GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU

STANDARD FIVE
Term - I
Volume-2

MATHEMATICS
SCIENCE
SOCIAL SCIENCE

A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu

Department of School Education

Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime

Introduction Pages.indd 1 5/7/2019 6:54:24 PM

 Government of Tamil Nadu

First Edition - 2019

(Published under New syllabus in
Trimester Pattern)

NOT FOR SALE

Content Creation

The wise
possess all

State Council of Educational Research

and Training
© SCERT 2019

Printing & Publishing

Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational

Services Corporation
www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in

ii

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 Term - I

MATHEMATICS

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 CONTENTS

MATHEMATICS
Page
Chapter Title
Number

1 GEOMETRY 1

2 NUMBERS 24

3 PATTERNS 51

4 MEASUREMENTS 61

5 TIME 73

6 INFORMATION PROCESSING 81

ANSWERS 97

E-book Assessment DIGI Links

Let’s use the QR code in the text books!

Download DIKSHA app from the Google Play Store.
Tap the QR code icon to scan QR codes in the textbook.
Point the device and focus on the QR code.
On successful scan, content linked to the QR code gets listed.
Note: For ICT corner, Digi Links QR codes use any other QR scanner.

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 UNIT-1

G EOM ET R Y

1.1 Able to get the feel of 2-Dimensional

perspective while observing drawings of
3-Dimensional objects.

We can identify 2-D and 3-D objects in our day-to-day life.

Recall: 2-D shapes

Any shape that can be laid on a flat surface is a 2D-shape.

Examples of 2-D shapes

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 3-D Shapes
3-D Shapes are solid objects that have three dimensions. These
dimensions are length, width and height.

Examples of 3-D shapes

1.1a Draw 3-D shapes from 2-D Shapes

Cube
Properties/characteristics: Examples:
X It is a 3-D shape
X It has six faces
X All sides are equal.
X It has 8 vertices and 12
edges.

Examples: Cuboid
Properties/Characteristics

X It is a 3-D shape
X It has six faces
X It‛s opposite sides are equal
X It has 8 vertices and 12 edges.

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 Cylinder
Properties/Characteristics Examples:

X It is a 3-D shape
X Two bases lie in upper and
lower surfaces in a cylinder. O
Plane surface
A B

X Height is the distance

between the two bases. Height

C D

OA = OB = OC = OD Radius
AC = BD = height

Sphere
Examples:
Properties/Characteristics
X It is a 3-D shape
X It has one surface
X All points on the surface are
o A
OA-radius at the same distance from
O-Center point the center
X It has no vertices and edges

Cone Examples:
Properties/Characteristics

X It is a 3-D Shape.
X Base of a cone is circular.
X The distance from the top
of the cone to the center of
the base is called as height.
X The distance from the apex
to any point lying on the
h
l l-slant height
circumference of base is
h-height
called as slant height.
r r-radius
X The height and slant height
are not equal.

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 Activity
Write the 3-D shapes lying around us

S. No Objects shapes Sides Corners

1 Dice Cube 6 8
2
3
4
5

What will you observe, if you look What will you observe, if you look
at this object from the front? at this object from the sideways?

Answer Answer

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 Exercise 1.1a

1. Match the following

1 Cuboid

2 Sphere

3 Cone

4 Cylinder

5 Cube

2. Write/Find True or False

1 Cube is covered by 6 squares. _____________
2 The height and slant height of the cone are equal.
___________________
3 The Cuboid has 7 vertices. _______________
4 Two bases lie in upper and lower surfaces of a cylinder.
_______________
5 Sphere is a 3-D Shape. __________________

1.1b Able to explore rotations of familiar 2-D

Shapes intuitively.

Draw two vertical lines in a white paper.

(By paper folding method)

Draw a circle with radius 6cm in a chart. Then Cut

the circle from the chart. Fold it into four equal parts and spread
again. Draw/paste four pictures on the circle as shown in the figure.

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 1/4 turn

O O O 1/2 turn

fig (i) fig (ii) fig (iii)

Fix/put the round chart on the white paper by using a pin in center.By
rotating the chart we observe that two vertical lines and the center
point will lie at the same point. Look at the changes occurred, when the
chart is rotated.
Turn the round chart as shown in the figure (ii). The picture in figure
(i) is changed, as in figure (ii) This change is called as “rotation:. “O” is
the “center”. When we compare the figures (i) and (ii) the pictures are
changed as one-fourth turn. When we rotate the chart as shown in the
figure (iii) the pictures are changed as half-turn.

To Observe
X When we rotate, the shapes are rotated.
X The images are rotated depending on the point.
X The point is called as “Centre of Rotation”

Think it

Is there any changes to the wings of the ventilater fan, after rotating
one-fourth turn and half-turn.

1/4 turn 1/2 turn

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 Example
Let's see the rotation of the square.

A B D A C D

D C C B B A
1/4 turn 1/2 turn

Exercise 1.1b

1. Among the following shapes, find out which one would look the same
after one-fourth turn. put a () mark.

2. Among the following letters, find out which one would look same
after half turn.

X, H, A, N, B, O, J, I, D, S
3. Find the numbers which will look same on a half-turn.

4. How the following numbers are changed after half-turn.

88888 ____________

10101 ____________

11111 ___________

80808 ___________

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 Project:
Prepare, a Gallery of 5 pictures after one fourth and half turns, and
show it to your teacher. From the Gallery, prepare a table, that which
looks the same after one fourth and half turn rotations.

1/3 a turn:

Example: The following picture will look same on 1/3 of a turn.

1/3 turn

1/6 a turn:

Example: The following picture will look same on 1/6 of a turn.

Practice

1. Look at the following shapes. Draw that how will it be changed

after 1/3 and 1/6 of a turn?

S. No Shapes 1/3 a turn 1/6 a turn

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 Project:

Prepare a Gallery by drawing the various numbers, pictures, Rangoli

which will be occurred in 1/3 a turn, 1/6 a turn and show it to your
teacher.

Think it

Find the only English alphabet which will not change its shape after ¼,
½, 1/3, 1/6 a turn rotations?

1.1c  Able to explore reflections of familiar 2D shapes intuitively.

Activity

While standing infront of a mirror, see your image.

Observe your image in the mirror when moving back and coming front
to the mirror again. What do you infer?

1 Y
 our image in the mirror is _____________ (bigger, smaller,
same size)
2 W
 hen you go back, your image is moving _______________
(backward, forward)
3 T
 he distance between you and mirror and the distance between
you and your image is _____________ (equal, unequal)
4 W
 hen you come forward to the mirror, your images is moving
______________ (forward, backward)

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 5 W
 hen you raise your right hand, the image in the mirror looks
like, ____________ hand is raising. (right, left)
6 W
 hen you raise your left hand, the image in the mirror looks
like, ____________ hand is raising. (right, left)
7 Look at this shape: which image shows a reflection?  the
answer given below

Do it yourself:
XX Take a mirror. Draw a line in the white paper by using a pencil and
place it before the mirror.
XX Take a paper draw 'D' and put it in front of the mirror. Observe
the image of alphabet 'D' in the mirror.
XX If we consider the alphabet 'D' as a “Object”. 'D' is the “image”.
This event is called Reflection.

 
Now remove the mirror. The line drawn by pencil is called as the
“reflection axis.”

Observe:
XX The object and image in the mirror are equal in size.
XX The object and image are at equal distance from the reflection axis.
XX If direction of the object is left to right then the direction of
the image on the mirror will be from right to left.

Try yourself
Draw some of your favorite shapes and draw its reflection images
on a chart and show it to your teacher.

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 Let’s Enjoy it:

Take a paper in the shape of rectangle and fold it into two equal parts.
Drop a thread in the ink-pot and drag it into the folded sheet. Now
open and see the folded sheet. What do you see?
Are the designs on both the sides of the folded paper look alike?
Observe the changes of designs and express your ideas/results to
your teacher.

1.1d Able to explore symmetry in familiar 3-D shapes like in

alphabets intuitively.

For example, if we cut an apple into two equal halves, we observe that
two parts are in symmetry.

Symmetry is an important geometrical concept commonly seen in

nature and is used in every field of our life. Artists, manufactures,
designers, architects and others make use of the idea of symmetry.
Symmetry refers to the exact match in shape and size between two
halves of an object.
When we fold a picture into two halves, and if both the halves match
exactly then we say that the picture is symmetrical.

Line of symmetry:
When a line divides a given figure into two equal halves and it matches
exactly, then we say that the figure is symmetrical about the line. This
line is called the line of symmetry or axis of symmetry.

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 Example
4 lines of symmetry: We can divide a square in 4
ways symmetrically.

2 lines of symmetry: We can divide a

rectangle in 2 ways symmetrically.

Project:
1  List out 2 symmetrical objects that you know.
2  Tick the picture which is symmetrical.

3  Complete the other half to make the given figure symmetric.

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 4  Draw the lines of symmetry for the following figures.

Think it

1 Can we divide the irregular solids, symmetrically? If no why?

2 Write the english alphabets that can't be divided symmetrically?
3 Write the english alphabets which are divided symmetrically?
4 Circle has many lines of symmetry. Is it true? why?
5 Find the three numbers between 1 and 9 that can be divided
symmetrically.
6 Find two numbers between 1 and 9 with two lines of symmetry.

Do you know?
Tajmahal in Agra is a symmetrical monument.

Project:
Write down 26 English alphabets in a chart. Draw the lines of
symmetry for the letters. Circle the remaining letters that are not
symmetrical.

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 1.1e Able to make the shapes of cubes, cylinders and cones
using nets especially designed for this purpose.
Nets of cuboid:

Open out a match box and layout on the white paper. Draw the base
sides of the match box.
Teacher: Do you see, “How many sides are there in a match box?‛
Student: yes sir. There are 6 sides.
Teacher: You are right. Can you assemble/create it after dissemble?
Student: Yes sir.
Teacher: Good
The net is a two dimensional shape and it always forms three-dimensional
shape.
A net is a two dimensional figure which can be folded to form a three
dimensional figure.

Try these
Find out which of these can be made into a box by folding along the
dotted lines. Put a tick mark for the correct option.

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 Net of a cube:

1 2 3 4

Fold squares along the dotted lines. Hence six equal squares from the
net of a cube.
Net of a cylinder:

Consider a rectangle and two equal circles. This net thus formed is a
cylinder.
Join the two edges of a rectangle breadth wise in such a way that the
length of the rectangle forms the boundary of one circle at the top
and other circle at the bottom.

The length of the rectangle forms the boundary of the circle.

Both of them are equal in length.

Net of a cone:

Look at the figure.

Join both the portion of a circle in such way that the arc of the circle
falls on the boundary of the circle attached at the bottom.

The length of the arc forms the boundary of the circle. Both
of them are equal in length.

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 Activity
Match the net with the shape you will get by folding.

6 Two dimensions Shape Cannot be formed.

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 1.2 Introduction of Angles

1.2a 
To get the feel of an angle through observation of
objects and by paper folding:
Bridges, buildings, cell phone towers, wings of planes, bicycles, windows
doors and things around us have angle in them.

     

Angle:

The figure formed by two rays/ with a common point is called an angle.

Angle formed by meeting of Angle formed by intersection

two rays of two rays.

Angle formed by meeting of Angle formed by intersection

two line segments of two line segments

Teacher : What does this the picture A

show?
Ramu : This picture shows an angle.
Does angle have name sir?
Teacher : Yes. Angles have names. Can B C
you see two line segments in this picture?
Read the names of that.

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 Ramu : Sir, This angle has two line segments. They are BA
and BC.
Teacher : Which is the common point of the two line segments?
Ramu : B is the common point.
Teacher : These two line segments make an angle. Common point
B is vertex. BA&BC are arms of the angle.
Ramu : Then how can we name the angle in the picture?
Teacher : An angle is mentioned by three alphabet. The centre
letter of the angle denotes the vertex.
Ramu : Then, ABC is the name of the angle. Am I right sir?
Teacher : Yes, We should mention the angle as angle ABC.
Ramu : Sir, can we write angle CBA instead of angle ABC.
Teacher : Surely. Angle ABC and Angle CBA are same. We use
this symbol ∠ for angle.
So we can write angle ABC as ∠ ABC.

Picture for Name of the Vertex Two arms of

angle angle angle
A
∠ABC or ∠CBA B AB and BC

B C

D ? ? ?

E
F

P ? ? ?

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 Angle between ground and Angle between Angle between branches
stair case ladder and ground of a tree

Angle in a Angle in a bicycle Angle in a house Angle in a

electric pole clock

Find:

In this picture, mark the angles formed

inside and outside by using colour
pencils.

project:
Collect some pictures having angles, and paste the same in a chart.
Draw some angles by using pencil and show it to your teacher.

Activity
Look at the angles formed by your elbow and draw them as stick
picture and show it to your teacher. Please share it with your
friends and check.

Word and meaning:

The word angle came from the Greek word “Angilos”. It means curved
and not straight. Ankle is the place where knee and leg foot is joined.

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 1.2b Able to learn the names of angle like acute, obtuse and right
angle:
We can create the various angles by combining the two wooden frames.
Let us see the picture given below, from these shape we can find the
types of angles.

Sl. No. Picture Type of angles Defi nition

1 A Acute angle Greater than 0° less
than 90°
B C

2 A Obtuse angle Greater than 90° less

than 180°
B C

3 A Right angle Exactly 90°

90°

B C

4 180˚ Straight angle Exactly 180°

A B C

Write the angles generated in the following items. (Obtuse angle,

acute angle, right angle)
Try this

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 1.2c Able to identify right angles in the environment:
Ram is trying to cut a rectangular piece of wood, from a wooden board.
Ram used a tool to cut sides of the rectangle. We call this device as
set square.
We can see two set squares in a Geometry Box. It has 90° each.

Examples of right angles:

Do Yourself
Draw 5 objects with right angle.

Classify the angles as acute, obtuse and right angle.

Try these
Classify the following angles

30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 130°, 170°, 75°

Observe the following pictures and write the name of the angles in
their box.

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 Activity 1
Draw right angle, acute angle and obtuse angle by tracing.

Project (Art and Craft)

1 Form the angles acute/obtuse/right angle by cutting/folding the
papers and paste it in a chart.
2 Write the names of the flowers or animals (or) birds in English
capital letter and mention the angles in it.

GIRAFFE PEACOCK SUNFLOWER

Exercise 1.2

1 The angles below 90° are called as _______________

2 The angles above 90° are alled as ______________

3  y joining two right angles ___________________ angle is

B
formed

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 4 The obtuse angle in ∆ABC is
A
__________
C
B
a. ∠A b. ∠B c. ∠C

5 Hand of a clock at 3.20 shows ________________ angle.

6  n the following letters, which one forms the right angle?

I
_____________

a. L b. K c. Z d. N

7 Circle the right angle.

a.  b.  c.  d. 

8 The angle shown in this picture is

a. more than 120° b. Less than 45°

c. more than 180° d. 90°

9 The angle formed by the nail cutter is ______________

10  ame the angles formed when, the vessels are lifted by tongs in
N
the kitchen.

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 UNIT-2

NUMBERS

2.1 Numbers beyond 10000.

Recall:
968
1. Joint the numbers in 1098
descending order to
1007
get a picture. 968
9999

2000

7078 3010

3217 2079

2. Joint the numbers in

ascending order to get
a picture. 8300 9999

7000 800 978

5078 2037 1217

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 2.1 
The uses of numbers beyond 10000 in real life situation.
Introduction
The price of television is ` 18, 500, the price of cell phone is ` 15,250
the price of LPG cylinder is ` 975, the price of wooden cot is ` 30,000
the price of car is ` 4,50,000 the price of bicycle is ` 5,250 and the
price of pen is ` 115.

