · April 2019

DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.135.575

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Vol. 135 (2019) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A No. 4

Special Issue of the 8th International Advances in Applied Physics and Materials Science Congress (APMAS 2018)

Seismic Behavior of Some Ancient Masonry Structures

in Antalya
P. Usta∗
Suleyman Demirel University, Department of Civil Engineering, Isparta, Turkey
Ancient masonry structures are very important to carry cultural heritage to future generations. Therefore, it
is very important to protect them against disasters like earthquakes. Ancient masonry structures are particularly
vulnerable to dynamic actions, especially seismic actions. Antalya is located in a moderately seismic zone. Many
earthquakes have occurred in this city in the last few decades. In this paper, three ancient historical masonry
structures have been selected, which are located in different districts of Antalya. The selected structures were
constructed of similar geometry. Structures were modeled by using the finite element software, SAP2000. Time
history analyses were carried out using 10 real ground motion data on the models. Displacements and stress values
were interpreted, and the results were displayed graphically and discussed.
DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.135.575
PACS/topics: finite element methods, earthquakes, seismicity, residential and commercial buildings, modeling and
analysis

1. Introduction these structures were built based on traditional knowl-

edge and technology [6]. A finite element analysis is
Earthquakes are very common in different parts of the carried out in order to assess earthquake seismicity of
world. Geographical statics of Turkey shows that almost the ancient masonry structure. A finite element soft-
all part of the land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Due to ware SAP2000 was used for the analysis. It is found
these earthquakes, large destruction is caused to the in- that some parts of the existing forms of the structures
frastructures and the structures. The structures, which are reliable, however some parts are highly vulnerable to
appeared to be strong enough, may crumble like houses the future.
of cards during earthquake and deficiencies may be ex-
posed [1]. The seismic assessment of historical masonry 2. Structural analysis stage:
structures is a complex task because the global behavior ancient masonry structures
of these kind of structures depends on various factors, as
the behavior of the single walls, the connections between This study focuses on three ancient masonry struc-
them, the typology and stiffness of the floor (flexible or tures, which are located in the same area in Antalya.
rigid diaphragms), and the strong nonlinearities of the Those characteristics are quite similar [7]. For this study,
material [2–5]. the thick masonry walls were modeled with an eight-
Different models for the assessment of masonry nodded solid element of SAP2000. The roofs were mod-
structures exist in the literature: they are both eled with shell element. It is not realistic to use de-
one-dimensional (frame or macro-element) and two- tailed models of walls and connections in large scale anal-
dimensional (finite elements) [5]. The paper focused on ysis, because of the geometric and material properties
the three ancient masonry structures, which were con- of the constituents/economy constraints [1]. For most
structed many years ago. Some parts of these struc- large-scale analysis, it is acceptable to model both regu-
tures have partial damages and some parts of them sur- lar masonry and rubble masonry walls assuming a con-
vived without substantial damages. Masonry structures tinuum homogeneous material. The internal composite
are especially vulnerable to seismic risk unless they are walls, the roofs, and other architectural parts associated
constructed with special consideration of seismic design. with the structures were considered in the modeling. The
These structures are extensively being used and occu- foundation of the structure was fully restrained. The
pied by families. Almost all masonry structures were real earthquake record loads associated with these ele-
constructed by using best available material during the ments were included in the analysis. The whole struc-
time of construction with best available technology. Nev- tures were taken for modeling. The 3D homogeneous
ertheless, seismic resistance of them is intrinsically lim- solid element model of the modeled structures are shown
ited. The reasons for this are: there was no available in Fig. 1.
code at that time and no advanced materials such as Figure 1 shows a 3D view of ancient masonry struc-
concrete and steel were available. It is assumed that tures. Table I gives the material properties used in the
dynamic analysis of this paper. These properties are cho-
sen based on a literature review.
∗ corresponding author

(575)
576 P. Usta

Fig. 1. 3D view of ancient masonry structures: (a) Ahmet Sen House, (b) Katri Gonullu House, (c) Rifat Kuleli House.

TABLE I
Material properties used in the modeling.

Modulus
Poisson Density
of elasticity
ratio [kg m− 3]
[N/m2 ]
stone walls 2.333 × 1010 0.2 2500
covered materials 1.300 × 1010 0.16 2243

3. The analysis of results

for ancient masonry houses

The structural analysis of the masonry structures were

conducted according to the linear time history analysis by
using 10 ground motion records. As a result of the anal-
ysis, different parameters studied such as tensile/strain

Fig. 3. Maximum tensile stress of the ancient ma-

sonry structures under earthquake load in the x and
y-direction.
stress, base shear, and displacement values were deter-
mined, and these values were compared. The results of
tensile/strain stress, base shear, and displacement are
shown in Figs. 2–4, respectively, All the solid elements
were assumed to have the same properties to determine
structural behavior of masonry structures.

4. Conclusion

In the present paper, a numerical assessment of the

earthquake hazards for masonry structures in Antalya,
Alanya has been carried out under self-weight and earth-
quake loads. The numerical assessment has been con-
ducted by performing linear static analyses using the
commercial codes, namely SAP2000.
Fig. 2. Maximum base shear of the ancient ma-
The utilization of commercial software, despite the
sonry structures under earthquake load in the x and approximations introduced in the material models
y-direction. adopted for masonry, is necessary to maintain the
 Seismic Behavior of Some Ancient Masonry Structures in Antalya 577

The allowable tensile stresses are exceeded only at the

corners of the openings and at the bottom corners of the
walls in small points. It results in the fact that the walls
are safe and do not require any strengthening or repair
action. The structures are still being used. Therefore,
some small problems can occur in the future, which nat-
urally appears during the service life of every structure.
For the three masonry structures, the highest stresses
elements appear at the door and window spaces and the
bottom walls. Evaluation of historical masonry struc-
tures was important for cultural heritage and transfer-
ring them to the future. It is very important to protect
them by taking measures from the structural aspect. In
order to transfer cultural heritage to the next genera-
tions, we need to know the structural properties of these
structures.

References

[1] P. Kumar, G. Vani, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 6, 255 (2016).

[2] B. Calderoni, A. Ghersi, P. Lenza, in: Proc. 10th Int.
Brick and Block Masonry Conf., Calgary (Canada)
1994, p. 227.
[3] P. Lenza, in: Proc. 11th World Conf. on Earthquake
Engineering, Acapulco 1996.
Fig. 4. Maximum displacements of the ancient ma- [4] T.E. Boothby, H.S. Atamtürktür, E. Erdogmus, Man-
sonry structures under earthquake load in the x and ual for the Assessment of Load-Bearing Unreinforced
y-direction. Masonry Structures, Report for the US Department
of the Interior, 2006.
approach available to the majority of practitioners [5] F. Bucchi, S. Arangio, F. Bontempi, in: Proc. 14th
involved in the standard design. The chosen struc- Int. Conf. on Civil, Structural and Environmen-
tal Engineering Computing, Sardinia (Italy) 2013
tures have a clear structural scheme and they are Vol. 36.
composed of several elements representing varied ma- [6] S.S. Khadka, Kathmandu Univ. J. Sci. Technol. 9,
terials and historical constructive techniques. The 15 (2013).
allowable tensile stresses are exceeded only at the [7] M. Kapancı, M.Sc. Thesis, Selcuk University, Konya
corners of the openings and at the bottom corners of 2008.
the walls in small patches. The time history anal-
ysis results show that stress values are not exceeded
at the load bearing members of three masonry structures.

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