Chapter 7: Modeling Radiation and Natural Convec' This tutorial is divided into the following sectior 7.1.Inttoduction 7.2.Prerequisites 7.3.Problem Description 7.4.Setup and Solution 7.5.Summary 7.6.Further Improvements 7.1. Introduction In this tutorial, combined radiation and natural convection are solved in a three-dimensional square box on a mesh consisting of hexahedral elements. This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following: + Use the surface-to-surface (S25) radiation model in ANSYS Fluent. + Set the boundary conditions for a heat transfer problem involving natural convection and radiation. + Calculate a solution using the pressure-based solver. + Display velocity vectors and contours of wall temperature, surface cluster ID, and radiation heat flux. 7.2. Prerequisites This tutorial is written with the assumption that you have completed one or more of the introductory tutorials found in this manual: + Introduction to Using ANSYS Fluent in ANSYS Workbench: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing El- bow (p.1) + Parametric Analysis in ANSYS Workbench Using ANSYS Fluent (p.73) + Introduction to Using ANSYS Fluent: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p. 121) and that you are familiar with the ANSYS Fluent tree and ribbon structure. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly 7.3. Problem Description ‘The problem to be considered is shown schematically in Figure 7.1: Schematic of the Problem (p. 314). A three-dimensional box (0.25mx0.25m x0.25m ) has a hot wall of aluminum at 473.15 K. All other walls are made of an insulation material and are subject to radiative and convective heat transfer to the surroundings, which are at 293.15 K. Gravity acts downwards. The medium contained in the box is assumed not to emit, absorb, or scatter radiation. All walls are gray. The objective is to compute the ae ENT seve COMTI GOA a COTATI ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates, 33Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection flow and temperature patterns in the box, as well as the wall heat flux, using the surface-to-surface (S25) model available in ANSYS Fluent. The working fluid has a Prandtl number of approximately 0.71, and the Rayleigh number based on L. (0.25) is 110°. This means the flow is most likely laminar. The Planck number k/ (40LT3) is 0.006, and measures the relative importance of conduction to radiation. Figure 7.1: Schematic of the Problem Heated Wall 473.15 K 025m a= 9.81 mi? 7.4. Setup and Solution The following sections describe the setup and solution steps for this tutorial: 7.4.1.Preparation 7.42.Reading and Checking the Mesh 7.43.Solver and Analysis Type 7.44.Models 7.45.Defining the Materials 7.46.Operating Conditions 7.4.7.Boundary Conditions 7.48. Obtaining the Solution 7.49.Postprocessing 7.4.10.Comparing the Contour Plots after Varying Radiating Surfaces 7.4.11.525 Definition, Solution, and Postprocessing with Partial Enclosure 7.4.1. Preparation To prepare for running this tutorial: 1. Set up a working folder on the computer you will be using, ae ENT seve COMTI GOA a COTATI a4 ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates,Setup and Solution 2. Goto the ANSYS Customer Portal, https://support.ansys.com/trait Note If you do not have a login, you can request one by clicking Customer Registration on the log in page. 3. Enter the name of this tutorial into the search bar. 4, Narrow the results by using the filter on the left side of the page. ‘a, Click ANSYS Fluent under Product. b. Click 18.0 under Version. 5. Select this tutorial from the list. 6. Click the radiation_natural_convection_R180.zip link to download the input files. 7. Untip radiation_natural_convect ion_R180.2ip to your working folder. The mesh file rad.msh.gz can be found in the radiation_natural_convection folder created after unzipping the file. 8 Use Fluent Launcher to start the 3D, single precision (disable Double Precision) version of ANSYS Fluent. Fluent Launcher displays your Display Options preferences from the previous session. For more information about Fluent Launcher, see starting ANSYS Fluent using the Fluent Launcher, in the Fluent Getting Started Guide. 9. Ensure that the Display Mesh After Reading and Workbench Color Scheme options are enabled 10. Ensure that Serial is selected under Processing Options. 7.4.2. Reading and Checking the Mesh 1. Read the mesh file rad.mst [2= File — Read — Mesh... As the mesh is read, messages will appear in the console reporting the progress of the reading and the mesh statistics. The mesh size will be reported as 64,000 cells. Once reading is complete, the mesh will be displayed in the graphics window. ae ENT seve COMTI GOA a COTATI ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates, asFigure 7.2: Graphics Display of Mesh ‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection 2. Check the mesh, ANSYS Fluent will perform various checks on the mesh and report the progress in the console, Make sure that the reported minimum volume is a positive number. ‘F& Setting Up Domain + Mesh -* Check 7.4.3. Solver and Analysis Type 1. Confirm the solver settings and enable gravity. FE setup — “>General Ta Popa an COTE TT "incand ts subudanes and of ETE SASTETAC TTSetup and Solution General Mesh Scale. _][__ heck __][Report Quaity] Disoky. Solver Type ‘Velocity Formulation © Pressure-Based «Absolute © Densty-Based Relative Time Steady © Transient @ Gravity Units, Gravtational Acceleration X (my2) 0 ¥ (maa) 981 2 (m/s2) 0 Bee i) a. Retain the default settings of pressure-based steady-state solver in the Solver group box. b. Enable the Gravity option. c. Enter -8.81 m/s’ for ¥ in the Gravitational Acceleration group box. 7.4.4.Models 1. Enable the energy equation. 