Tabulate the above data for price more than ` 10,000 and the price
less than ` 10,000.

More than ` 10000 Less than ` 10000

We have learnt upto 10000 in the fourth standard, Now let us know
more than 10000

Fill in the table from 10001 to 10100

10001 10002 10003 10004 10005 10006 10007 10008 10009 10010

10011 10018

10021

10031 10035

10041 10047

10051

10061 10066

10071

10081 10083

10091 10100

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 Activity 1
Add up to ten in the table and practice orally

10010 10020 10030 10040 10050 10060 10070 10080 10090 10100

10110

10210 10290

10310

10410

10510

10610 10630

10710 10770

10810

10910

Exercise 2.1

a) 10,101 ; 10,102 ; 10103; ---------- ; ---------; ---------; ---------

b) 10220 ; 10230 ; ------------; -----------; ----------; 10270
c) 10920 ; ----------; ----------- --; ----------; 10960 ; ----------
d) 11,101 ; 11,102 ; 11,103 ; -----------; -----------; ---------; -------

Let us Know

9999 9999+1 10000 Ten thousand

99999 99999+1 100000 Lakh
999999 999999+1 1000000 Ten lakhs
9999999 9999999+1 10000000 crore

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 Activity
Do You Know?
Lakhs in many ways The number of hundred
---ten thousands
zeroes after 1 is called
Googol

---------tens

100000 ones

1,00,000

----------hundreds
100 thousands

Crore in many ways

-------- thousands

---ten thousands ----------- lakhs

1,00,00,000

----------- ten lakhs ----------hundreds

---------------- ones
---------------- tens

2.2 Place value and comparison of numbers

2.2a  Place value chart

Fill the correct numbers in the following table.
Ten Ten
Crore lakhs thousands hundreds Ten’s ones
lakhs thousands
In one
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 1,00,000 10,00,000 1,00,00,000
crore
In ten
1
lakhs
In one
1
lakh
In ten
1
thousand
In one
1
thousand

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 Let us learn to use Abacus
Example:1
The abacus shows the number: 7,341.
Number name: Seven thousand three hundred and forty one.
Expanded form: 7 thousands + 3 hundreds + 4 ten +one
= 7000+300 +40 + 1

= 7 x 1000 + 3 x 100 + 4 x 10 + 1

Try this
Add 4 tens 2 thousands to this
C T.L L T.th Th H T O
number 345678.
7 3 4 1

Activity: 1
The above Abacus shows the number 34,284
Number name: Thirty four thousand two hundred and eighty
four.
Expanded form: 3 Ten thousands + 4 thousands +2 hundreds + 8
tens + 4 ones.
= 30,000 + -------- + 200 + ----- + ---
= 3 x 10000 + 4 x ------- + 2 x 100+ 8 x ------ + --- x 1

Abacus:
Abacus is a counting device
that consists of a frame
holding rods on which a
specific number of beads
are free to move, each rod
C T.L L T.th Th H T O
denotes place values such as 3 4 2 8 4
units, tens, hundreds, etc…

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 Activity: 2
Number:--------------
Number name: ----------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
Expanded form: 5 ten lakhs + -----lakhs+ ---- ten thousands +1 ---
---------+ 2 -------------- +5 tens + -----ones
= 5000000 + --------------- + 40000 + -----------+ 200 + 50 + 8.

Try this
How many thousands are there
in 3,45,789?

C T.L L T.th Th H T O

Example:2
The Abacus shows the number 1, 21, 35, 211

In words. One crore twenty one lakhs thirty five thousand two
hundred and eleven.
Expanded form: 1 crore + 2 ten lakhs +
1 lakh + 3 ten thousands + 5 thousands +
2 hundreds +1 ten + 1 one.

= 1,00,00,000 + 20,00,000 + 1,00,000 + C T.L L T.th Th H T O

30,000 +5000 +200+ 10 +1 1 2 1 3 5 2 1 1

= 1x1,00,00,000 + 2x10,00,000 + 1x100,000 Find it yourself.

+3x 10000 +5x 1000+ 2x 100+ 1x10+1 Find the sum of the place values of 2
7226382

Do you know?
Name the number which has 7 zeros after one.

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 Activity: 3
Given number: -------------------

Number name: -------------------

------------------------------------
C T.L L T.th Th H T O
Expanded form: 6 crores +
-----Tenlakhs + ---- Lakhs+ 3
--------------+ 5 Thousands + --------------- + 1Ten + 5 ones.
= 6,00,00,000 + 40,00,000 + --------------- + -------------- +
5000 + 400 + ------------------- + 5
= 6 x ------------------ + 4 x -------------- + 2 x 100,000+ 3 x
10000 + 5 x ------------ + ------------- x 100 + 1 x 10
+ -----------x 1

Example:3
Write the place value of each digit for the given numbers.
C TL L T.tho THO H T O
For example: 4 34, 56 ,789
4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The place value of 9 is 9x1=9
The place value of 8 is 8 x 10 = 80
The place value of 7 is 7 x 100 = 700 Let us Know
The place value of 6 is 6 x 1000 = 6000 100 lakhs make
1 crore
The place value of 5 is 5 x 10000 = 50000

The place value of 4 is 4 x 100000 = 400000

The place value of 3 is 3 x 1000000 = 3000000

The place value of 4 is 4 x 10000000 = 40000000

Activity
Write the place value of 7 and 1 for the given numbers.
a. 81,70,453 b. 3,46,710 c. 1,87,13,971

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 Exercise 2.2a
1 In 15,478
a.  The place value of 7 is_______
b.  The place value of 4 is_______
c.  The place value of 1 is_______
2 Fill the table with the place value for the following numbers.

Place value crore lakhs thousands ones

Numbers 1,00,00,000 10,00,000 1,00,000 10000 1000 100 10 1
23,45,172 2 3 4 5 1 7 2
84,701
2,01,784
9,04,704 9 0 4 7 0 4
2,07,91,132
10,07,000

3 Find the difference between greatest 7 – Digit number and

smallest 6-digit number.

2.2b Importance of commas or periods.

Numbers having 4 or more digits can be read quickly and easily by
putting them into groups using commas.

Crores Lakhs Thousands Ones

TC C TL L T.TH Th H T O

In the place value system, ones, tens and hundreds form the
first group under “ones” period. Thousands and ten thousands
form second group under “thousands” period, lakhs and ten lakhs
form the third group under “lakhs” period and crores and ten
crores form the fourth group under “crores” period. Each group is
seperated by a comma.

1. 99,15,797 2. 2,30,145 3. 1,34,19,922

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 Exercise 2.2b
1 Read the following numbers by placing the commas at
appropriate periods and write their number names.
a. 15731997  b. 341964  c. 29121972  d. 347810

2 Write the place value of 5 in the following numbers.

a. 15731997 b. 341964 c. 29121972 d. 347810

3 Write the following in standard notation.

a. 30000 + 3000 + 300 + 30 +3

b. 200000 + 7000 +7

c. 8000000 + 70000 + 3000 +30 +5

d. 4000000 + 400 + 4.

4 Write the following numbers in expanded from.

a. 63,570  b. 36,01,478  c. 1,45,70,004  d. 28,48,387

2.3 Comparison of Numbers.

We use symbols >, < and = to compare any two numbers

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 Which is smaller 20344 or 3241?

Number with more number of digits is a larger number.

Number with less number of digits is a smaller number.

3241 < 20344

4 digits 5 digits
Which is greater 73652 or 56372 ?
Here, both the numbers have 5- digits. So the highest digit is to be
compared to find the greater number.

T.Th TH H T O T.TH TH H T O
7 3 6 5 2 5 6 3 7 2
Here 7 ten thousands is greater than. 5 ten thousands.
Hence,

73652 > 56372

We read it as, seventy three thousand six hundred and fifty two is
Greater than fifty six thousand three hundred and seventy two.

Which is smaller 54349 or 53449 ?

Since both are five digit numbers and the digits in the ten thousands
place are equal, the numbers in the thousands place should be
compared.

T.Th TH H T O T.Th TH H T O

5 4 3 4 9 5 3 4 4 9
When we compare the thousands place, the first number has 4
Thousands and seconds one has 3 Thousand so the second number is
the smaller number.

Hence.,

53449 < 54349

We read it as fifty three thousand four hundred and forty nine is less
than fifty four thousand three hundred and forty nine.

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 For example:
To think
a) 54,689 < 54,869
Find out which digits are
b) 75,432 > 75,412 compared in each example?

c) 45,327 < 45,321

Try this
From the pairs of numbers given below compare them by using < , >
and = signs.
1.  3,002 8,002    2. 43,731 44,371

3. 43,115 43511    5. 13,435 13,4753

Write the smallest and greatest five digit numbers using the given
digits only once.

Example

1. 1,2,3,4,5 2. 7,6,9,4,8
Smallest number : 12,345 Smallest number : 46,789
Greatest number : 54,321 Greatest number : 98,764

Activity
1. Form the smallest and greatest five digit numbers using the
given digits once.
a) 7, 1, 0, 5, 4 b) 3, 4, 7, 0, 9
c) 9, 7, 1, 6, 4 d) 4, 5, 9, 6, 7
2. Write the smallest numbers in the fruit and the greatest
numbers in the flower.
a) 45678, 145, 7829 b) 23, 8873, 88738, 883

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 2.3  Ascending and descending order of numbers.
J
I 10
H 9 G
I N
G 8 D
E N
F 7 C
E 6 AS
D 5
C 4
B 3
G
A 2 I N
D
1 E N
E SC
D

Ascending order of numbers is arranging the numbers from

the smallest to the greatest.

Example:1
Arrange the given numbers in ascending number
413, 43, 986, 38 490, 8 490
Answer: Ascending order:

43, 413, 986, 8 490, 38 490

Descending order of numbers is arranging the numbers

from the greatest to the smallest.

Example:2
Arrange the given numbers in descending order

195, 4 090, 81 343, 95, 9 040

Answer: Descending order:

81 343, 9 040, 4 090, 195, 95

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 Try this

1 Arrange the following numbers in the ascending order and

descending order.
33,270; 1,078;  137; 27,935

44, 918; 32,113; 23, 112; 42,231

75,343; 30,475; 43,452; 13,055

733; 34,946; 35,945; 23,745.

Exercise 2.3

I. Write the number name:

a. 11000 Eleven thousand

b. 34000 ---------------------------------------------------
c. 100000 ---------------------------------------------------
d. 98,364 Ninety eight thousand three hundred and sixty
four.
e. 37,689 ---------------------------------------------------
f. 46,763 Forty six thousand seven hundred and sixty three
g. 4,00,000 ---------------------------------------------------
h. 12,00,000 ---------------------------------------------------

II. Write the following values in abacus.

1 3 Tens, 7 crores, 60 lakhs, 7lakhs 4 tens
and 7 ones.
2 Find the place value of 7 and 4 of this num- C T.L L T.th Th H T O

bers 34578910
3 Write any one number with 6 thousands with 9 tens and 3 ones.
4 Write in numerals
a. One crore forty thousand and four.
b. Sixty four lakhs and three

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 5 Write
 in words (Figure 1).

C T.L L T.th Th H T O C T.L L T.th Th H T O

Figure 1 Figure 2
6 How many lakhs and hundreds are there in the Abacus (Figure 2)?
7  ind the sum of greatest 4-digit number and smallest 5-digit
F
numbers.
8 Write the following in ascending and descending orders.
a. 33,058  
40,978  97,879  81,421  90,470  47,224
b. 99,999  11,111   
22,222  33,333  44,444  66,666
9 Write in standard form: 7 lakhs+ 5 thousands + 4tens +3ones
10 Add 5 thousands and 3 hundreds to this number 1, 34,510
11 Subtract
 smallest 6-digit numbers from greatest 7 – digit numbers.

2.4 Numbers and Operations

Appreciate the role of place value in addition, subtraction and

multiplication algorithm

2.4a  Addition
Introduction
"Ananthan come fast" Ananthan’s mother
shouted. "Bus would come earlier".
"I am here mummy, I am ready" he said. The
whole family was very busy for ananthan’s
sister marriage. They have to buy new clothes
for their relatives and family members.

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 They finished their purchase and returned back home.
Ananthan asked his father ‘how much did you spend for our dresses?
His father said, “Cost of dresses for gents is ` 25050, for
ladies is ` 47025 and for kids is ` 7125, and for bride and
groom dresses is `17500, Now you can tell the total amount.
Ananthan took a paper and pen, he wrote all the amounts one by one
according to their place values.
For gents - ` 25050
For ladies - ` 47025
Kids - ` 7125 +
Groom and bride - ` 1 7 5 0 0
` 9 6 7 0 0

Check whether, the above total amount is correct or not.

Yes, ananthan is correct, see the cost of kids, ` 7125, There is a
empty place in ten thousand’s place. So Ananthan wrote down the
numbers according to the place value. We learnt about place values of
the numbers. Now we are going to use the method of adding different
values of numbers.Add the following numbers and write down one by
one.
137462 + 4005 + 38 + 56734. Step1: Start by adding the ones.
L T.Th Th H T O We have 19 ones in ones place.s
1 3 7 4 6 2 Step2: We must regrouping 19 ones
4 0 0 5 to 1 ten and 9 ones.

3 8 Step3: Now we can put 1 ten with

ten and write 9 in the ones place.
5 6 7 3 4
Simillarly we have to do the
1 9 8 2 3 9 hundred, thousand … and so on.

Arrange all the given numbers according to their place value .

We can do all the addition problems in this manner.

Note: ng from
w e ca n av oi d m istakes by starti
numbers,
When write the ace.
t si d e, th at is from the units pl
the righ

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 Exercise 2.4a
1 Find the sum.
  6 8 7 5  3 2 5 6 7
6 3 7 7 8
+   5 4 3 0 0 +   4 3 2 4

5 4 5 0 0 0

2 Add the following

a. 19732 + 24105 +  525 + 48
b. 241605 + 34788 + 5003 + 2052
c. 1000 + 250787 + 3574 + 43
d. 7 + 65 + 324 + 52342.

3 In a town panchayat, population of 5 villages are 980, 3254,

4125, 687and 6786. what is the total population?
4 Ramu bought some home needs. The price list of which is given
below. What is the total cost ?
Fan - ` 3,250
Fridge - ` 26,437
Television - ` 18,520
Iron box - ` 940
Cot - ` 15,520

5 In a vegetable market, one day sales of Brinjals is ` 4500, Tomato

is ` 7800, Onion is ` 26,500, Potato is ` 7825 and Beetroot is
` 825, What is the total amount of sales on that day?

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 2.4b Subtraction
We have already learnt how to add the numbers and to write down the
numbers with their corresponding place values. In the same manner we
have to do subtraction problem .The operation or process of finding the
difference between two numbers or quantities, denoted by a minus sign (-).

The result of subtracting one number from another is called the

Difference

675432 _ 32456 = ----------

Answer
L TTH TH H T O
6 7 5 4 3 2
3 2 4 5 6
6 4 2 9 7 6
Example
Mathan is working in a construction company. He is getting
` 57,385 salary per month. He spent ` 48,500 for his family every
month. how much does he save per month?