6 F& Setup ~ Models -- Energy Ys on GABE Models BE Multshase (OF ome Radiat a Hate, 0" ® Seeces| V | Off 2. Set up the Surface to Surface (S25) radiation model. ae ENT seve COMTI GOA a COTATI ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates, 37Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection FE setup - Models -- Radiation © Model — Surface to Surface (525) Radiation Model Nodel Iteration Parameters Off Energy Iterations per Radietion Iteration 10 = pele Maxirurs Number of Radation Iterations 5 = Decrete narcter(GrRh) Residval Convergence Citera 0.003 (© Surfece to Suface (S25) Vow Factors and Custering Discrete Ordinates (DO) Monte Carlo (MC) Compuie/\Wrke/Read... Read Existing Fie. Solar Load Nocel ) OFF Solar Ray Tracing DO irra Solar Celcuator. (cael) (Feb The surface-to-surface (525) radiation model can be used to account for the radiation exchange in an enclosure of gray-diffuse surfaces. The energy exchange between two surfaces depends in part on their size, separation distance, and orientation. These parameters are accounted for by a geometric function called a “view factor? The S25 model assumes that all surfaces are gray and diffuse. Thus according to the gray-body model, if a certain amount of radiation is incident on a surface, then a fraction is reflected, a fraction is absorbed, and a fraction is transmitted. The main assumption of the $25 model is that any absorption, emission, or scattering of radiation by the medium can be ignored. Therefore only “surface-to-surface" radiation is considered for analysis. For most applications the surfaces in question are opaque to thermal radiation (in the infrared spectrum), so the surfaces can be considered opaque. For gray, diffuse, and opaque surfaces it is valid to assume that the emissivity is equal to the absorptivity and that reflectivity is equal to 1 minus the emissivity. When the $25 model is used, you also have the option to define a “partial enclosure’ This option allows ‘you to disable the view factor calculation for walls with negligible emission/absorption or walls that have uniform temperature. The main advantage of this option is to speed up the view factor calculation and the radiosity calculation. a. Click the Settings... button to open the View Factors and Clustering dialog box. You will define the view factor and cluster parameters. ae ENT seve COMTI GOA a COTATI a ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates,Setup and Solution (Ere eercnann ‘Custering ootons ate Manual ‘Automatic Faces per Surface Custer Maximum Fa for Flow Boundary Zones Surface 1 =| (wu Apply to All Walk Compute View Factors Basis Method © Face to Face © Ray Tracing 9 duster to Cluster Hemicube surfaces Parameters Blocking Resolution 19 |= Nonblocking Norra Distan Zones Participating inView Factor Catubtion | Select... | i. Retain the value of 1 for Faces per Surface Cluster for Flow Boundary Zones in the Manual group box. ii, Click Apply to All Walls, The $25 radiation model is computationally very expensive when there are a large number of radiating surfaces. The number of radiating surfaces is reduced by clustering surfaces into surface “clusters! The surface clusters are made by starting from a face and adding its neighbors and their neighbors until a specified number of faces per surface cluster is collected. For a small problem, the default value of 1 for Faces per Surface Cluster for Flow Boundary Zones is acceptable. For a large problem you can increase this number to reduce the memory requirement for the view factor file that is saved in a later step. This may also lead to some reduc- tion in the computational expense. However, this is at the cost of some accuracy. This tutorial it lustrates the influence of clusters. Ensure Ray Tracing is selected from the Method list in the View Factors group box. iv. Click OK to close the w Factors and Clustering dialog box. b. Click the Compute/Write/Read... button in the View Factors and Clustering group box to open the Select File dialog box and to compute the view factors. ae ENT seve COMTI GOA a COTATI ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates, 39‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection The file created in this step will store the cluster and view factor parameters. i. Enter rad_1.828.gz as the file name for $25 File. ii. Click OK in the Select File dialog box. Note The size of the view factor file can be very large if not compressed. It is highly recommended to compress the view factor file by providing .gz or .z extension after the name (that is, rad_1.gz or rad_1.2).For small files, you can provide the .s2s extension after the name, ANSYS Fluent will print an informational message describing the progress of the view factor cal- culation in the console, c. Click OK to close the Radiation Model dialog box. 7.4.5. Defining the Materials 1. Set the properties for air. Edit... ‘i= Setup — Materials -» Fluids — ai ane Cerna by oa 5) 6 are Foe i © mel roms (ee 3 | prope Benety ana) J © (Speer Hest ko onsare Sic) ‘Theoal Conductivey (wm ¥ [conta Ee acosy u/s) eos) 2.485605 ovecuar wean eno [cone = WH (Gila) (ls) [Ge] a. Select ideal-gas from the Density drop-down list. b. Enter 1022 J/kg-K for Cp (Specific Heat). eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT 20 ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte,Setup and Solution ©. Enter 0.0371 W/mK for Thermal Conductivity. d. Enter 2.485e-05 kg/m-s for Viscosity. @. Retain the default value of 28 . 966 kg/kmol for Molecular Weight. f. Click Change/Create and close the Create/Edit Materials dialog box. 2. Define the new material, insulation. T& Setup — Materials — Solid —> aluminum g Edit. tera ye Cedar Mater by (0) © Name _ ent Sold Matera © Chem Fornia 1. (CHenpmiee fore Seo Gai erm Se] co (Specie Hest) ke 4 eonstant | ‘Thenl Gendt (ofr) ees) a. Enter insulation for Name. b. Delete the entry in the Chemical Formula field. c. Enter 50 kg/m’ for Density. d. Enter 800 J/kg-K for Cp (Specific Heat). e, Enter 0.09 W/m-K for Thermal Conductivity. f. Click Change/Create. g. Click No when the Question dialog box appears, asking if you want to overwrite aluminum. The Create/Edit Materials dialog box will be updated to show the new material, insulation, in the Fluent Solid Materials drop-down list. h. Close the Create/Edit Materials dialog box. 7.4.6. Operating Conditions Specify operating density. eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte, 2‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection Setting Up Physics + Solver ~+ Operating Conditions... Pressure Grvty Operating Pressure (nascal) @ Gravity 101325 o Gravitational Acceleration Reference Pressure Location as X(m) 0 5 X (rmvs2) 0 Gan fg r= 8 ete. Zimeay0 & Boussinest Petameters Operating Temperature (k) 288.18 @ \Varible-Densty Parameters Specified Operating Densty Operating Density (ka/m3)__ 0 8 @ ee) 1. In the Operating Conditions dialog box, select the Specified Operating Density check box. 2. Enter 0 for Operating Density and click OK to close the Operating Conditions dialog box. 7.4.7. Boundary Conditions 1. Set the boundary conditions for the front wall (w-high-x). ‘F& Setup -> Boundary Conditions -> w-high-x & edit. Expand All | conapse alt The Wall dialog box opens. eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT 3 ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte,Setup and Solution "zone Name veto tgacent Cal zene ‘ud | Memensun [Tera | tadatin [Siac [SAW [MUO “Terma Cndtone Hea hx Hest Taner Coefesnt (ina) 5 Teroucture ae extemal 078 ae al Emsshty 0. 8 Mced External Radiation Tenperature (k) 293.15, ve Sten ruin Internal Emissity 0.95 Fee Suan Temperature (k) 295.19, Wal Thelness (m) 0.05 Heat Generston Rate (w/m3) 0 [Ei Sbel conduction [i Laver a, Click the Thermal tab and select Mixed from the Thermal Conditions list. b. Select insulation from the Material Name drop-down list. c. Enter 5 W/m?K for Heat Transfer Coefficient. d. Enter 293.15 K for Free Stream Temperature. e. Enter 0.75 for External Emissivity. {. Enter 293.15 K for External Radiation Temperature. 9. Enter 0. 95 for Internal Emi h. Enter 0. 05 m for Wall Thickness. Click OK to close the Walll dialog box. .. Copy boundary conditions to define the side walls w-high-z and w-low-z. F& Setup — Boundary Conditions ~ w-high-x g Copy... eae FIRS seve “CORT OPT aT TOTO SHAN nc ands an rond ate, 323‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection fom Dun one Fear Tat Fg] (toot zoe er Tot wskigh-y wehigh-= welowse welowy welowz Ensure w-high-x is selected in the From Boundary Zone selection list. a Select w-high-z and w-low-z from the To Boundary Zones selection list. Click Copy. Click OK when the Question dialog box opens asking whether you want to copy the boundary conditions of w-high-x to all the selected zones. @. Close the Copy Conditions dialog box. Set the boundary conditions for the heated wall (w-low-x).. TE Setup ~ Boundary Conditions —- w-low-x & edit. “Zone Name wlowx ‘Adjacent Cel Zone fd (Mamestam| Thema! [Radaton_ [SSS [LD swat [Sota Ter Contre Heat Fix Terperste (73355 oe Internal Emssvity 0.95. Convection i al Thicke (mn) 0 Hee eat Geert ote win) 6 (nse) va Sete Cong 5 she conden [Fay Mapped eace acral nue (aie ER] (cK) (coca) (he) eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte,Setup and Solution a. Click the Thermal tab and select Temperature from the Thermal Conditions list. b. Retain the default selection of aluminum from the Material Name drop-down list. © Enter 473.15 K for Temperature. d. Enter 0.95 for Internal Emissivity. @. Click OK to close the Walll dialog box. |. Set the boundary conditions for the top wall (w-high-y). f= Setup — Boundary Conditions — w-high-y & edit... whiha ‘Adjacent Cel Zone oat ronsferCoefcent (103 Teroecture cenvection : hin xtemal Eman 0.75 Free Steam Temperature (k) 295.15, @ med tera Racoon Temperature (k) 295.15 (cnsant_— va Sytem Causing Inter Ess 0.95 aaa ai Vol Theines (0.05 Heat Generation Rate (wind) 9 LB sted conduction [1 Lae tert ame (rsacon =) [Ete] Click the Thermal tab and select Mixed from the Thermal Conditions list. b. Select insulation from the Mate Name drop-down list. Enter 3 W/m?-K for Heat Transfer Coefficient. Enter 293 .15 K for Free Stream Temperature. Enter 0.75 for External Emissivity. f. Enter 293.15 K for External Radiation Temperature. Enter 0. 95 for Internal Emissivity. Enter 0. 05 m for Wall Thickness. i. Click OK to close the Wall dialog box. eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte, 325Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection 5. Copy boundary conditions to define the bottom wall (w-low-y) as previously done in this tutorial ‘Copy Conditions From Boundary Zone Far Toxt w-high welowse welowy welowz (Cam) (a) (i) a. Ensure w-high-y is selected in the From Boundary Zone selection list. b. Select w-low-y from the To Boundary Zones selection list. Click Copy. d. Click OK when the Question dialog box opens asking whether you want to copy the boundary conditions of w-high-y to all the selected zones. €. Close the Copy Conditions dialog box. 7.4.8. Obtaining the Solution 1, Set the solution parameters. [== solving -» Solution ~ Methods... ae ENT seve COMTI GOA a COTATI 26 ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates,Solution Methods Prassure-Velocity Coupling Scheme Pressure Body Force Weghted a Density Momentum Second Order Upwind " Energy Second Order Unwind x “Transient Formulation Nort Time Advancer en Flux Forrrult n 1 Pseudo Transient © Warped-Face Gradient Correction (F Hgh Order Term Relaxation [Option Setup and Solution a, Select Coupled from the Scheme drop-down list in the Pressure-Velocity Coupling group box. b. Select Body Force Weighted from the Pressure drop-down list in the Spatial Discretization group box. Retain the default selection of Second Order Upwind from the Momentum and Energy drop-down lists. d._ Enable the Pseudo Transient option. 