Answer: `
Mathan's Salary = 57,385
His expenditure = - 48,500
His savings 8,885

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 Subtract Exercise 2.4b
a. 1) 78,347 2) 67,056 3) 1,58,376 4) 89,700
(-) 59,475 (-) 3,748 (-) 47,978 (-) 4,538

b. R
 ahul has 3289 stamps. Ravi has 4021 stamps. How many stamps
does Ravi have more than Rahul?
c. Create the story problem by using the pictures given below:

Figure 1 Figure 2
2.4c  Multiplication
Remember the multiplication which you learned in last class.
Now we are going to know the place values under multiplication
Step1: Multiply by the number
in the ones place .
Step2: Put a zero below in the
one place to hold its place.
Step3: Multiply by the number
in the tens place.
Step4: Add them up

35 students are studying in class 5. The The cost of uniform for

one student is ` 350. What is is the total cost of uniforms for 35
students? 350 x 35
1750
Here, Numbers in the unit place are 5 and 0,
1050
first we have to multiply these two numbers.
12250

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 See the following steps:
Step: 1
O O
350 x 35
0

Step: 2
2
HT O
350 x 35
50

Step: 3
2
H O
350 x 35
1750

Step: 4
350 x 35
1750
0

Step: 5

O T
350 x 35
1750
00
Step: 6
1
HT T
350 x 35
1750
500

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 Step: 7
1
H T
350 x 35
1750
+ 10500
12250 1750 + 10500 = 12250

2.4d  M
 ultiply the three digit numbers by two digit
numbers
Example 1
Raveena has planted 15 rows of coconut trees in her garden Each row
has 112 trees. How many coconut trees were planyed in total?
Using multiply method
Number of rows planted by Raveena = 15
Number of trees in one row = 112
Total number of coconut trees in her garden = 112X15
112x 15
= 1680 560
+ 1120
Example 2 1680
One kg of Apple is sold by Bathri for Rs 165.
Find the total cost of 12 Kgs of Apple?
Cost of 1Kg of Apple = Rs 165.
Total cost of 12 Kgs of Apple = 165 × 12
= Rs 1980

165x 12
330
+ 1650
1980

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 Exercise 2.4c
1. Multiply:

a. 473 x 48 b. 4052 x 19 c. 876 x 25 d. 854 x 21

e. 417 x 39 f. 870 x 28

2. Answer the following :

1 In
 a Basket there are 55 mangoes. Cost of one mango is ` 15.
What is the total cost of 55 mangoes?
2 In
 a Bus, there are 55 passengers. Each of them get tickets of
`25. What is the amount is collected by the conductor?
3 A classroom has 23 benches, each bench cost is ` 725. What is
the total cost for 23 branches?
4 In a village there are 675 people are living. Each person uses
25 L of water daily. How much water is need for the village
everyday?
5 In
 a building, there are 26 rooms, cost of painting for one room
is ` 950 What is the total cost of painting the building?

2.4e  Division Algorithm

Mr. Sabari lives in kovalur village. He
is a farmer and has a cow. He gets
milk from it and sells the milk to 8
houses daily. His cow gives 8 L of milk
daily. So it gives 240 L of milk for
30 days.
If so, how much of milk is bought by
each house. In a month Mr. Sabari
shares 240 L of milk to each 8 houses
So we have to split 240 in 8 parts.
240 - Numerator
8 - Denominator

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 We can find this by long division (or) standard division algorithm.

Step: 1
240 is whole part
2 4 0 We are going to divide 240, Here 240 is
the dividend

Step: 2
We have to split 240 into 8 equal
8 2 4 0
parts, Here 8 is the divisor

Step: 3
3 There are three 8’s in 24.
8 2  4 0 (8 + 8 + 8 = 24)
2 4 Write 3 on the top of the line.
3 x 8 = 24
Write the product 24 below the 24,
starting from the left side.

Step: 4
3 0 Next write down ‘0’. We Cant divide 0 by 8
8   2  4 0
So, write ‘0’ on the top near 3.
–2 4
0 So 30 is quotient
It means, each house bought 30 L in a
month.

Note:
raction and
Generally, when we are doing addition subt
place.
multiplication , we are starting from units
But in division , We do in opposite manner.
First choose the highest digit.
’s place. Now we
Here 2 is smaller than 8 so take 2 from Ten
have 24.

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 2. Find Quotient and Remainder 53675 ÷ 8
6 7 0 9
8  5 3 6 7 5
- 4  8 Note:
   5 6 Magic Math’s
otient 
- 5  6 Dividend   Divisor x qu
+  reminder
0 7  5
– 7  2
 3

Dividend = 53675
Divisor = 8
Quotient = 6709
Remainder = 3

Exercise 2.4e
1. Find quotient and remainder

1 5732 ÷ 9

2 47345  ÷ 5

3 3032 ÷ 7

4 43251 ÷ 10

5 2532 ÷ 4
2. Answer the following:
1 In a town there are 3057 families.
The town panchayat plans to split the town into 3 wards equally.
How many families will be there in one ward?
2 A water Board shares 28, 049 liters daily to 7 lorries. How
much of water is given to each lorry?
3 A company gives ` 93,300 as salary for 6 workers. Find the
salary of one worker?

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 2.4f  Divide 4 digits by 2 digits
We learnt how to divide a single digit in last class. Now we are going to
learn how to divide a 4 digit number by a 2 digit number.
On that day 5th std students are
very excited, as the bus came to
school for educational tour. The
class teacher asked the students
to get in the bus. Students got
into the bus happily. The bus
reached Arignar Anna Botanical
garden. The class teacher paid
` 1530 as Entrance fee for all the
students. If there are 34 students, what is the entrance fee for one
student?

So, we have to divide the total amount ` 1530 by 34.

When dividing by 2 digit number, we have to
1530 ÷ 34
choose first two digit from the dividend.
Step: 1 34 15
Th H T U But 15 is smaller than 34,
So choose 3 from tens place with 15, we get 153
34 1 5 3 0
34 153

Step: 2 4 Now divide 153 by 34

34  1 5 3 0 Calculate how many 34’s are there in 153.

- 1 3 6 4 X 34 = 136.
 1  7
Next write down the ‘0’ in the unit place
Step: 3 4 5 We have 170.
Calculate how many 34’s are there in 170
34  1 5 3 0
- 1 3 6 5 X 34 = 170
1  7  0
- 1  7  0 Quotient = 45,
0 Remainder = 0

Therefore, the entrance fee for one student is ` 45

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 Divide and find the quotient and Remainder.

Example 1: 4 9 2 5 ÷ 25 We know that when divide by 2 digit

number have to choose first 2 digit from the
Step: 1 dividend
1 Here divide 49 by 25
25  4 9 2 5 25 49
- 2  5 25 is one time in 49
 2 4
1 x25 = 25

Step: 2
1
25  4 9 2 5 Subtract 25 from 49 we get 24,
- 2  5 Next write down 2 from the ten’s place
 2 4 2

Step: 3
1 9
 4 9 2 5 Divide 242 by 25
25
- 2  5 Calculate how many 25’s in 242
 2 4 2 9 X 25 = 225
- 2 2 5 Subtract 225 from 242 we get 175.
1  7  5

Step: 4
1 9 7
25  4 9 2 5 Next write down 5 from unit place.
- 2  5 Now we have 175
 2 4 2 Calculate how many 25’s in 175
- 2 2 5 7 X 25 = 175

   1 7 5
  -  1  7  5
0 Quotient = 197,
Remainder = 0

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 Example 2: Divide 4327 by 18 and find quotient and remainder

Solution :
2 4 0
Dividend = 4327
18  4 3 2 7
- 3  6 Divisor = 18
  7 2 Quotient = 240
- 7  2
Remainder = 7
7

Example 3:
A car factory produces 3750 cars per month (30 days). Find the
number of cars produced per day.
Divide 3750 by 30 days.
3750 ÷ 30
Step: 1
1 Choose first 2 digits. 37 from the dividend

30  3 7 5 0 Divide 37 by 30
- 3  0 Calculate how many 30’s in 37
7 1 X 30 = 30

Step: 2
1
30  3 7 5 0 subtract30 from 37, we get 7
- 3  0 Next down the 5 in ten’s place
  7 5

Step: 3
1 2
Divide 75 by 30.
30  3 7 5 0
- 3  0 Calculate how many 30’s in 75
  7 5 2 X 30 = 60
- 6  0 Subtract 60 from 75 we get 15
1  5

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 Step: 4
1 2 5
25  3 7 5 0
Next write down the ‘0’ from unit place.
- 3  0
In 150, calculate how many 30’s
  7 5
5 X 30 = 150
- 6  0
1  5  0
- 1  5  0 Quotient = 125,
0 Remainder = 0

The remainder is zero. The remainder could not be zero for all
problems.

Exercise 2.4f
I. Answer the following questions:
1 A cement factory produces 37500 bags of cements in a month
(30 days). How many cement bags are produced in one day?

2 8075 mangoes are harvested in a mango garden. 95 mangoes are

packed in a bag. How many mango bags will be there?

3 In a street there are 25 families. They need 1625 liters of

water per day. How much of water is needed for a family?

4 In a tempo van 6750 bananas were loaded. Those bananas were

arranged in 15 baskets equally. Then how many bananas were
arranged in one basket?

II. Divide the following

1 4525 ÷ 15 2   3448 ÷ 24 3   7342 ÷ 18

4 3626 ÷ 37 5   4872 ÷ 56

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 UNIT-3

P A T T ERN S

3.1 Patterns in Shapes.

Observe the image below. How the boats are designed?

Patterns are present everywhere around us.Patterns are regularly

repeated arrangement of colours ,shapes,designs ,lines etc. on a surface

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 Examples
Observe the below patterns of colours and shapes.

Examples
Observe the below patterns of shapes.

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 Exercise
Fill in the blanks:

Activity
I. Continue the colours as shown in starting level

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3.2
Patterns in Numbers

3.2a 
To Identify patterns in square numbers and
triangular numbers.

Square numbers
Introduction:
For finding the square of a number we multiply the number by itself.
A square number is always positive. The numbers like 4, 9, 25... can be
expressed as the product of a number and itself.
1 x 1 = 12 = 1
2 x 2 = 22 = 4
3 x 3 = 32 = 9
4 x 4 = 42 = 16 and so on..
When you multiply a number by itself, the result is a square number.

Activity

Enjoy the game

Book

The teacher should say square number in order. All the students of
the class should form groups according to their numbers.
Remaining students are runners up due to failure.
For example if a teacher say 4, if 33 students are in a class. All the
students should create group of 8 students in the form of a square
each of having 4 persons. One student will remain without a group
Likewise we can play the numbers 9, 16, 25 ………

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 A number that can be shown using a pattern of Think it
dots in a square using flowers or small balls.
We can arrange by counting below numbers, that Two square
will make a square shape. numbers
are added
1x1=1 together
to make
2x2=4 another
square
number.
3x3=9 Ex. 9 + 16 = 25
Can you
find other
one?
4 x 4 = 16

Look at the figures shown below

1 4 9 16 25

Do you know

Square of number Sum of digit of square

12 = 1 1
(11)2 = 121 1 + 2 + 1 = 4 = 22
(111)2 = 12321 1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 9 = 32
(1111)2 = 1234321 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 16 = 42

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 Let us know
Joshua formed a square using 12
bindis. is it 12 is a square number?

No because there are so many gapes in the square.

Though the number 12 made the square. But it is not a square number.
Do yourself
1.  Count and write the tiles :

Figure

Number
of Tiles

2. Circle the square numbers

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70
8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80
9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90
10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Triangular Numbers
Any of the series of numbers obtained by continued summation of the
natural numbers.
A number that can make a triangular dot pattern.

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 1 3 6 10 15

By adding another row of dots and counting all the dots we can find the
next number of the sequence.
The first triangle has just 1 dot.
The second triangle has another row with 2 extra dots, making 1+2=3
The third triangle has another row with 3 extra dots, making 1+2+3=6
so, the fourth has 1+2+3+4=10. And the series goes on,
Here 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ... are called triangular numbers.
These numbers 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21... etc. are in triangular shapes.

Note
Picture form of a triangular numbers can make a equilateral
triangle or right angle triangle.

Do you know
What is the relationship between triangular numbers and
natural numbers?
1 = 1
1 + 2 =3
1 + 2 + 3 =6
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 Triangular numbers

Can you understand now? Yes, The sum of consecutive natural numbers
make the triangular numbers.

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 Do yourself
Make the triangle
shapes in the
1 3 6 10 15 form of series
of the triangular
numbers by nuts

Exercise
a. Answer the following:

1 Square of the number 7

a. 14 b. 49 c. 21 d. 28

2 64 is the square number of _______

a. 4 b. 16 c. 8 d. 32

3 Is 24 square number?

4 A number, multiply by ________ is called square of the

number.

5 Fill in the blank box.

4 9 16 36

6 1, 3, 6, _____, 15, ____, 28

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 Do you know
The result of the sum of two triangular numbers is square
number.

1+3=4

3+6=9

6 + 10 = 16

3.2b 
To relate sequences of odd numbers between
consecutive square numbers.
Relationship between consecutive square numbers and odd numbers.
We have already learnt about the relationship between square numbers
and triangular numbers.
Now we are going to know the relationship between consecutive square
numbers and odd numbers.
When we add the consecutive odd numbers from 1, we will get the
square numbers.
Note
1 = 1
1 is common number
1 + 3 = 4
among square and
1 + 3 + 5 = 9 Square numbers
triangular numbers.
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25

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 Try this
a. 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 = 36 =6x6= 62
b. 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13= = =
c. 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 = = =

Find the missing number!

7,8,9 11,12,
2 4,5
13,14

3 6

1 2 3 4

Relationship between Square number and Triangle numbers

In mathematics, a square triangular number (or triangular square
number) is a number which is both a triangular number and a perfect
square. There are infinitely many square triangular numbers.

Green  : 1 3 6 10
White : 0 1 3 6
Sum : 1+0=1 3+1=4 6+3=9 10+6=16

The sum of green and white Let us Know

triangles is denote ‘36’ is triangular and
the square number.
square number.

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 UNIT-4

M e a s u re me n t s

4.1 Length

4.1a Able to apply the four operation in solving problems

involving length.
Introduction

In day to day life ,we are measuring many small things by standard
and non standard units . But how can we measure the distance .

Trichy 100 km
Madurai 210 km

Chennai 170km

The metric units are used to measure the length and distance.

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 I am measurika. I would like to measure:
1. What is the length of the table?
2. How tall am I?
3. How far is my school from my home?
How do I measure it? What kind of measurements are they?
Ponni explained her that how long things are, how tall they are, or how
far apart they might be. These are all the examples of length.
Measaurika, you should know the following measurements:
a. Millimeter (mm): Millimeters is the smaller unit of length.
A millimeter is about the thickness of a plastic id card
(or Debit/ credit card). Or about the thickness of 10 sheets
of paper on top of each other.
This is a very small measurement!

S.no Name of the object Thickness in mm

01 Cell phone
02 Maths Book
03 Eraser

b. Centimeter: 10 millimeters is equal to 1 centimeter

1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
A fingernail is about one centimeter wide.
We can use millimeters or centimeters to measure how tall we are, or
how wide a table is. But to measure the length of football field, it is
better to use meters.
Measurika, could you please mark 5mm in the scale? Children could you
please help measurika.

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 Could you please mark 4mm in red colour and 10mm in Green colour?