2. Set the convergence criteria for you simulation. [= solving — Reports — Residual: ae FICS ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates,‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection TZ) Print to Console Montor Check Convergence Absolute Crteria pee a 0.0001 Window xveboty a 0.0001 5 @ 0.0001 Rerations to Plot a 9.0001 4.000 el rea eretions to Store Convergence criterion 000 a ttertions | (absolute . Convergence Conditions.. Ei compute Local Scale a. Ensure that Plot is enabled in the Options group box. b. Enter 0.0001 for the Absolute Criteria of continuity, x. y-,and z-velocity. c. Enter 1e-7 for the Absolute Criteria of energy. Decreasing the criteria for these residuals will improve the accuracy of the solution. d. Click OK 3. Initialize the solution. P= solving — Initialization Initialization Wethed @ thted He setngs. @ Standard 5 t=0 Sec DPM Initetze a. Retain the default selection of Hybrid Initialization from the Initialization Methods list. b. Click Initialize. 4, Create a surface report definition to aid in judging convergence. It is good practice to use reports of physical solution quantities together with residual monitors when determining whether a solution is converged. In this step you will create a surface report definition for the average temperature on the 2=0 plane. a. Create the new surface, zz_center_z. eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT 28 ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte,Setup and Solution [= setting Up Domain ~» Surface -> Create ~+ Iso-Surface... Surface of Consrant Mes ‘Coordinate = in (n) ox (9) 0.25 0425 et () Definitions -* New -» Surface Report > Area-Weighted Average... eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte, 39‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection [PEimcerpecoanien=tti“‘S*S*”S”:C Name Report Type surmancd Area Weighted Average sj Options Custom Vectors (El Per Surface Average Over [custom Vecto 1 el Field Varable Report Fies [0/0] & cucsiat = State Temperature zl Surfaces Fiver Text defaultinterior wehigh-x Report Plots [0/0] wshighsy wehigh-2 welows welomy welow-2 [i Create GiRenart Fle HZ) Report Pot Frequency 1 |] Print to Console WD dighiight Surfaces femeineas] 1 Create Output Parameter New Surface ¥ (ed i. Enter sur f-mon-1 for the Name of the surface report definition. ii. In the Create group box, enable Report Plot and Print to Console. Note Unlike residual values, data from other reports is not saved as part of the solution set when the ANSYS Fluent data file is saved. If you want to access the surface report data in future ANSYS Fluent sessions, you can enable the Report File option. The report file will be saved in your working directory. |. Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Field Variable drop-down lists. iv, Select z2_center_z from the Surfaces selection list. v. Click OK to save the surface report defini dialog box. n settings and close the Surface Report Definition eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT 30 nc ands subsistsSetup and Solution 5. Save the case file (rad_a_1.cas.g2). [>= File — write + case... 6. Start the calculation by requesting 400 iterations. [== solving Run Calculation--Advanced... Run Calculation Pseudo Transient Options Time Stop Method Psoudo Time Stap (<) Number of Iterations Reporting Interval 400 aie Profile Update Interval (i) a. Select User Spe ied from the Time Step Method list. b. Retain the default value of 1 for Pseudo Time Step. Enter 400 for Number of Iterations. d. Click Calculate. ae ENT seve COMTI GOA a COTATI ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates, 231‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection Figure 7.3: Temperature Surface Report 108 ¥ eration, The surface report history shows that the average temperature on zz_center_z has stabilized, thus con- firming that the solution has indeed reached convergence. You can view the behavior of the residuals (Figure 7.4: Scaled Residuals (p. 333)) in the Scaled Residuals graphics window tab. ETE SASTETRC RT Tas poprcan a Cae aT TTT saz SHAN nc ands an rond ate,Setup and Solution Figure 7.4: Scaled Residuals 10 Iterations: 7. Save the case and data files (rad_a_1.cas.gz,rad_a_1.dat.gz). [[= File — Write - Case & Data... 7.4.9. Postprocessing 1. Enable the postprocessing view by clicking #8 ~ in the objects toolbar and selecting Post Processing. 2. Disable lighting. FE Results -+ Graphics & tights. a. Disable Light On and click Apply. b. Close the Lights dialog box. 3. Create anew surface, zz_x_side, which will be used later to plot wall temperature. [= Postprocessing ~ Surface > Create — Line/Rake... ETE SASTETRC RT Tas poprcan a Cae aT TTT SHAN nc ands an rond ate, 333‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection optone Type ‘waar of oe a Cee) Ca End Points 10) [ans x41) fons 1 yO 6m) To 1G) [9 | 200) fooias 10) [ois 1 73 (CGeeate.) (Manage...) (Close) (“Feo ) a. Enter (-0.125, 0, 0.125) for (x0, y0, 20), respectively. b. Enter (0.125, 0, 0.2125) for (x1,y1,21), respectively. © Enter z2_x_side for New Surface Name. Note If you want to delete or otherwise manipulate any surfaces, click Manage... to open the Surfaces dialog box. d. Click Create and close the Line/Rake Surface dialog box. 4. Display contours of static temperature. [= postprocessing — Graphics -* Contours ~* Edit... eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT a ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte,Setup and Solution [Ba contous = Options Contours of IW Filed WZ Node Values Chiatnonge im ‘Auto Range = Clip to Range 421 473.5 conve Surfaces Filter Text Fennel BRR) or] bees i @emma | Co © Smooth wows : Levels Setup 20 1 Es Compute) (Cse) (Heb a. Enable the Filled option in the Options group box. b. Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Contours of drop-down lists. ©. Select 2z_center_z from the Surfaces selection lis. d. Enable the Draw Mesh option in the Options group box to open the Mesh Display dialog box. i. Ensure Outline is selected in the Edge Type group box. ii, Close the Mesh Display dialog box. @. Disable the Auto Range option. {Enter 421 K for Min and 473 .15 K for Max. 9. Click Display, rotate the view as shown in Figure 7.5: Contours of Static Temperature (p.336), and close the Contours dialog box. ae ENT seve COMTI GOA a COTATI ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates, 335‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection Figure 7.5: Contours of Static Temperature aaseton aazeto2 asaena2 arene agaeta2 ag2et2 aznen2 azaen2 azaeta2 azine Z A regular check for most buoyant cases is to look for evidence of stratification in the temperature field. This is observed as nearly horizontal bands of similar temperature. These may be broken or disturbed by buoyant plumes. For this case you can expect reasonable stratification with some disturbance at the vertical walls where the air is driven around. Inspection of the temperature contours in Figure 7.5: Contours of Static Temperature (p. 336) reveals that the solution appears as expected. Create and display a contour definition for wall temperature (surfaces in contact with the fluid). [== postprocessing -> Graphics -» Contours -> New... eae FIRS seve “CORT OPT aT TOTO SHAN nc ands an rond ate,Setup and Solution e f 9. Dip to Range (orew Prones a Coane ried 1. Enter wal1-temperature for Contour Name. Ensure that the Filled option is enabled in the Options group box. Disable the Node Values option. 1. Select Temperature... and Wall Temperature from the Contours of drop-down lists. Select all surfaces except default-interior and zz_x_side in the Surfaces selection I Enter 413 K for Min and 473.15 K for Max. Click Save/Display, and rotate the view as shown in Figure 7.6: Contours of Wall Temperature (p. 338). ETE SASTETRC RT Tas poprcan a Cae aT TTT SHAN nc ands an rond ate, 37‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection Figure 7.6: Contours of Wall Temperature 6. Display contours of radiation heat flux. [= postprocessing — Graphics — Contours -» Edit. eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT 28 ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte,Setup and Solution Filed oe Niet Radon Heat Flux 7 ge Auto Range ‘Min (w/m2) Max (wo/m2) Dice to range [265.2101 89.5444 Edraw profes surfaces Fiter Text @ praw mesh defaul-intenor rs Perey pened Coloring @ Banded ©) Smooth Levels Setup Bi ‘a. Ensure that the Filled option is enabled in the Options group box. b. Enable Auto Range. c Select Wall Fluxes... and Radiation Heat Flux from the Contours of drop-down list. d. Make sure that all surfaces except default-interior and zz_x_side are selected in the Surfaces selection t. fe, Click Display. {Close the Contours dialog box. Figure 7.7: Contours of Radiation Heat Flux (p. 340) shows the radiating wall (w-low-x) with positive heat flux and all other walls with negative heat flux. ETE SASTETRC RT Tas poprcan a Cae aT TTT ‘TANTS, nc ands subsdarles and oat, 339‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection Figure 7.7: Contours of Radiation Heat Flux ae 254002 jaren2 sanen2 arent 2asetor ae gz0e01 4.e0e102 2aren2 2esetu2 7. Display vectors of velocity magnitude. [= postprocessing — Graphics — Vectors — Edit... eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT 340 ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte,Setup and Solution [veaor ==) Ostions (Ls Wobberange [Vebcty © auto Range Color by ip to Range (Yolo |W Auto Salle 7 Tonal © Draw Mesh eocty Nagrtude iy Max stye iF a farow¥) scale stn v o =! | defaul-interior Vector Gptonse] | »-highsx whigh-y Custom vecton..] | none selva welovey ee es sila (Wew surface =) (Gorwute] a. Retain the default selection of Velocity from the Vectors of drop-down list. b. Retain the default selection of Velocity... and Velocity Magnitude from the Color by drop-down lists. ©. Select 22,_center_z from the Surfaces selection list. d. Enable the Draw Mesh option in the Options group box to open the Mesh Display dialog box. i. Ensure that Outline is selected from the Edge Type list. ii. Click Display and close the Mesh Display dialog box. e. Enter 7 for Seale. £. Click Display and rotate the view as shown in Figure 7.8:Vectors of Velocity Magnitude (p.342). 