10 milli meter = 1 centi meter

10 centi meter = 1 deci meter
10 deci meter = 1 meter

Could you mark 1cm and 3mm (1.3cm)? 10 meter = 1 deca meter
10 deca meter = 1 hecta meter
10 hecta meter = 1 killo meter

S.no Measure the length Length in cm

01 Composition Note
02 Your height
03 Geometry box

c. Meter
A meter is equal to 100 centimeters
The length of this guitar is about 1 meter
Meters are used to measure the length of a house, or the size of a
play ground.
One meter is approximately the length from your shoulder to your
fingertips. A meter is also approximately the distance of one large
step or jump.
A Measuring tape has centimeter and meter units marked on it.
Measuring tapes are useful for measuring lengths of cloth, or large
household objects like furniture and rooms.

S. no Measure the length Length in meter

01 Classroom
02 Distance between school
entrance and your classroom

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 d. Kilometer
When you need to get from one place to another, you can measure the
distance using kilometers. A kilometer is equal to 1,000 meters.
The distance from one city to another or how far a plane travels is
measured using kilometers.
We can ride a Two wheeler/ Four wheeler to go from one place to the
other. The distance travelled is measured using the speedometer.
1Km = 1000m

S.no Calculate the distance Distance in Km

01 Distance between school and your home
02 School and your taluk head quarters
03 School and your District

4.2 4.2 Conversion

 10
Kilometer
 10
Hectometer
 10
 10 Decameter
 10
Meter  10
 10
Decimeter  10
 10
Centimeter
 10
Millimeter
 10
 10

Let us know
To convert upper scale into 100 centimeter = 1 meter
lower scale the number should
½ meter = 50 centimeter
be multiplied.
¼ meter = 25 centimeter
To convert lower scale into
¾ meter = 75 centimeter
upper scale the number should
be divided. 1000 meter = 1 kilometer

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 Activity
Measure the things using a tape or a scale.

Length
S.NO Name of the object
Km Meter Cm mm
1. Your's Shoulder
length

2. Your’s height

3. Thickness of the chess

board

4. Distance between your

house and uncle’s house

Examples 1
Convert into millimeter Note:
er
1. To convert met
(i)  70 cm into millimeter
n
multiply the give
   70  cm = 70 x 10  mm 1  cm = 10  mm 0 .
meters by 100
      =700 mm 2. To convert
centimeter
(ii)  65 cm 6 mm = (65 x 10) + 6 mm into millimeter
n
multiply the give
.
         = 650 + 6 centimeter by 10

         = 656 mm Try this

(iii)  7 m Convert into millimeters
1. 90  cm
7  m = (7x1000)  mm 1  m = 1000  mm
2. 5 cm 8 mm
= 7000  mm 3. 5 m 9 mm

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 Examples 2
Convert into centimeters Note:
er
(i)  5 m To convert met
into centimeter
n
   5  m = (5 x 100)  cm multiply the give
meters by 100
= 500  cm

(ii) 7 m 40 cm Try this

7  m  40  cm = (7 x 100) + 40  cm Convert into centimeters
1. 8  m  2. 6 m 4 cm  3. 80 mm
= 700 + 40
11
= 740  cm
10 110
(iii) 
110 
mm 10
110  mm = 110 ÷ 10  cm 10
10
= 11  cm
0

Examples 3 Note:
meter
1. To convert kilo
Convert into meter into meter mul tiply
er
the given kilomet
(i)  7  km 50  m 1  km = 1000  m by 1000.
7  km 50  m = (7 x 1000) + 50  m 2. To convert
eter
millimeter into m
divide the give n
        = 7000 + 50 00.
millimeter by 10
        = 7050 m
8 m
(ii) 
850 
cm Try this
100 850
850  cm = 850 ÷ 100  m Convert into meter
1.  8 km 400  m 800
= 8  m  50  cm 50  cm
2. 900 cm
3. 3500 mm
2 m
(iii) 
2005 
mm
1000 2005
2005  mm = 2005 ÷ 1000  m
2000
= 2  m  5  mm 5  cm

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 Examples 4
Convert into kilometer 9 km
(i)  9000  m 1000  m = 1  km 1000 9000
9000
9000  m = 9000 ÷ 1000  m
0  m
= 9  km
(ii) 
2300 
m 2 km
1000 2300
2300  m = 2300 ÷ 1000  m
2000
= 2  km  300  m
300  m
Note: Try this
ers Convert into kilometer
To convert met
into kilometers 1. 5430 m
divide the given 2. 7500 m
meters 1000. 3. 8000 m

4.3 Addition

Example
1. Find the sum of the following.
Step:1 Start from centimeter
(i)  7 m 25 cm + 15 m 50 cm
25  cm + 50  cm = 75  cm
m cm
Step:2 A
 dd meters
7 25
7  m + 15  m = 25  m
+ 15 50
22 75

Sum =22  m 75  cm

Step:1
(ii)  5 km 700 m + 12 km 450m Add meters 700 + 450 = 1150
km m Step:2
1 Convert meter into kilometer
5 700 1150 ÷ 1000 = 1  km  150  m
+ 12 450
Step3:
18 150
Add 1 km to the km column
Sum = 18 km 150 m 1  km + 5  km + 12  km = 18  km

1 + 5 + 12 = 18

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 Example
2. The length of three ropes are 1 m 20 cm, 2 m 15 cm and
1 m 25 cm. What is the total length of three ropes?
Solution:
m cm
The length of the first rope = 1 20
The length of the second rope = 2 15
The length of the third rope = 1 25
Total length of ropes 4 60

Total length of the ropes = 4 m 60 cm

4 4.4 4 Subtraction

Examples
Find the difference
(i)  75 km 500 m – 40 km 250 m

km m
75 500
- 40 250
35 250

Difference = 35  km 250  m

(ii)  55 km 75 cm – 23 m 40 cm

m cm Try this
Subtract the following
55 75
1. 1075 km 400 m- 27 km 350 m
- 23 40
2. 250 m 25 cm- 127 m 18 cm
32 35 3. 27 km 900 m- 18 km 850 m

Difference = 32  m 35  cm

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 Example
Kannan bought 90 m 80 cm of cloth .He used to stich uniform of
43 m 75 cm. How much cloth is left?
Solution:

m cm
Total length of cloth = 90 80
The length of cloth used to stich uniform = 43 75
The length of remaining cloth 47 05
The length of the remaining cloth is 47 m 05 cm.

4.5 4 Multiplication

Example 1
(i)  12 km 225 m x 6

km m
225m x 6   = 1350m
12 225
       = 1km 350m
x 6
73 350

12  km 225  m x 6 = 73  km 350  m

(ii)  75 m 15 cm x 5
m cm Try this
a. 7m 20cm x 6
75 15
b. 15m 75cm x 5
x 5
c. 15km 200m x 4
375 75 d. 35km 500m x 5

75  m 15  cm x 5 = 375  m 75  cm

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 Example 2
The length of a ribbon is 4  m  25  cm. Find the total length of
three ribbons.
Solution:

Length of one ribbon = 4  m  25  cm

Length of three ribbons = 4  m  25  cm x 3
= 12 
m 
75 
cm
Length of three ribbons = 12 m 75 cm

4.6 4.6 Division

Example 1
(i)  84 m 40 Cm ÷ 4 (ii)  360 km 540 m ÷ 9
m  cm km  m
21  10 40  060
4   84  40
9   360  540
-  8
-  36
4
0 54
-  4
-  54
4
0
-  4
0 Answer = 40 km 060 m

84  m  40  cm ÷ 4 = 21 m 10 cm

Try this
a. 750 m 45 cm ÷ 5
b. 49 km 630 m ÷7
c. 770 km 550 m ÷ 11

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 Example 2
If the total length of 4 pieces of clothes is 8 m 60 cm. What is
the length of one piece of cloth? m  cm
Solution: 2  15
Total length of cloth = 8  m  60  cm 4   8  60
  -8
Length of one piece = 8  m  60  cm ÷ 4
6
Length of one piece = 2  m  15  cm  -4
 20
Length of one piece = 2 m 15cm
 -20
0

Exercise 4
A. Fill in the blanks B. True or False
1 7 m 5 cm = ______cm a) 600  m is 6  mm.

2 505  mm = ______cm ______mm b) 7000  m is 7  km.

3 326  m = ______cm c) 400  cm is 4  km.

4 5  km 30  m = ______m d) 770  mm is 77  cm.

5 650  cm = ______m ______cm e) 9000  m is 90  mm.

C. Find the sum of the following.

1 17 m 450 cm + 52 m 300 cm
2 75 km 400 m + 37 km 300  m + 52  km 750  m
3 4 cm 8 mm + 5 cm 9 mm

D. Subtract the following E. Multiply the following.

1 15 km 450 m - 13 km 200 m. 1 350 m 45 cm x 7
2 750 m 840 mm -370 m 480 mm. 2 25 km 300 m x 6
3 5 km 400 m - 3 km 350 m 3 37 m 350 mm x 8

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 F. Divide the following:
1 950 km 800 m ÷ 5
2 49 m 770 mm ÷ 7
3 172 m 48 cm ÷ 4

LIFE ORIENTED PROBLEMS

G. Answer the following:

1 Saravanan had chosen to drive his vehicle from puducherry to
Chennai for a distance of 165 Kms. While starting his vehicle,
his odometer showed 00015. What will be the reading of the
odometer, When he reaches Chennai?
2 Karthik Raja decided to travel from A. He moves 1Km east to
reach B. Then he goes 2Km towards north and reaches C. Then he
goes 1 Km towards west and reaches D. If he goes 2Km towards
South, Where would he reach? Draw a Diagram and Justify it.
Also find out the total distance he travelled.
3 Sangeetha has just finished building a new house with garden
area. She measured the garden area and found it to be 6m x 6m.
Suppose she has to put a pole every 1m, how many poles are
required? Each pole is of height 1.5m from the ground. What
should be the total length of the fencing material to fence the
garden?
4 A students needs 1m 25 cm cloth to stich a shirt. What is the
total length of cloth need to stitch 22 shirts?
5 The distance from village A to village B is 3 km 450 m.
The distance from village B to village C 5 km 350 m. How long
will be the road laid from village A to village C?
H. Create the story problem using the pictures given below:0

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 UNIT-5

T i me

Recall
Draw the hour Hand and write the time.

Yesterday when you went to bed?___________

When will you get up in the morning? ___________

When will you go to school? ___________

See the clock and write the time Write the time in the Clocks
11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3 11:40
8 4 8 4
7 7 6 5
6 5

11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3 04:55
8 4 8 4
7 7 6 5
6 5

11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3 01:40
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

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 5.1 Railway time

We are using 12 hours time generally. To

avoid confusion, we use railway time in railway
station, television. airport, internet, etc. When
we are going to railway station we cannot see
or hear announcements in a.m. or p.m. Because
railway uses 24 hours time?
Generally railway time is written in 4 digits.
The first two digits show the hour and the last two digits show the minutes.

24-Hours Clock

We can write,

Mid night 12 O Clock is

Noon 12 O Clock – 12.00 hours
0000 hour or 24 hours

9. am – 09.00 hours 1. p. m – 13.00 hours (12+1) hours

While converting the 12 hour time to 24 hour time during p.m. we should
add 12 to hours and keep the minutes same.

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 5.2 Conversion

12 hours Clock 24 hours Clock 12 hours Clock 24 hours Clock

12 Mid night 0000 hours or 2400 hrs 12:01 p.m. 12:01 Hours
0:20 a.m. 00:20 Hours 12:59 p.m. 12:59 Hours
0:49 a.m. 00:49 Hours 1:00 p.m. 13:00 Hours
1:00 a.m. 01:00 Hours 4:00 p.m. 16:00 Hours
4:00 a.m. 04:00 Hours 5:20 p.m. 17:20 Hours
5:30 a.m. 05:30 Hours 9:45 p.m. 21:45 Hours
11:15 a.m. 11:15 Hours 11:30 p.m. 23:30 Hours
12:00 Noon 12:00 Hours 12 Mid night 00:00 hrs or 24:00 hrs

Try this
Standard time Railway time
1. 3.30 a.m. __________ Hours
2. 4.15 p.m. __________ Hours
3. __________ 12.50 Hours
4. ___________ 20.15 Hours
5. 12.25 p.m. __________ Hours
6. 01.55 p.m. __________ Hours

24 hour Clock 12 hour Clock

11 12 1
10 2 11 12 1
10 2
2:20 am 9 3 2:20 2:20 pm 9 3
8 4
8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

Mid night 2 hours 20 minutes After noon 2 hours 20 minutes

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 11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
6:55 am 9 3 6:55 pm 9
6:55 3
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

Morning 6 hours 55 minutes Evening 6 hours 55 minutes

11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
11:15 am 9 3 11:15 11:15 pm 9 3
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

Morning 11 hours 15 minutes Night 11 hours 15 minutes

11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
12:00 9 3 12:00 9 3
8 4 12:00 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

Noon 12 hours Mid night 12 hours

Try this
Write the A.M./P.M. 3.  Afrin sees the moon at 8:20______
1. Ravi starts to school at 8:45 ___ 4.  Kavi goes to bed at 9:00____
2.  Ramya eats her lunch at 1:00___ 5.  The sun rises at 6:10____

5.3  Use addition and subtraction in finding time interval

Addition
Example
Add :   4 hours 30 minutes and 2 hours 45 minutes
Hours Minutes
4 30

+ 2 45 75 minutes = 1 hour 15 minutes

6 75
7 15

7 Hour 15 minutes

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 Example
Krishna goes to his village. He travels 4 hours 35 minutes in bus and
1 hour 55 minutes in two wheeler. What is his total time of travel?
Hours Minutes
Travel in bus = 4 35
Travel in two wheeler = + 1 55
90 minutes = 60+30 minutes
5 90 60 minutes = 1 hour
30 minutes = 30 minutes
Total time = 6 30
∴ 5+1 = 6 hour 30 minutes
∴ Krishna travels totally for 6 hour 30 minutes

Subtraction
Example
Subtract :   3 hours 45 minutes from 5 hours 30 minutes
We can’t Subtract 45
Hours Minutes Hours Minutes minutes from 5 hours 30
4 60+30 minutes so we change the
5 30 5 hours in to (60 + 30) 90
5 30 minutes and subtract 45
- 3 45
minutes from 90 minutes.
- 3 45 We can get 45 minutes.
1 45
When we subtract 3 hours
from 4 hours balance is 1
1 Hour 45 minutes
hour

Example
Ram works on his Computer from morning 10' O Clock to Evening 3.30. How long
does he work on his computer?
Hours Minutes
Ram work on his Computer at Evening = 3 30
His work at Morning = 10 00
Hours Minutes
15 30
Subtract from a.m. to p.m., we add 12 hours.
- 10 00
5 30 Add 3.30 hours + 12 hours we can get 15:30
∴ Ram works 5 hours 30 minutes on his computer

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 Example
SCHOOL TIME TABLE
First bell 9:30 a.m. Lunch time 12:40 p.m. to
2:00 p.m.
Morning prayer 9:15 a.m.
Afternoon school 2:00 p.m.
Class starting time 9:30 a.m. starting time
Morning break time 11:00 a.m. to Afternoon break time 3:20 p.m. to
11:10 a.m. 3:30 p.m.
Evening school closing 4:10 p.m.
Morning school 12:40 p.m.
time
closing time

1. Find the time interval between First bell and morning break.
Hour Minutes
Morning break time = 11 00
First bell time =  - 9 00
2 00

The time interval between First bell and morning break is 2 Hours.
2. F
 ind the time interval between the time of class starting and the time of
morning break.
Hour
Breaking time We can’t subtract 30

10 (60 + 10) minutes from 10 min-
utes so we convert to
Morning break ending time = 11 10 hour into ­minutes 1
hours to 60 minutes and
Class starting time = - 9 30 add.
1 40 60+10 = 70 now we sub-
The time interval between class starting time and tract 30 minutes from
morning break ending time is 1 hour 40 minutes. 40 we can get 1 hour 40
minutes.
3. Find the total time from starting of morning class to Closing of Afternoon class.
Hour Minutes
Afternoon class ending time = 4 10
Morning class starting time = 9 30
Hours Minute
15 (60+10 = 70)
16 10 Add 12 hours, 4.10 + 12.00 =
9 30 16 Hours + 10 minutes.
6 40
The total time from starting of morning class to closing of afternoon class is
6 hours 40 minutes.

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 Try this
Find the time interval between starting of afternoon class and ­closing of
evening class.
Subtract from
Hour Minutes am to pm, we
Evening school ending time = 4 10 add 12 hours
and then sub-
Afternoon school starting time =   - 2 00 tract the a. m
time

Exercise 5
a. Write down your school time table for the following:
● Morning school break time to morning school ending time.
● Morning school working time.
● Afternoon school working time.
● Afternoon Lunch break time.

b. Match the following:

12 hours time 24 hours time

9:40 a.m. 23:40 Hours
3:20 p.m. 6:25 Hours
6:25 p.m. 15:20 Hours
11:40 p.m. 9:40 Hours
6:25 a.m. 18:25 Hours
c. Addition
1 4 hours 30 minutes +2 hours 50 minutes = ____________
2 4 hours 50 minutes +2 hours 30 minutes = ____________
3 3 hours 45 minutes +1 hours 35 minutes = ____________
4 1 hours 50 minutes +3 hours 45 minutes = ____________
5 2 hours 25 minutes +4 hours 50 minutes = ____________
d. Subtract
1 5 hours 10 minutes – 2 hours 35 minutes = ____________
2 4 hours 20 minutes – 2 hours 40 minutes = ____________

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 3 4 hours 25 minutes – 1 hours 20 minutes = ____________
4 6 hours 55 minutes – 2 hours 20 minutes = ____________
5 5 hours 45 minutes – 3 hours 55 minutes = ____________

e. Answer the following:

1 An office works from morning 10' O clock to afternoon 6’ O clock.

What is the working hours of the office in a day?
2 A school works from 9 a.m. to 4.10 p.m. What is the working hours of
the school?
3 A circus starts at 2:15 p.m. and end after 2:30 hours. At what time
the circus ends?
4 A bank works from morning 9:30 to evening 4:30. What is the working
hours of the bank?
5 A man comes to his village from abroad. He travels 2 hours 15
minutes in Aeroplane and 4 hours 40 minutes in Car. What is his total
time of travel?
6 A painter paints a house for 3 hours 15 minutes in the morning, and 2
hours 50 minutes in the evening. What is his total time of work?

Project / Activity
[24 hours Clock]

Write down the time of travel.

Train Name Starting Reaching Travelling

time Chennai time time
Sarkar Express Kakkinoda 17:20 09:50
Rameswaram Express train 19:15 08.35
Rameswaram
Ananthapuri Express Kollam 06:50 08.20
Sozhan Express Train 08:00 16.00
Trichirapalli

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 UNIT-6

I NF O RMA T I O N
PRO C ES S I N G

Introduction

The main aim of information processing is to enable the

learners to count, compare and assume information such as invitees
coming to attend a birthday party, sort out the library books, food
production, the number of pupils taking food in the mid-day meal scheme
and the various occupations of their parents.
Example
The teacher asked a student named Dinu to collect the pictures
of his favourite sports articles and Dinu collected the same and
handed it over to the teacher quickly. Let us see how is it possible
for him to do it quickly.

He tabulated the same as follows, then the teacher asked

questions to classify the details of sports articles.

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 Sports article

Numbers 7 10 8 10

Let us know what the teacher asked dinu?

1. Find the total number of pictures?

2. How many students like cricket bat?

3. How many students like football?

4. How many students draw Carrom board?

5. How many students like hockey stick?

6.1 Systematic Listing

Number puzzle is considered to be one of the unique games in

mathematics. These types of games create more interest and
involvement to learn mathematics in a very easy manner.

It is very happy to note that most of the number puzzles contain

the basic knowledge of mathematics.
Here is a game of number puzzle with a systematic rule and with a
specific property.
Let us know
i. Choose any one number
ii. Add the next number to
this
iii. Then add 9
iv. Divide by 2 The above diagram (grid) shows
v. And then subtract the rows and columns, horizontal
assumed number squares are called Rows vertical
squares are called Columns.
vi. Answer 5 (common for all)

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 Example 1

3×3 Sudoku

The object is to fill all empty squares so that the numbers 1 to 3

appear once in a row and column.

Step: 1 Step: 2 Step: 3

Try this
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 In how many ways
2 3 1 2 3 1 can we arrange the
numbers 1 to 3 in
3 1 2
first Row?

[Answer: (1 2 3), (1 3 2),(2 1 3),(2 1 3),(3 1 2)]

Example 2
Try it
4×4 Sudoku

Answer:
1 4 3 1 4 3 2
3 3 2 1 4
1 3 4 1 2 3
In how many ways can
2 4 1 2 3 4 1
we arrange the numbers
from 1 to 4 in first row?

Let us know Hint:

(i) Multiply of 1st and 2nd
5, 3, 2 = 15 10 22 numbers 7 x 2 = 14
9, 2, 4 = 18 36 52 (ii) Multiply of 1st and 3rd
8, 6, 3 = 48 24 66 numbers 7 x 5 = 35
5, 4, 5 = 20 25 41 (iii) A
 dd the 2 products and
subtract the middle number
therefore 7, 2, 5 = ?
= 14 + 35 = 49 – 2 = 45
Answer: 14  35  47

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 Exercise 6.1

a. F
ill the suitable number in the boxes

1 2 3 4

1 3 1 2 2 3
5 2 3
7 8 3 1 2 3

b. S
olve 3×3 magic square using the numbers from 1 to 9

15
15
15
15 15 15

c. Complete the following 4×4 Sudoku using the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4

1 1
4 1 3
4 4
3 1 3 2 2 1

d. C
 an you spot the duplicate?
DEF, EFD, FDE, EFD, FED, DFE, EDF

e. C
 an you find the mistake? Explain
ABC, ACB, BCA, BAA, CAB, CBA

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 6.2 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA

6.2a Collection of two – dimensional quantitative Data

The easy method to calculate is to tabulate the collected
2 – dimensional information and represent it in pictures.

Example 1
Sports day celebration

After the Sports day Celebration, the students kept all the used
sports articles in a room. The physical director asked the students
Dinesh & Ganesh from Fifth Standard to arrange the sports article
in order. They tabulated the sports articles as below

Note:

Rows are horizontal

arrangements whereas
column are vertical
arrangements.

Let us know
The process of
arranging classified
data in table form is
known as tabulation.

Let us see how they arranged in a proper way

Shapes

Numbers 4 1 2 6 11 3 2 1 1 10

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 Activity 1
In a Sports day celebration. The Fifth standard students
were given a competition of collecting mathematical shapes.
Shakuntaladevi team won the competition.

Try this
Can you make a
rectangle using the
triangles taken from a
square?

Let us count the shapes collected by the winning team.

Shapes

Numbers

Example 2
Prabu would like to present some gifts on his birthday party. He
collected the details from his friends.
Friends name Favourite item Friends name Favourite item
Mathavi Pen sangavi Eraser
Arul Eraser Priya Pencil
Anjali Eraser Vishal Pen
Malar Pen John Colour Pencil
Vembu Pencil Ravi Pencil box
Selvi Scale Albert Water bottle
begam Pencil Periasamy Pencil box
Senthil Water bottle

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 Pencil Water Colour
Items Pen Eraser Pencil Scale
box bottle Pencil
Numbers 2 3 3 3 1 2 1

Activity 2
In a house hold articles mart, total stock was calculated at the end
of the month as given below. Answer the following question.

Questions:
1. How many chairs were there in the stock list?
2. Name the articles which are lesser than the number of cots.
3. What is the total number of things in the stock?
4. How many tri footed stools were there?
5. Mention the articles which are 3 greater than tri footed stool?

Do it your self
List & tabulate the
furniture in your school.

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 6.2b Pictograph
Information can be easily understood when they are represented
in pictures.
A pictograph is the representation of data using pictures. Pictographs
represent the frequency of data while using symbols or images that
are relevant to the data. This is one of the simplest ways to represent
data.

Example
This is information collected from 150 students about their
favourite subjects. Make a pictograph based on it:

Subject Number of students

= 5 students
Tamil 25
English 20
Maths 55
Science 35
Social sciences 15

Subject Number of students

Tamil

English

Maths

Science

Social
sciences

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 Activity
Education Numbers
The following information Up to Eigth standard 20
shows the number of Up to Tenth standard 50
literates in a village of Up to Twelveth standard 70
200 people. Draw a Under Graduate 10
pictograph for the data.
Post Graduate 10
Up to Fifth standard 10
Illiterates 30

Exercise 6.2b
1. The following table shows the weight of paddy Cultivated in a
particular village between 2010 and 2015
Year Paddy production
= 100 kg
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Observe the pictograph and answer the following questions.
1. In which year the paddy production was maximum?
2. In which years the paddy productions were equal?
3. Find the paddy production in 2015,.
4. Find the total quantity of paddy production in 2013, 2014, and
2015.
2. The total number of pupils studying in class 5 are as follows
GHSS: 1000 PUPS: 200 BHSS: 400
PUMS: 400 Private nursery School: 800
Prepare a pictograph using the symbol to represent 100 Pupils
and answer the following question:
1. Which school has the maximum number of pupils?
2. Which school has the least number of pupils?

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 6.2c 
Graphical Representation or Data
Any collection of information in the form of numerical figures giving
the required information is called Data.
In olden days, primitive man used to count and verify his livestock using
stones.This is the first data gathering method. Nowadays we use many
methods to collect information the most efficient method is to keep a
"tally stick".
Example 1
An information was collected about the number of vehicles which
crossed a school on a particular time.
‘1’ is called a ‘tally mark’. It is Car 11111111111
difficult to count if there are Van 1111111
more number of tally marks. Lorry 1111111111111
Therefore to make it easier to Two wheelers 111111111111
count, we change it as follows. Bus 1111
11 - 2 1111 11 – 7
111 – 3 1111 111 – 8 Note:
1111 – 4 1111 1111 – 9 We can use tallymark
1111 – 5 1111 1111 – 10 to record data with
large numbers.
1111 1 – 6 1111 1111 1 – 11
Solution
Vehicles Tally mark No. of vehicles
Car 1111 1111 1 11
Van 1111 11 7
lorry 1111 1111 111 13
Two wheelers 1111 1111 11 12
Bus 1111 4
Answer the following questions:
1. Which vehicle crossed the school maximum in numbers?
Answer: lorry
2. Find the total number of vehicles which crossed on a particular
time? Answer: 47

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 Example 2
Information was collected by Balu from 20 students of class five
regarding their favourite snacks. Tabulate the given information.
Students Favourite snacks Students Favourite snacks
1 Chocolate 11 Apple
2 Cake 12 Chocolate
3 Biscuit 13 Cake
4 Chocolate 14 Chocolate
5 Chocolate 15 Chocolate
6 Banana 16 Cake
7 Biscuit 17 Banana
8 Biscuit 18 Chocolate
9 Biscuit 19 Apple
10 Chocolate 20 Chocolate
Tabulate the above information by using Tallymark. Here, all the
students have chosen any one of the snacks we can tabulate it as
follows.
Name of No.of
Tallymark
the snack students
Chocolate 1111 1111 9
Cake 111 3
Biscuit 1111 4
Apple 11 2
Banana 11 2

Activity 1
The number of two-wheelers sold during a week in a show room
is given below. Represent the data using tally marks.
Sunday-6 Wednesday-5
Monday-11 Thursday-16
Tuesday-3 Friday-16
Saturday-4

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 Activity 2
In a mathematics test, the following marks were obtained by 30
students. Arrange these marks in a table using tallymarks.
8  1  3  2  6  4  2   8  4  9
2  9  5  7  6  2  7  10  2  4
3  4  7  5  5  5  6    
3  8  6
(a) Find how many students obtained marks equal to or more
than 8?
(b) How many students obtained marks below 4?
Number of
Mark Tally marks
students
1 Try this
2 Ask the students to
3 collect the information
4 about the number of
5 students present in a
6
particular day of the
7
school. Tabulate the
8
above information using
9
tallymarks.
10

Do it yourself
Ask the students to collect information about Try yourself
the different types of houses in their villages
and complete the following table. Choose any
five cities and
Type of Total number record their
Tally mark
the house of houses temperature
Thatched house from the TV (or)
Tiled house Newspaper.
Asbestos house
Concrete house

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 Try this
Collect information based on the points given below and prepare a
table using tally marks
(a) Which story book do your classmates like?
Clue [Fairy tales, Moral stories, Comics, picture stories, fictions
and animal stories]
(b) What do your classmates want to become when they grow up?
Clue [Doctor, Farmer, Engineer, Pilot, Politician, Teacher]

6.2d Bar graph

A Bar graph is a chart that uses bars to show comparisons between
categories of data. The bars can either be horizontal or vertical.

Example 1
The number of things sold in a month of January in a particular
shop is shown below. Draw a bargraph.

Home appliance No. of

things things sold
Refridgerator 75 Radio

Television 45 Cooler

Washing 30 Washing
machine
machine
Television
Cooler 60
Refrigerator
Radio 30 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Activity 1
1. Take a survey among your friends and family on their
favourite pets. Use the information to draw a bargraph.
2. Take a survey among your school friends or their favorite
colour. (key: Purple, Green, Red, Brown, Blue)
Draw a bargraph to represent your data.

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 Activity 2
The following information is collected from 50 students of class
5 about their grades in exams. Complete the following table.
18
No. of 16
Grade Tallymark
students 14

A 1111 1111 10 12
10
B 1111 1111 1111 14
8
C 1111 1 6

D 4
2
E
0
A B C D E

Example 2
In Trichy, a GHSS has five different clubs. The data shows the
number of students in each club. Use the information to draw a
bargraph and answer the questions.
Art club Debate club Dance club Drama club Sports club
28 80 150 100 120
1) Which club has the fewest students? How many?
Answer:  Arts club 28
2) How many students are there in art and debate clubs?
Answer: 28+80=108
3) Find how many students are there in the sports club more than
the drama club?
Answer: 20
4) How many students are there in all clubs together?
Answer: 478

Activity 3
Take a survey among your classmates on their favourite hobby.
[Clue: Reading, Painting, Gardening, Cooking, Fishing]
Draw bargraph to represent your data.

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 Exercise 6.2c

a. 
The bar chart represents the number of students using
different modes of transport. Answer the following questions.
50
Number of students
40

30

CYCLE

WALK
20

CAR

BUS
10

0
Modes of transport

Questions

1 Which mode of transport is mostly used by the students?

___________
2 How many students come to school by walking? __________

3 Which mode of transport is used the least? __________

4 How many students come by Bus? __________

b. The following information shows the grades in science and

maths of 30 students.

Questions
Maths Grade
1 How many students got same A B C D E
grades in both the subjects? A 2 8
Science Grade

2 How many students got a higher B 1 4

grade in science than in maths?
C 2 3
3 Which was the most common D 4 2
grade in science?
E 1 0 2 1

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 c. 
Mr. Dinesh collected information about the rainfall of a
particular city in a week from the newspaper and recorded his
information in the pictograph.