4g. Close the Vectors dialog box. ae ENT seve COMTI GOA a COTATI ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates, 38‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection Figure 7.8: Vectors of Velocity Magnitude sane02 4apec2 3.36602 2: 225002 ee ; 8 Compute view factors and radiation emitted from the front wall (w-high-x) to all other walls. In the Postprocessing tab, click $25 Information. (Model Specific group box). Postprocessing -* Model Specific > $2 Information... ede Woes 2] ehawttan — ‘alecine on (cern [ws (Gs (Ht) ‘a, Ensure that the View Factors option is enabled in the Report Options group box. b. Enable the Incident Radiation option. ETE SASTETRC RT Tas poprcan a Cae aT TTT saz SHAN nc ands an rond ate,Setup and Solution Select w-high- from the From selection list. d. Select all zones except w-high-x from the To selection list. e. Click Compute and close the $2S Information dialog box. The computed values of the view factors and incident radiation are displayed in the console. A view factor of approximately 0.2 for each wall is a good value for the square box. 9. Compute the total heat transfer rate. [= postprocessing -> Reports -+ Fluxes... Optins Ee ae Boundaries Fiter Tet resales Total Heat Transfer Rate ddefault-interior / | azensssis0nis345 -1261944048777246 1304612051292592 | szesir7asrmams, | -1233223957003079 -1304967611232134 neta) a. Select Total Heat Transfer Rate from the Options list. b. Select all boundary zones except default- terior from the Boundaries selection list. © Click Compute. Note The energy imbalance is approximately 0.004%. 10. Compute the total heat transfer rate for w-low-x, [= postprocessing -> Reports + Fluxe: eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT nc ands subsists 38‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection Boundaries. Fitar Ts (© TotalHest Transfer Rate | defaultinterior © Radiation Heat Transfer Rate | wehighsc wehighsy 63.6511 7A52R9ANRS et Results (w) 63.6518, a. Retain the selection of Total Heat Transfer Rate from the Options list. b. Deselect all boundary zones and select w-low-x from the Boundaries selection list. Click Compute. Note The net heat load is approximately 63 W. 11. Compute the radiation heat transfer rate. [= Postprocessing -+ Reports -» Fluxes... eae FIRS seve “CORT OPT aT TOTO ae SHAN nc ands an rond ate,Setup and Solution Reports = ‘optens ‘ oundaias Far Te © Mass How Fate ies Results © TetalHeat Transfer ate [deauttinterior (© Radiation Heat Transfer ate SEE 109a288437180712 s.9ue7n0u713171 1070552600215107 Si s6rioini1s3735 -1253651540061715 1070233174216133 a lle » Fete (ae -0,006244407 Gorpute} [Wrte...) [Close] [Hep a. Select Radi ion Heat Transfer Rate from the Options list. b. Select all boundary zones except default: terior from the Boundaries selection list. Click Compute. Note ‘The heat imbalance is approximately -0.007 W. 12. Compute the radiation heat transfer rate for w-low-x. [= Postprocessing -+ Reports -» Fluxes... eae FIRS seve “CORT OPT aT TOTO SHAN nc ands an rond ate, 35‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection Boundaries Fiter Tee © Mass Flow Rate ioe © TotalHeat Transfer Rate [defaultinteror (© Radiation Heat Transfer Rate | whighsc vwehighey Sis67ion01153735 4 51.8671 (cise) (He) a. Retain the selection of Radi jon Heat Transfer Rate from the Options list. b. Deselect all boundary zones and select w-low-x from the Boundaries selection list. ©. Click Compute and close the Flux Reports dialog box. The net heat load is approximately 51 W. After comparing the total heat transfer rate and radiation heat transfer rate, it can be concluded that radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer. 13. Display the temperature profile for the side wall [= postprocessing — Plots -» XY Plot — Edit... eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT 346 ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte,Setup and Solution inode valies |) Postion on x Axs Postion on ¥ Axis Fl Wie to File Order Ponts Fle Data Plot Direction ¥ Axis Function Xi yo z0 Temperature... : Wal Terpertue 2 ‘x Axis Function irecton vector 3 Surfaces Ts daub interior w-high-x wehighey high wslovex wlowy welowee zz center New Surface + a, Select Temperature... and Wall Temperature from the Y Axis Function drop-down lists. b. Retain the default selection of Direction Vector from the X Axis Function drop-down list. c. Select 2_x_side from the Surfaces selection list. iL Enter tp_1 xy for XY File. ii. Click OK in the Select File dialog box. Disable the Write to File option. Close the Solution XY Plot dialog box. Click Plot (Figure 7.9: Temperature Profile Along the Outer Surface of the Box (p.348)). Enable the Write to File option and click the Write... button to open the Select File dialog box. FICS ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates,‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection Figure 7.9: Temperature Profile Along the Outer Surface of the Box “01% 01 00-005 0028 000% 05 0a7e 0 Position (m) 14, Save the case and data files (rad_b_1.cas.gz and rad_b_1.dat.g2) [= File + Write — Case & Data... 7.4.10. Comparing the Contour Plots after Varying Radiating Surfaces 1. Increase the number of faces per cluster to 10. F& Setup -> Models -> Radiation S ea a. Click the Settings... button to open the View Factors and Clustering dialog box. i. Enter 10 for Faces per Surface Cluster for Flow Boundary Zones in the Manual group box. Apply to All Walls. i. Click OK to close the View Factors and Clustering dialog box. b. Click the Compute/Write/Read... button to open the Select File dialog box and to compute the view factors. Specify a name for the S25 file that will store the cluster and view factor parameters. i, Enter rad_10.828.gz for S2S File. ii, Click OK in the Select File dialog box. ETE SASTETRC RT Tas poprcan a Cae aT TTT 306 SHAN nc ands an rond ate,1. Right-click Solution Initialization and select I Setup and Solution . Click OK to close the Radiation Model dialog box. TE solution -» Solution Initialization & tnt . Start the calculation by requesting 400 iterations. g F& Solution —- Run Calculation Ys Calculate The solution will converge in approximately 309 iterations. |. Save the case and data files (rad_10.cas.gz and rad_; P= File -+ wr Ina similar manner described in the steps 13.a - 13.g of Postprocessing (p.333), display the temperature profile for the side wall and write it to a file named tp_10.xy. 0.dat.gz). + Case & Data... . Repeat the procedure, outlined in steps 1 — 5 of this section, for 100, 400, 800, and 1600 faces per surface cluster and save the respective 525 files (for example, rad_100. 82s. g2),case and data files (for example, rad_100.cas.gz),and temperature profile files (for example, tp_100 . xy). ’. Display contours of wall temperature for all six cases using the wall-temperature definition you created earlier. g ‘F& Results —- Graphics - Contours > wall-temperature 4 Display ae ENT seve COMTI GOA a COTATI ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates, 309‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection Figure 7.10: Contours of Wall Temperature: 1 Face per Surface Cluster snev02 sasez sanewz 4250002 eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT 350 ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte,Setup and Solution Figure 7.12: Contours of Wall Temperature: 100 Faces per Surface Cluster Pe = a7oet02 = apres ~~ tera agtere agsers2 eset02 aenero2 averse aaeero2 aasero2 savero2 agrew2 aateno2 aatew2 az8er02 azser02 i tvesa2 ‘ — Figure 7.13: Contours of Wall Temperature: 400 Faces per Surface Cluster a7oe02 S soderoz, a2ber02 } azzevuz ak tgeroz e . TO OFANSYS, ne adits subsilanls and fates, “om 351Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection Figure 7.14: Contours of Wall Temperature: 800 Faces per Surface Cluster sree | fee Figure 7.15: Contours of Wall Temperature: 1600 Faces per Surface Cluster a7ae02 7 aroesaz aorera aoaetz 425002 352 TaN nc and ts saber and ates, memesSetup and Solution 8. Display contours of surface cluster ID for 1600 faces per surface cluster (Figure 7.16: Contours of Surface Cluster ID—1600 Faces per Surface Cluster (FPSC) (p.354)).. [== postprocessing -+ Graphics ~+ Contours - Edit. [ contours Options Contours of (Wied (Radia [Node Vales suiface Guster ID : Gobel Range as W)AutoRange MO Dot range @ is Ei Draw Profiles suraces Fiter Text (W Draw Mesh defaubinteror ! re Coloring w-high-y @ Banded Panty © smooth Levels Setup zo aa a. Ensure that the Filled option is enabled in the Options group box. b. Ensure that the Node Values opti isabled. Enable the Auto Range option. d. Select Radiation... and Surface Cluster ID from the Contours of drop-down lists. e. Ensure that all surfaces except default-interior and zz_x_side are selected in the Surfaces selection list. £. Click Display and rotate the view as shown in Figure 7.16: Contours of Surface Cluster ID—1600 Faces per Surface Cluster (FPSC) (p. 354). g. Close the Contours dialog box. ETE SASTETRC RT Tas poprcan a Cae aT TTT SHAN nc ands an rond ate, 353Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection Figure 7.16: Contours ofSurface Cluster ID—1600 Faces per Surface Cluster (FPSC) 9.008100 araer00 9, Read rad_400.cas.gz and rad_400.dat .gz and,ina similar manner to the previous step, display contours of surface cluster ID (Figure 7.17: Contours of Surface Cluster ID—400 FPSC (p. 355)) TO OFANSYS, ne adits subsilanls and fates, omSetup and Solution Figure 7.17: Contours ofSurface Cluster ID—400 FPSC jase wre a aeto a.2ver00 eset saver 5.760400 4p0e00 spe Figure 7.17: Contours of Surface Cluster ID—400 FPSC (p. 355) shows contours of Surface Cluster ID for 400 FPSC. This case shows better clustering compared to all of the other cases. 10. Create a plot that compares the temperature profile plots for 1, 10, 100, 400, 800, and 1600 FPSC. [= postprocessing — Plots — Fil a. Click the Add... button to open the Select File dialog box. i. Select the file tp_1 xy that you created in step 11 of Postprocessing (p. 333). ii. Click OK to close the Select File dialog box. b. Change the legend entry for the data series. ae ENT seve COMTI GOA a COTATI ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates,‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection | Poe Tide peers Wal Temperature Boss utes Lecené Entries 7 ny] tors 180/Tut7/redetion_neturaLconvection/tp_t-xy, 1 Bot) (Axes...) (Curves... (Cose] (Heb Enter Faces /Cluster in the Legend Title text box. |. Enter 1 in the text box to the left of the Change Legend Entry button. i. Click Change Legend Entry. ANSYS Fluent will update the Legend Entry text for the file tp_1.xy. © Load the files tp_10.xy, tp_100. xy, tp_400.xy,tp_800.xy,and tp_1600.xy and change their legend entries accordingly, in a manner similar to the previous two steps (a and b).. d. Click the Axes... button to open the Axes dialog box. i. Ensure X is selected from the Axis list. Enter 3 for Precision in the Number Format group box and click Apply. i. Select ¥ from the Axis list. eae FIRS seve “CORT OPT aT TOTO 356 SHAN nc ands an rond ate,Setup and Solution v. Close the Axes dialog box. @. Click Plot (Figure 7.18: A Comparison of Temperature Profiles along the Outer Surface of the Box (p. 357)) and close the File XY Plot dialog box. Figure 7.18: A Comparison of Temperature Profiles along the Outer Surface of the Box 1 0075 005 0026 095 o4 Position 7.4.11.52S Definition, Solut 1 Enclosure in, and Postprocessing with Part ‘As mentioned previously, when the S25 model is used, you also have the option to define a “partial enclosure; that is, you can disable the view factor calculation for walls with negligible emission/absorption, or walls that have uniform temperature. Even though the view factor will not be computed for these walls, they will still emit radiation at a fixed temperature called the “partial enclosure temperature’ The main advantage of this is to speed up the view factor and the radiosity calculation. In the steps that follow, you will specify the radiating wall (w-low-x) as a boundary zone that is not particip- ating in the S25 radiation model. Consequently, you will specify the partial enclosure temperature for the wall. Note that the partial enclosure option may not yield accurate results in cases that have multiple wall boundaries that are not participating in S25 radiation and that each have different temperatures. This is because a single partial enclosure temperature is applied to all of the non-participating walls. 