Millimeters of Rain
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
= 2 millimeters
Wednesday
of rain
Thursday
Friday
Saturday

1 On which day, the rain was the most?

2 On which day, the rain was the least?

3 How much rain was there on Sunday?

4 How much rain was there on Monday?

5 Find the total rainfall of the city in that week?

d. 
Neela, Mala, Kala and Bala were neighbours. The following data
shows the number of fish in their fish tank respectively. Draw
a pictograph to represent the data and answer the questions.
Neela Mala Kala Bala
16 20 12 24

1 How may fish did bala have? ________

2 Who has 16 fish? ________

3 How many fewer fish did Kala have than Mala? ________

4 How many fish did Neela and Bala have together? ________

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 Answers

NUMBERS

Exercise 2.4a
1. 61,866; 41,969

2. a) 44,410 b) 2,83, 448 c) 2, 55, 404 d) 52, 738

3. 15,832

4. Rs. 64, 667

5. Rs. 47,450

Exercise 2.4 b

(a) 1) 18,872 2) 63,308 3) 1,10,398 4) 85,162

(b) 732

Exercise 2.4 d

1. a) 22,704 b) 76,988 c) 21,900 d) 17,934

e) 16,263 f) 24,360
2. 1. Rs. 825 2. Rs.1375 3. Rs.16,675 4. Rs. 16, 875

5. Rs.24,700

MEASUREMENTS

Exercise:4

A. 1) 705 cm 2) 50 cm 5 mm 3) 32600 cm 4) 5300 m

5) 6m 50 m

B. a) false b) true c) false d) true

e) false

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 C. 1) 69 m 750 cm 2) 165 km 450 m 3) 10 cm 7 mm

D. 1) 2 km 250 m 2) 380 m 360 mm 3) 2 km 50 m

E. 1) 2453 m 15 cm 2)151 km 800 m 3) 298 m 800 mm

F. 1) 190 km 160 m 2) 7m 110 mm 3) 43m 12cm

G. 1) 000322 2) 6 km 3) 20 poles, 30 m

4) 27 m 50 cm 5) 8 km 800 m

TIME

Exercise:5

C. 1) 7 h 20 min 2) 7 h 20 min
3) 5 h 20 min 4) 5 h 35 min
5) 7 h 15 min

D. 1) 2 hr 35 min 2) 1 hr 40 min
3) 3 hr 05 min 4) 4 hr 35 min
5) 1 hr 50 min

E. 1) 8 hr 2) 7 hr 10 min 3) 4.45 hrs

4) 6 hrs 5) 6 hr 55 min 6) 6 hr 05 min

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 5

SCIENCE
TERM-1

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 INDEX
Unit Topic Page No
1 Organ Systems 101

2 Matter and Materials 111

3 Energy 121

4 Science in Everyday Life 130

E-Book Evaluation Digi Link

5th Science Wrapper and Index Term 1.indd 100 5/7/2019 7:18:31 PM
 1 Organ
Systems

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson students will be able to:

 know about different organ systems of human body.
 identify different organs.
 understand the functions of different organs.

Introduction

We get energy for our daily activities from the food we eat. How is the
food converted into energy? It is through the process called digestion. After
we eat the food, waste products are removed from the body. The process
involved in this is called excretion. We need oxygen to survive. Our body gets
oxygen through the process, called respiration. These processes are carried
out by different organs in our body. Different organs form the organ systems.
In this lesson we will study about different organ systems in our body and
their functions.

I. Digestive System

The food we eat consists of complex compounds like carbohydrates, proteins

and fats. They have to be converted into simpler molecules like glucose, amino
acids, fatty acids and glycerol respectively. These simpler molecules are then
assimilated either by blood or lymph in order to give us energy. The process of
conversion of complex food molecules into simpler molecules is called digestion.
The digestive system can be divided into two.
1. Digestive tract 2. Digestive glands

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 Mouth
1   Digestive tract (Alimentary canal)
It is a coiled muscular tube extending from the
mouth to the anus. It is about 6-9 metres long and Buccal Cavity
consists of many specialized divisions. Arranged
sequentially, these are: mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, Pharynx
rectum and anus.

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Anus

Do you know?
There are some organisms
which live in the digestive
systems of animals. For
example, tape worm lives in
2 Digestive glands the human intestine.

Three important digestive glands associated with the process of digestion are:
1. Salivary glands
2. Pancreas
3. Liver
Do you know?
Salivary glands secrete saliva which
moistens food. Saliva contains enzymes The three pairs of salivary
which break down complex starch into simple glands parotid, sublingual and
cabrohydrate molecules. Pancreas produces submandibular gland secrete
pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes approximately 1.5 litres of
for digesting fats, proteins and carbohydrates. saliva every day.
Liver produces bile for the digestion of fat.
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 Nostrils
II. Respiratory System
Nasal cavity
The respiratory system provides oxygen
to the tissues of the body and removes carbon
dioxide from the tissues. There are three major Pharynx
parts forming the respiratory system.
1. Airway 2. Lungs 3. Muscles of respiration
Larynx

Alveoli
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchioles
Nostrils

Bronchi

Larynx Pharynx
Bronchioles
Trachea

Left Lung Alveoli

Right Lung Bronchi
Bronchioles

Alveoli

Diaphragm ♫

♫ ♫

Activity 1
Do you know?
Sit quietly and count how many
times you breath per minute.
People suffer due to smoke.
On an average, we breath 16-18
Smoke contains large amount
times per minute. Can you guess
of carbon monoxide a toxic gas.
the number of times you breath
People when engulfed in smoke
in a day? We breath more than
on fi re die due to suffocation.
20,000 times in a day.

1 Airway
The airway includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
It carries air between the lungs and the surrounding.
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 2 The Lungs
The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system. They are paired,
cone-shaped organs. They are located near the backbone on both sides of the
heart.

Do you know?
3 Muscles of respiration
 Air pollution causes many
Muscles of respiration include
respiratory diseases.
diaphram and intercostal muscles. They
act as pump and push the air into and out  Smoking can cause lung cancer.
of the lungs during breathing.

III. Circulatory System

In this system blood is circulated to transport oxygen

and nutrients to every part of the body. Circulatory system
consists of the following:
1. Heart 2. Blood 3. Blood vessels

1 Heart
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ. It is somewhat conical in shape. It is
covered with double walled membrane called pericardium. The space between the
membranes is fi lled with pericardial fl uid. The pericardial fl uid protects the heart
from shock. Heart is placed inside the thoracic chamber (rib cage) in between the
two lungs.

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 The heart is divided into four chambers. Two upper chambers are called atria or
auricles (Singular-atrium). Two lower thicker chambers are called ventricles. The
upper and lower chambers of the heart are separated by a muscular wall or tissue
known as the auriculo-ventricular septum of the heart. The right side of the heart
receives deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body and pumps it to the
lungs for oxygenation. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from
the lungs and pumps it into different parts of the body.

2 Blood
Blood transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes and hormones. The volume of blood
in human adults is 4-5 litres. It regulates water level and the body temperature.
Blood is pumped through out the body by the heart. It takes oxygen to tissues and
cells and fi nally reaches the lungs to take oxygen again.

3 Blood vessels
Blood vessels consist of arteries and veins. Arteries
carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery which ♫
carries deoxygenated blood from the heart) and veins carry
♫ ♫
deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary
vein which carries oxygenated blood to
the heart). Activity 2
Locate your pulse points either on wrist
or neck. Place your right index and middle
Do you know? fi nger on the palm side of your left wrist.
On the neck the pulse point is located
There are some animals like beneath the ear and jaw bone. Count the
lobsters and crabs that have number of beats for 15 seconds. Multiply
blue blood. Cockroach has this by four (15 * 4 = 60). This shows how
colourless or white blood. many times the heart beats in one minute.

IV. Excretory System

Excretory system removes the waste products from the body. It also
regulates water and electrolyte balance. Kidneys, lungs, liver and skin together
function as excretory organs. Excretory system consists of the following.
1. Kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Urinary bladder

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 1 Kidneys
Le Kidney
The kidneys fi lter the blood to remove Right Kidney

waste and produce urine. The kidneys

are a pair of dark red, bean shaped
organs placed behind the abdomen on
either side of the vertebral column. The
average adult‛s kidney measures about
12 cm in length, 6 cm in width and 3 cm
in thickness. Right kidney is slightly
Ureter
lower than the left kidney. Each kidney
is covered by a fi brous membrane called
capsule.
The kidneys are made up of millions
Urinary
of excretory units, called Nephrons, Bladder
which are the structural and functional
Urethra
units of the kidneys.

2 Ureters
Two ureters connect the kidneys with the urinary bladder. Urine formed from
each kidney reaches urinary bladder through ureters.

3 Urinary bladder
It is sac-like in shape and acts as a
temporary storage organ of urine. Urine
Do you know?
entering the urinary bladder from the ureters Every minute, kidneys
slowly fi ll the hallow space inside the bladder. receive approximately
Urine is expelled from the body through the 1.250 litre of blood.
urethra.

V. Nervous System

Nervous system is an integration of nerves and specialised cells called

Neurons. The human nervous system is divided into the following.
1. Central nervous system (CNS)
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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 1 Central nervous system

Central nervous system consists of

the brain, the spinal cord and the nerves.

 Brain
We use our brain to think, read and
write. The brain is covered by three
membranes called meninges. They are
dura mater, arachnoid membrane and
pia mater. The brain is kept in a bony
case called cranium or skull. It is made
up of eight immovable bones. The brain
is made up of millions of functional units
called Neurons.
Human brain is divided into three
major parts.
Fore Brain (Cerebrum)
Mid Brain (Cerebellum)
Hind Brain (Medulla Oblongata)
Fore Brain (Cerebrum)
 The fore brain consists of cerebrum,
thalamus and hypo thalamus.
 It is the largest part of the brain.
 It is the centre of human memory. Do you know?
 It is responsible for intelligence,
imagination and reasoning. Average weight of human brain
Mid Brain (Cerebellum) is 1.300 kg

 It lies behind the cerebrum.

 It co-ordinates the movements of the muscles of the body.
 It helps to maintain the balance of the body.

Hind Brain (Medulla Oblongata)

 The hind brain comprises of pons and medulla oblongata.
 It is also called the brain stem.
 It is called ‘Vital knot‛ because it controls breathing, heart beat and other
involuntary muscles.
 It connects the brain to the spinal cord.

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 Do you know?
 The Brain needs a
continuous supply of
oxygen for better
functioning.
 The brain loses the ability
to function when it does
not get oxygen for more
than 4 minutes.
 Enough sleep and healthy
food increase the
effi ciency of our brain.

 Spinal cord
Spinal cord is along a tube like structure which extends from the brain. It lies
within the back bone of our body.

2 Peripheral nervous system

Peripheral nervous system consists of nerves extending from the spinal cord to
all parts of the body. It is made up of two parts.
 Somatic nervous system
 Autonomous nervous system
Somatic nervous system carries sensations from the organs to the brain and
take messages from the brain to the organs for movements. Autonomous nervous
system controls the nerves of the inner organs of the body.

Evaluation

I Choose the correct answer.

1. What is the length of the alimentary canal?
a) 3-5 m b) 5-6 m c) 9-11 m d) 6-9 m
2. Which organ is involved in respiration?
a) Kidney b) Lungs c) Heart d) Brain
3. How many kidneys do we have?
a) 2 b) 3 c) 1 d) 4

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 4. Functional unit of brain is
a) Neuron b) Nephron c) Brain stem d) Nerves
5. Blood is bumped by
a) Lungs b) Heart c) Kidneys d) Bones

II Fill in the blanks.

1. A group of organs together make up an ______ system.

2. The process by which the body removes waste is called ___________

3. The number of chambers in human heart is _________

4. The functional unit of kidney is ________

5. The human nervous system is divided into _________ parts.

III Say True or False.

1. In human respiratory system, length of trachea is 8-10 cm.
2. The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood and blood vessels.
3. Important function of the heart is to transport blood with nutrients, oxygen, waste
and hormones.
4. The brain is protected by the rib cage.
5. The functional unit of kidney is neuron.

IV Circle the odd one.

1. a) Mouth b) Buccal cavity c) Pharynx d) Lungs

2. a) Nostrils b) Nasal cavity c) Pharynx d) Stomach

3. a) Mouth b) Esophagus c) Stomach d) Kidney

4. a) Taste b) Hear c) Think d) Smell

5. a) Cerebrum b) Cerebellum c) Medulla Oblongata d) Nephron

V Match the following.

Digestive System - Kidney

Respiratory system - Brain

Circulatory system - Alimentary canal

Excretory system - Heart

Nervous System - Lungs

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 VI Answer briefly.
1. Name the salivary glands in our mouth?
2. What is respiration?
3. What is the function of pericardial fluid?
4. Name the chambers in human heart?
5. Arrange the excretory system in correct sequence.
(Urinary bladder, Ureter, Kidney, Urethra).
6. What are the two parts of peripheral nervous system?
7. What are the functions of blood?

VII Answer in detail.
1. List out the functions of the digestive system.
2. Explain the main parts of the circulatory system.
3. Explain three major parts of human brain.
4. Label the diagram given below.

VIII Questions based on higher order thinking (HOT).

1. Why it is important to wear helmet while riding a bike?
2. Eating fast-food and junk food affects our health. Justify.

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 Matter and
2 Materials

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson students will be able to:

™ know about matter and materials.
™ understand the process of manufacturing fabrics.
™ know the varieties of grains and the food products.
™ understand why do things float or sink.

Introduction

Our needs have increased in the modern days and we use number of things in
our daily life. We get some of them from the nature and some other things are
manufactured artificially. The things you use like pen, pencil, ink, eraser, note book,
ball and the food you eat, all have different nature and characteristics. They are
obtained by transforming the natural and artificial substances. In this lesson we will
study about different things used in our life and how they are obtained.

I. States of Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter can exist in three
physical states: solid, liquid and gas. It is made up of molecules and the molecules
are made up of atoms.

™ Solid
In solids molecules are very closely arranged. Solids are incompressible.
They have definite shape, size and volume.

™ Liquids
In liquids molecules are loosely packed. Hence, liquids are negligibly compressible.
They have definite volume, but no definite shape and size.
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 ™ Gas ♫

In gases, molecules are very loosely

♫ Activity 1

♫
packed. Hence, gases are highly compressible. Look at your surrounding.
Gas Give some examples for solids, liquids
Solid
and gases.
Liquid Solids Liquids Gases

II. Materials

A material is a mixture of substances that constitute an object. They can

be pure or impure, natural or man made. Materials are needed to get the things
needed for our daily life. We need food, dress and many other goods for our daily
living. Natural and man made materials are transformed to produce these things.

III. Fibres
FIBRE

Fibre is a thin thread of Natural Fibres Synthec Fibres

natural or artificial substances.

It is used to make cloths with
the help of powerlooms or
weaving machines. The fibres
we get from plants and animals
are called natural fibres. Cotton, jute, coir, flax, hemp are examples for plant fibres.
Wool and silk are examples for animal fibres. Fibres made by humans by chemical
synthesis are called synthetic fibres or artificial fibres. Rayon, nylon, acrylic and
dacron are examples for artificial fibres. These fibres are obtained from petroleum
by complex chemical processes.