1. Read the case file saved previously for the $25 model (rad_b_1.cas.gz). [= File + Read — Case. 2. Set the partial enclosure parameters for the $25 model. Fe setup ~ Boundary Conditions ~ wow & edita. eae FIRS seve “CORT OPT aT TOTO SHAN nc ands an rond ate, 357‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection weowx Adjacent CollZone fuid Momentum | Theimal | Radation ‘DPM | wultiphase 2s Parameters Faces Per Surface Chster 1 [Er Participates in View Factor Calculation a. Click the Rae ion tab. b. Disable the Participates in View Factor Calculation option in the $25 Parameters group box. ©. Click OK to close the Wall dialog box. Click OK to close the dialog box informing you that you must recompute viewfactors. 3. Compute the view factors for the $25 model. FE setup ~ Models ~ Radiation & eaie.. a. Click the Settings... button to open the View Factors and Clustering dialog box. b. Click the Select... button to open the Participating Boundary Zones dialog box. eae FIRS seve “CORT OPT aT TOTO 338 SHAN nc ands an rond ate,Setup and Solution Brroncpsta Suna ner ase tevce (en Cal2ene (bis zine in tatonig tary Zone Trpentre(e) O35 (& el i) i. Enter 473.15 K for Non-Participating Boundary Zones Temperature. ii. Click OK to close the Participating Boundary Zones dialog box. Click OK to close the dialog box informing you that you must recompute viewfactors. © Click OK to close the View Factors and Clustering dialog box. d. Click the Compute/Write/Read... button to open the Select File dialog box and to compute the view factors The view factor file will store the view factors for the radiating surfaces only. This may help you control the size of the view factor file as well as the memory required to store view factors in ANSYS Fluent. Furthermore, the time required to compute the view factors will be reduced, as only the view factors for radiating surfaces will be calculated. i. Enter rad_partial.s2s.gz for $25 File. ii. Click OK in the Select File dialog box. @. Click OK to close the Radiation Model dialog box. Right-click Solution Initialization and select Initialize. FE Solution ~ Solution initialization © initialize . Start the calculation by requesting 400 iterations. FE solution ~ Run Calculation © calculate The solution will converge in approximately 300 iterations. Save the case and data files (rad_partial.cas.gz and rad_partial dat .g2). [7= File + write — Case & Data... wae FIR I TCA POT aOR TOTTI ‘TANS cand ts sabscaresond ates, 359‘Modeling Radiation and Natural Convection 7. Compute the radiation heat transfer rate. [= postprocessing —» Reports —* Fluxes... BirtxRenons ‘options Mass Flow Rate X) Results © Total Heat Transfer Rate |-ansesrneoice 7 aSoESOSUAD “osssesss1 a |sressosostsera “Togmoesraioe ‘Save Out Daramet 3.01381 Gorovie| [Wire] (Cese] [Hed] a. Ensure that Radiation Heat Transfer Rate is selected from the Options list. b. Select all boundary zones except default-interior from the Boundaries selection ist. ©. Click Compute and close the Flux Reports dialog box. The Flux Reports dialog box does not report any heat transfer rate for the radiating wall (w-low-x), because you specified that it not participate in the view factor calculation. The remaining walls report similar rates to those obtained in step 9 of Postprocessing (p. 333), indicating that in this case the use of @ partial enclosure saved computation time without significantly affecting the results. 8 Compare the temperature profile for the side wall to the profile saved in tp_1 xy. [= postprocessing — Plots -> XY Plot ~ Edit... a. Display the temperature profile for the side wall, zz_x_side, and write it to a file named tp_par- tial. xy, in a manner similar to the instructions shown in step 13 of Postprocessing (p.333). b. Click Load Fi . to open the Select File dialog box. i. Select tp_t.xy. ii, Click OK to close the Select File dialog box. © Click Plot. d. Close the Solution XY Plot dialog box. eae ER TG eR CO OT OPI OMTICNTTOTTOTOT 360 ‘ANS, cand ts sabres ond atte,Further Improvements Figure 7.19: Wall Temperature Profile Comparison Ea ae os 0m 0 00% ON OT ON Os Positian (m) Figure 7.19: Wall Temperature Profile Comparison (p. 361) further confirms that the use of a partial enclosure did not significantly affect the results. 7.5.Summary In this tutorial you studied combined natural convection and radiation in a three-dimensional square box and compared how varying the settings of the surface-to-surface (S25) radiation model affected the results. The S25 radiation model is appropriate for modeling the enclosure radiative transfer without participating media, whereas the methods for participating radiation may not always be efficient. For more information about the surface-to-surface (S2S) radiation model, see the Fluent User's Guide. 7.6. Further Improvements This tutorial guides you through the steps to reach an initial solution. You may be able to obtain a more accurate solution by using an appropriate higher-order discretization scheme and by adapting the mesh. Mesh adaption can also ensure that the solution is independent of the mesh. These steps are demon- strated in Introduction to Using ANSYS Fluent: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p. 121). ETE SASTETRC RT Tas poprcan a Cae aT TTT ‘TANTS, nc ands subsdarles and oat, 361