1 Natural Fibres
™ Cotton
A cotton plant is a bushy plant of 5 to 6 feet high. Cotton
grows well in black soil and alluvial soil. The cotton plant
bears a large number of small green pods called cotton balls.
These balls contain seeds covered with white fibres. When
the cotton balls mature, they burst exposing the white fibre
of cotton. Cotton is usually hand picked from the plants.
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 Ginning
Cotton balls
There are two processes to make
cotton yarn from cotton fibre. The raw
Ginning
fibres are separated from the seeds by
a process known as Ginning. The fibrous
material left after separating cotton
Cotton fibre
seeds is called lint. The lint is then
tied and pressed into balls. The final
proportions of short fibres and other
impurities are removed by the process of Lint
combing.
Spinning
Spinning
The process of making yarn from lint
Yarn
(fibre) is called spinning. Spinning is done
on a large scale with the help of spinning
machines. Weaving Knitting
Yarn to fabrics
Weaving and knitting are the two most
important processes used for making fabric Fabric
from the yarn. The process of making two
sets of yarns together to make fabric is
called weaving. It is done by weavers on a machine called loom. The loom are either
hand – operated (hand looms) or power - operated. During knitting a single yarn is used
to make a piece of fabric. It is done by hand and also on machine.

Spinning Weaving Knitting

Uses of cotton
It is used to manufacture cotton textiles and garments.
ÎÎ
It is used as fillers in pillows and mattresses.
ÎÎ
It used for making surgical bandages.
ÎÎ
It is used for making dhotis, sarees, bedsheets, table cloth and so on.
ÎÎ

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 ™™ Jute
Jute fibre is obtained from the stem of the jute plant. Jute plant has long, soft and
shiny fibres. It is also referred to as the golden fibre due to its colour and cost effectiveness.
Jute fibres are separated from the process of retting jute by hand and then they are
dried. These are converted into yarns in the same manner as in the case of cotton.

Uses of Jute
It is used for making bags, carpets, curtains and ropes.
ÎÎ
It is used for making clothes for wrapping bales of raw
ÎÎ
cotton and to make socks for storing grains.
It is used for making wall hangings for decoration.
ÎÎ

™™ Coir
Coir fibre is obtained from the outer covering of coconut. It is used to make floor
mats, door mats, brushes and mattresses.

2  Synthetic Fibres (or) Manmade Fibres

These fibres are made by human ♫

beings with the help of chemical process. ♫ ♫

Hence, they are called synthetic fibres or
Activity 2
manmade fibres. These fibres are obtained
from coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Classify the following natural fibres.
Synthetic fibre Sources Polyster, Jute, Silk, Nylon, Cotton,
Rayon Wood pulp Wool, Acrylic, Rayon.
Synthetic Fibres Natural Fibres
Nylon Silk and wool
Polyester Petroleum products
Acrylic Wool products

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 Uses of synthetic fibres
Rayon is used to make rope, cloth, cap, tyre
ÎÎ Do you know?
cords and carpets.
Nylon is used to make fishing nets, ropes,
ÎÎ The world‛s most
parachutes, fabrics and bristles for brushes. valuable fibre is
Polyester is used to make fabric for suits
ÎÎ obtained from a
and shirts, hoses, conveyer belts, films, PET small wild animal
bottles and wires. called Vicuna.
Acrylic is used to make sweaters, shawls and
ÎÎ It belongs to a
blankets. camel family.

IV. Grains

Grain is a small, hard, dry seed. Each grain is protected by a husk and the husk
encloses the seed. Two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legumes.
Wheat, maize, rice, beans, peas, barley and millets are some of the whole grains.

™ Wheat
This is the most important crop cultivated in the world. Whole wheat is important
because it is rich in fibre, vitamins and minerals. Wheat products are: Breads, Cakes,
Pasta, Wheat germ and Cracked wheat.

™ Maize
In many tropical and sub tropical countries (Mexico and America), maize is the main
food that people eat. It is also known as corn. Maize is also made into oil for cooking.
Yellow or coloured corn may promote eye health. It is also rich source of many vitamins
and minerals. Corn syrup is used as a sweetener instead of sugar in many products.
Maize products are: Sweet corn, Breakfast cereal, Tortilla chips, Taco and Maize oil.

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 ™ Rice
Rice is a type of grass. It is produced worldwide after sugarcane and maize. Large
parts of the world‛s human population especially people in Asia have this as their main
food. Ninety percent of the world‛s rice production is in Asia. White rice contains few
essential nutrients. Brown rice is a whole grain that contains the fibrous bran. Brown
rice is usually considered much healthier than white rice. Rice idly, Idiappam and Rice
aval (Flattened rice) are the food items made from rice.

™ Millets
Millets are a group of small seeded grasses. They are widely grown around the
world as cereal crops for fodder and human food. It helps in weight loss. It is rich in
fibre. Some of the millet products are Sorghum, Fox tail millet, Finger millet, Pearl
millet, Barnyard millet, Kodo millet and Little Millet.

Barnyard millet Fox tail millet Finger millet Sorghum

V. Household Goods

These are the products that we use in our house. The goods that are found in
a house permanently are called household goods. Household goods are: Furniture,
Kitchenware, Cloths, Towels, Beddings, Boots and Electronic goods.

Household goods used in the olden days

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 Household goods used in the modern days

VI. Sinking and Floating

You could have seen that some objects float in water while others sink. Whether
an object floats or sinks is determined by its density. When an object is immersed
in a liquid, the liquid exerts an upward force on the object. It is known as upthrust.
What happens if you put a coin and an empty water bottle in water? The weight
of the coin is greater than the upthrust and so the coin sinks. But it is less on the
empty water bottle and so it floats.

♫ ♫ Activity 3
Things Float Sink
Apple
Scissors
Take water in a bucket and drop the
following items in the water. Silver fork
Apple, Scissors, Silver fork, Marbles, Marbles
Plastic ball.
Plastic ball
Fill the table with your observation.

Floating

Do you know?
Sinking
A fish can control the
upthurst on its body. So it
can float and go beneath the
surface of the water.

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 VII. Solubility of Solids in Water

Some substances completely dissolve in water. We say that these substances

are soluble in water. Other substances do not dissolve in water even after we stir
for long time. These substances are insoluble in water.

♫ ♫
Activity 4
Collect some samples of solid substances such as salt, sugar,
chalk powder, sand and saw dust.
Take five beakers filled with water and add a small amount of
sugar to the first beaker, salt to the second and similarly, add small amounts of
other substances in other beakers. Stir the content with a glass rod. Wait for few
minutes. What happens to the substances added? Note your observation.
Substances Disappear in water/ Does not disappear/
Disappear completely in water
Salt
Sugar
Chalk powder
Sand
Saw Dust

Sugar in water Chalk in water Sand in water

VIII. Mixing

Certain liquids are heavier (dense) than other liquids. When you attempt to mix
liquids which have different densities they separate when you stop mixing them.
The heavier liquid deposits at the bottom and the lighter liquid floats on the top.

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 ♫
Activity 5
♫ ♫

Collect samples of coconut oil, kerosene,

mustard oil, lemon juice and vinegar. Take five
test tubes, fill them up to half with water.
Vinegar in Coconut oil in
Add a spoon full of one liquid to this and stir
water water
it well. Keep it in a test tube stand and wait
for few minutes. Observe whether the liquid
mixes with water. Repeat the experiment with
Do you know?
other liquids and tabulate your observation.
Liquid Mixes well/ Does not mix Substances with similar
ÎÎ
Lemon Juice chemical properties will
Vinegar mix.
Mustard oil Substances with
ÎÎ
Coconut oil different chemical
Kerosene properties will not mix.

Evaluation

I. Choose the correct answer.

1. Which of the following are the states of matter?
a) Solid, Liquid, Water b. Solid, Liquid, Gas
c) Solid, Liquid, Wood d. Solid, Liquid, Sugar
2. Which of the following is a solid?
a. Kerosene b. Air c. Water d. Apple
3. Jute fibre is obtained from
a. leaf b. stem c. flower d. root

II Fill in the blanks.

1. _______________ soil is suitable for growing cotton.
2. The process of making cotton yarn from cotton fibre is _______________.
3. Ginning is done to separate _______________ from the seeds.
4. Synthetic fibre is also called _______________ fibre.
5. Woolen clothes are manufactured from _______________ ( plant / animals).
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 III. Match the following.
Yarn - Ginning
Lint - Spinning
Fabrics - Wood pulp
Rayon - Stem
Jute - Weaving

IV. Say True or False.

1. Coir is the outer covering of coconut.
2. Beans and peas are pulses.
3. Table is a household good.
4. Sweet corn is not a product of maize.
5. Cotton balls contain jute fibre.

V. Complete the given analogy.

1. Solid : Table :: ________ : Water
2. Cotton seed : ________ :: Lint : Spinning
3. Coir fibre : ________ :: Cotton fibre : Cotton Plant
4. Black Pepper : Spice :: Sweat corn : ________

VI. Answer in brief.

1. What is known as ginning?
2. Give two examples for food products made from wheat.
3. What are synthetic fibres?
4. What is known as upthrust?
5. Name the list of whole grains.

VII. Answer in detail.

1. Discuss briefly about three states of matter.
2. Draw a flow chart to indicate the process of making fabrics from cotton ball.

VIII. Give reason.

1. Why umbrellas are made up of synthetic clothes?
2. What determines whether an object floats or sinks in a fluid?

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 3 Energy

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, students will be able to:

 know about different forms of energy.
 explain the energy charges in daily life.
 understand the law of conservation of energy.
 list out the uses of energy.

Introduction

Mala was standing in the row for her morning school assembly. Suddenly she
fainted and fell down. Her class teacher rushed to her, took her to the class
room and gave her water to drink. She came to know that Mala had skipped her
breakfast. She was given some food and then she came back to normal. What do
you understand from this?
We need energy to do our daily activities. We get this energy from the food.
In science, energy is defined as capacity to do work. Let us study about different
forms of energy and their uses in this lesson.

I. Different forms of Energy

We do many works in our daily life. Many of them are done physically. Some
works are done with the help of instruments and devices. But, they need energy to
work. There are different forms of energy like mechanical energy, heat energy,
light energy, wind energy and so on. Let us study about them one by one.

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 Activity 1 ♫
♫

♫
Find out what do we need for the following.

To Drive bus To dry cloth To cook To work in laptop

1  Mechanical Energy
Energy possessed by an object due to its position is called mechanical energy.
Mechanical energy can be classified into two.
Kinetic energy  
ÎÎ
Potential energy
ÎÎ

Kinetic energy
Energy possessed by a moving
object is known as kinetic energy. It is
also known as energy of motion.
Examples: Moving car, Cricket ball
bowled by a player, Bullet coming out
of a gun.

Potential energy
Energy possessed by an object which is
at rest is known as potential energy. It is
also known as stored energy of position.
Examples: Object lifted above, Stone
in the stretched rubber, Water in the dam.

Uses of mechanical energy

Mechanical energy can be used to do many works. Some of them are given below.

In hydro electric plants, kinetic energy of water is converted into electrical energy.
ÎÎ
Wind mills convert kinetic energy of winds into electrical energy.
ÎÎ
Mechanical energy of the hammer is used to apply a force on a nail.
ÎÎ
Mechanical energy can bring a moving body to rest and make a body at rest to move.
ÎÎ
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 ♫

Activity 2 ♫

♫
Find out the form of energy in the following.

2 Wind Energy

Energy possessed by the wind is known as wind energy.

Uses of wind energy

Wind mills use wind energy to generate

ÎÎ
electricity.
Do you know?
Ships sail by the power of wind.
ÎÎ Tamil Nadu stands first in
Sports like wind surfing, sailing, kite
ÎÎ generating electricity from wind
surfing use wind energy. mills. Wind mills are located in
places like Aaralvaimozhi, Kayatharu
Wind energy can be used for pumping
ÎÎ
and Gudimangalam.
water.

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 3  Heat Energy Do you know?
When the temperature of a substance is Heat is the total energy
raised, its atoms and molecules begin to vibrate of the molecules in a body.
and release a kind of energy. This energy is known Temperature is a measure of
as heat energy or thermal energy. This energy heat in a body.
flows from a hot substance to a cold substance.
If we put some ice cubes into water in a glass, water becomes cold. It is because,
heat is transferred from water to ice.
♫

♫ ♫

Activity 3 Activity 4

♫
♫

Rub your hands ♫

Take a small amount of
together. What do you lime powder in a glass.
feel in your hands? Do Add some water and stir well. Touch the
you feel the heat generated by friction? glass outside. How do you feel?

In both the cases, you can feel the heat. Thus, heat is produced by friction and
chemical reactions also. Sun is the primary source of heat energy.
Uses of heat energy
Heat energy obtained from power stations is used to generate electricity.
ÎÎ
Heat energy obtained from petrol and diesel is used to run vehicles.
ÎÎ
We cook food with the help of heat. Heat energy renders the food material soft
ÎÎ
and easy to digest.
Hard substances like iron are heated to mold them into different shapes.
ÎÎ
Heat is used to dry cloths and other wet substances.
ÎÎ

4  Light Energy
Light is a form of energy which travels in Do you know?
the form of wave. It contains a particle called
photon which are the minute packets of energy. Study of light is known as
It is the only form of energy visible to human Optics.
eye. Light does not require any medium to travel.
It travels at a speed of 3,00,000 km/s. Sunlight takes 8 minutes to reach earth.
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 Uses of light energy
We are able to see objects with the help of light energy.
ÎÎ
Plants use light energy to synthesis their food.
ÎÎ
With the help of light energy, our skin is able to synthesis Vitamin-D.
ÎÎ
Electricity can be produced with the help of light energy.
ÎÎ

5  Electrical energy Do you know?

We know that all things are made up of ‘Electric eel’
atoms. Atoms posses particles like protons, generates
electrons and neutrons. Movement of electron electric energy.
in the objects causes an energy. This energy It uses this
is called electric energy. In our daily life we energy to defend
use batteries to get electric energy. Electric itself against its
energy is also generated from nuclear power predators.
plants, hydroelectric plants and wind mills. It
is also generated from solar energy.

Uses of Electric energy ♫

Activity 5 ♫
Electric energy is needed for the
ÎÎ
Mention few places ♫
working of fan, light, television, washing
machine, refrigerator etc. where electric energy
is generated in plants.
Electric iron box, electric stove and electric
ÎÎ
water heater work by electrical energy. Nuclear Hydroelectric Thermoelectric
plant plant plant
It is used to run cars and trains.
ÎÎ
It is used in factories to produce
ÎÎ
materials.

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 6 Chemical energy
♫
Chemical energy is stored in
subtances when atoms join together to Activity 6
♫

♫
form chemical compounds. When two or
more chemical substances react with Observe the stove
each other, this energy is released. burning in your kitchen.
Do you see the light and feel the heat?
Uses of chemical energy Where do you get these from?
The food we eat contains chemical
ÎÎ
energy.
Chemical energy in wood provides heat energy which helps us to cook food.
ÎÎ
Chemical energy in coal is used to generate electricity.
ÎÎ
Batteries we use in our daily life contain chemical energy.
ÎÎ
Fuels like petrol and diesel posses chemical energy which is used to run vehicles.
ÎÎ

II. Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created and it cannot be destroyed also. It is changed

from one form to another form or transferred from one object to another object.
We can say many examples for conservation of energy in our daily life.

1 Water Dam
Do you know?
Water stored in water dams
posseses potential energy. When Law of conservation of energy states
water falls down, potential energy that energy can neither be created nor be
of water is converted into kinetic destroyed. One form of energy is converted
energy. Kinetic energy of water into another form of energy.
rotates the turbines and electric This law was given by Julius Robert Mayar.
energy is generated.

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 2 Electrical Appliances

Electric energy is used in many domestic appliances such as electric

stove, iron box and fan. Electric energy flows into the coil in the devices.
As current flows, it heats up the coil. With the help of this heat energy,
we do many useful works. Thus, electrical energy is converted into heat
energy. Electical energy is converted to mechanical energy in fan, light
enrgy in bulb and sound energy in computer.

Heat Energy Light and Sound Energy Light Energy Mechanical Energy

3 Driving a Car

We use fuel in the form of petrol or diesel

or gas to run vehicles. When this fuel burns in
the engine, chemical energy is converted into Do you know?
heat energy. Burning fuel produces hot gases
which pushes the piston in the engine to move Photosynthesis changes solar
the vehicle. Thus heat energy is converted energy into chemical energy.
into mechanical energy.

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 Conservation of Energy

CHEMICAL ENERGY
(FOOD)
MECHANICAL

LIGHT AND SOUND

ENERGY

CHEMICAL ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY

LIGHT ENERGY

ENERGY TO KINETIC ENERGY

DO WORK ELECTICAL ENERGY

Evaluation

I Choose the correct answer.

1. When diesel is burnt chemical energy is converted into ________
a) wind energy b) heat energy
c) solar energy d) sound energy
2. Running water possesses ______
a) potential energy b) chemical energy
c) kinetic energy d) sound energy
3. Unit of energy is ________
a) kilo gram b) newton
c) kelvin d) joule
4. Which one of the following requires wind energy?
a) Bicycle b) Photosynthesis
c) Parachute d) Automobiles
5. Cow dung possesses ______
a) kinetic energy b) chemical energy
c) solar energy d) heat energy
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 II. Find out the energy conversion that takes place in the following.
1. Iron box : Chemical energy  Heat energy
2. Electric Iron box : _______________  _______________
3. Electric fan : _______________  _______________
4. Speaker : _______________  _______________
5. Generator : _______________  _______________

III. Find out the form of energy possessed by the following things.
1. A rock on the top of a hill
2. A rolling ball
3. Charcoal
4. Water falls
5. Battery

IV. Match the following.

Electric bell - Solar energy
Water in dam - Light energy
Solar heater - Electrical energy
Wind mill - Potential energy
Torch light - Sound energy

V. Say True or False.

1. An apple falling from a tree is an example for kinetic energy.
2. Electrical energy is used to run electric trains.
3. Heat energy cannot be produced by friction.
4. Potential energy and heat energy are the two forms of mechanical energy.
5. The unit of energy is joule.

VI. Answer in brief.

1. What is energy?
2. What are the different forms of energy?
3. What are the uses of mechanical energy.
4. State the law of conservation of energy.
5. Mention the uses of light energy.

VII. Answer in detail.

1. Explain the types of mechanical energy.
2. Explain conservation of energy.

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 Science in
4 Everyday
Life
Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, students will be able to

 know about Scientists from Tamil Nadu.
 understand the reason for the blue appearance of the sky.
 differentiate reversible and irreversible processes in daily life.
 get awareness about waste materials generated in home and school
environment.

Introduction

Science has helped us to find solution to many of our problems. It has shaped
our daily life also. The world we are living in is not the same as before. It is
changing everyday, infact every hour. We see lot of changes around us. Some of
them are reversible and some of them are irreversible. Irreveresible changes
like burning of wastes pollute our home and school environment. We need to
know about waste management and proper disposable of wastes. Let us study
about them in this lesson.

I. Scientists from Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu has a long history of science since ancient times. Scientific
concepts can be seen in ancient Tamil literatures. Tamil Nadu has produced many
scientists who have contributed to the world of science. The following table gives
the names of some of the scientsts from Tamil Nadu and their contributions.

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 Name of the Scientists Department Contribution
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan Genetics Green Revolution

Srinivasa Ramanujan Mathematics Composite Numbers

Venkataraman Radhakrishnan Biology Structure of Ribosome

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Aeronautical Engineering Missile development

Sir. C.V. Raman Physics Scattering of light

1 Sir. C.V. Raman (1888-1970)

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born at
Trichirapalli, Tamil Nadu on 7th November, 1888. In 1904, he
completed his Bachelor of Arts (B.A) degree at Presidency
College, Chennai. He stood first and won gold medal in
Physics. In 1907, he got his Master of Science (M.Sc)
degree from University of Madras.
Sir.C.V. Raman won the Nobel Prize in Physics in the
year 1930 for his work in scattering of light. In 1954, he
was awarded the Bharat Ratna.

Blue appearance of Sky

One day in the summer of 1921, Sir.C.V. Raman was on the deck of a ship sailing
in the mediterranean sea. He was observing the blue colour of the sky and started
reasoning it. He concluded that sunlight is scattered by the gases and particles present
in the air. The white light we see is composed of different colours such as violet, indigo,
blue, green, yellow, orange and red (VIBGYOR). Among these colours, blue is scattered
more. Because of this reason, sky appears blue most of the time. During sunrise and
sunset, rays have to travel long distance. As they travel, all other colours except red
are scattered. So, sky appears red at sunrise and sunset.

Do you know?
National Science Day is
celebrated on 28th of February
in order to commemorate the
invention of the Raman Effect by
Sir. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
on the same day in the year 1928.

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 2 Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (1931-2015)
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was an
Aeronautical Scientist. He was born on 15th October
1931 in Rameshwaram, Tamil Nadu. He got his Bachelor
of Science (B.Sc) degree from St.Joseph‛s College,
Trichirappalli in 1954. In 1960, he got his degree in
Aeronautical Engineering from Madras Institute of
Technology.
He was involved in India‛s missile development
programme and thus came to be known as Missile Man
of India. He also served as the President of India
(2002-2007) and widely referred to as the People‛s
President. He was awarded Padma Bhusan in 1981, Padma Vibhusan in 1990 and Bharat
Ratna in 1997. He has written many books like Wings of Fire, India 2020 and Ignited minds.

II. Changes Around Us

Change is the transition of a substance from one form to another. We see

many changes around us. We see changes like day and night, summer and winter
and so on. We also see changes in objects. Growth of a tree, ripening of fruits,
falling of leaves are some of the
changes taking place around us. You
can observe changes in you also. Changes around us
Your height and weight increase,
hair and nail grow and you have
grown up as a whole compared
to last year. These changes can Reversible Irreversible
be classified as reversible and changes changes
irreversible changes.

1 Reversible Changes
Changes which can be reversed cooling
are called reversible changes. If
you keep water in the freezer for
some time, it is tranformed into heating
ice. If it is taken out, it becomes
water again. This is a reversible
change. Ice Water Ice Water

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 2 Irreversible Changes
Do you know?
Changes which cannot be reversed
are called irreversible changes. If you Irreversible changes are also known
burn a piece of paper it burns and turns as permanent changes. Processes like
into ash. It cannot become paper again. heating, burning, mixing and powdering
This is an irreversible change. cause permanent changes.


♫

Activity 1
♫

Take an elastic band and

stretch it to the maximum.
Now release it. What do you
observe?
Cut it now into pieces. Can
you get the band back again?

♫
Activity 2
♫

Take a balloon and blow air

into it. You can see that the
shape and size of the balloon is
changed. Now let the air escape
from the balloon. What do you
observe now?
Now blow it to its full size
and prick it with the tip of a
pin. It is burst. Can you get the
balloon back?

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 From these activities we can observe ♫

some differences between reversible

Activity 3
♫ ♫

and irreversible changes. Differences

between reversible and irreversible Which of these common changes,
changes are listed below. you think, can be reversed?

Reversible Irreversible Change Can it be

Change Change reversed?
A substance can A substance Raw egg to boiled egg Yes / No
turn to its original cannot change to
Ice cube to water Yes / No
state. its original state.
The chemical The chemical Batter to Idly Yes / No
properties of the properties of the Milk to Curd Yes / No
substance do not substance will
change. change. Grain to Flour Yes / No
Most of the All chemical Bud to Flower Yes / No
physical changes changes are Cow dung to Biogas Yes / No
are reversible. irreversible.

III. Wastes Generated in our Environment

Waste is any substance which is Wastes

discarded after primary use. It is
worthless, defective and of no use. They
are unwanted and undesirable materials. Household Wastes from
wastes School

1 Household Wastes
Wastes from home is known as household waste. Solid wastes disposed from home
and apartments comprise of garbage and rubbish (bottles, cans, clothings, composts,
disposable items, food packings, news papers, magazines and trimmings). We can classify
the household wastes as below.
Organic wastes: Kitchen wastes, Vegetables, Flowers, Leaves, Fruits.
Toxic wastes: Old medicines, Paints, Chemicals, Bulbs, Spray cans, Fertilizers, Pesticide
containers, Batteries, Shoe polish.

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 Recyclable wastes: Paper, Glass, Metals, ♫

Plastics. ♫ ♫

Solid wastes: Cloths soiled with blood

Activity 4
and other body fluids.
e-wastes: Computer parts, Electronic Collect the wastes from your house
materials, Cell phone parts, CFL bulbs. before it is thrown into dustbin.
Separate them into two groups.

Group 1: Garbage from the kitchen

Do you know? like fruit and vegetable peel, egg
shells, waste food, tea leaves, news
40 million tons of electronic
ÎÎ papers, dry leaves and paper bags.
waste is generated every year
worldwide. Group 2: Pieces of cloth, polythene
bags, brocken glass, aluminum
e-waste comprises 70% of our
ÎÎ
wrappers, nails, old shoes and broken
overall toxic waste.
toys.
e-waste contains hundreds of
ÎÎ
substances, of which many are Find out how you can dispose them
toxic.  properly.

2  Wastes from School Do you know?

You leave many waste materials inside
Each one in our state capital (Chennai)
your class rooms and throw away many
contributes 700 gram of waste
things in the school campus. If they are
everyday. It is the highest in our
not collected and disposed properly, your
country.
environment will be polluted. Papers, pen
and its parts, blades, chocolate covers and
plastic items are found in the school environment. The single most common materilal
generated in schools is food waste. Food is not only wasted but it is also thrown away
everywhere, making your surrounding unclean.
In a survey conducted, it is found that food waste accounts for 23.9% of the total
wastes generated in the school and recyclable paper like card board, white paper and
mixed papers accounted for 23.5% of the total waste. To keep our surrounding clean,
we need to have a proper waste disposal system.

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 3 Need for Proper Disposal of Waste
With so much of wastes lying everywhere, what do you think that we should do?
We urgently need a proper waste management system. Waste management is needed
for the following reasons.

To control pollution
Various pollutions like water pollution, air pollution and soil pollution can be avoided.
ÎÎ

To conserve natural resources

Waste disposal is important for the conservation of our environmental resources
ÎÎ
like forest, minerals and water.

To control spread of diseases

Spread of infectious diseases can be controlled.
ÎÎ

Recycle for further use

Wastes can be recycled to get products for further use.
ÎÎ

4 Ways to Reduce Waste

The best place to start changes is our home.
We need to learn how to reduce, reuse and recycle
wastes. The following practices will be helpful to
reduce wastes in our home and school environment.
Use reusable and recyclable bags and containers.
ÎÎ
Avoid one time use items and use items which can
ÎÎ
be used permanently.
Segregate wastes into bio-degradable and non-
ÎÎ
biodegradable items and hand over them to the
municipal and corporation people who collect them.
Do not throw away your wastes everywhere. Put
ÎÎ
them in dustbins and dispose them properly.
Don‛t waste food. Waste food in schools can be collected and used to feed cattles.
ÎÎ
Organic wastes can be converted into manures.
ÎÎ

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 Evaluation

I. Choose the correct answer.

1. Blue appearance of the sky is due to__________ of light.
a. reflection b. refraction c. interference d. scattering
2. Who is known as Missile Man of India?
a. Sir. C.V.Raman b. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
c. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan d. Ramanujan
3. An example for reversible change is
a. melting of ice b. burst of balloon
c. burning paper d. change of milk into curd
4. Chemical reactions are example for
a. reversible change b. irreversible change
c. both of them d. none of them
5. Which of the following is not an organic waste?
a. Flowers b. Vegetables
c. Fruits d. Battery

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. The book ‘Wings of fire‛ was written by ________
2. A stretched rubber band comes back to normal shape. It is an example for
___________
3. Most of the physical changes are ____________ changes.
4. News paper is a _____________ waste.
5. Wastes from house and apartments are called _____________ waste.

III. Match the following.

Bud to flower - Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Reversible change - Recyclable waste
India 2020 - Organic waste
Paper - Melting of ice
Vegetables - Irreversible change

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 IV. Circle the odd one.

1. a) Melting b) Freezing c) Boiling d) Cooking

2. a) Boiling b) Burning c) Cooking d) Rusting of iron

3. a) Vegetables b) Flowers c) Fruits d) Chemicals

4. a) Paper b) Glass c) Metals d) Paints

V. Answer briefly.
1. Sky appears blue in colour. Why?
2. What is reversible change?
3. Differentiate reversible and irreversible changes.
4. What are the different types of wastes?
5 Write a note on e-waste.
6 Name the scientists from Tamil Nadu?

VI. Answer in detail.

1. Write about different household wastes.
2. Expalin the need for waste disposal.
3. How can you reduce wastes in your school environment?

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 SOCIAL SCIENCE
TERM 1

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 Contents
Unit Name Page No

1 Our Earth 141

2 Towards History 148

3 Good Citizen 156

4 The Atmosphere 164

E-Book Assessment Digi Links

Let’s use the QR code in the text books!

• Download DIKSHA app from the Google Play Store.
• Tap the QR code icon to scan QR codes in the textbook.
• Point the device and focus on the QR code.
• On successful scan, content linked to the QR code gets listed.

Note: For ICT corner, Digi Links QR codes use any other QR scanner.

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 Unit 1 OUR EARTH
Imayan is waiting for his father in the evening, after returning
from school. His father is an employee in a reputed bank

Imayan : Come Daddy! (Imayan ran and hugged his father)

Father : what Imaya? Had your snacks?
Imayan : Yes, I had!
Father : What are you doing? Have you completed your homework?
Imayan : My social teacher told to draw solar system will you please help me?
Father : Yes Sure.
Imayan : She is going to teach about Earth tomorrow. She told to gather information
about earth. Please tell me about that dad.
Father : Oh! Ok. I will tell you.
Imayan : How did the earth originate?
Father : Millions of years ago an explosion called the big bang occurred. Numerous stars
and celestial bodies came into existence by that massive explosion. These celestial
bodies together called the Universe. It is also referred to as cosmos.

Nebula Zone

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 Imayan : Will you explain about Universe, Daddy?

Father : The Universe is a vast expanse of space. The Universe consists of billions of
galaxies, stars, planets, comets, asteriods, meteoroids and natural satellites.
The exact size of the universe is still unknown. Scientists believe that the
universe is still expanding outward.

Imayan : What is the galaxy, daddy?

Galaxy

Father : Galaxy has a huge cluster of stars. Our galaxy ‘Milky way’ is one of the countless
billions of galaxies in the Universe.
Milky Way

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 Imayan : Ok Daddy. What is Solar system?
Father : Solar system consists of the sun, the planets, their moons, dwarf planets,
asteroids and comets. These objects are gravitationally bound.
Imayan : Very interesting dad. Tell me about our solar system.
Father : There are 8 planets in our solar system. The outer planets are Gaseous planets.
They are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The inner -rocky planets are
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. They are called Terrestrial planets. The frozen
planets are Uranus and Neptune.

Solar Family

Activity

Make the Globe.

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 Imayan : Then, where is our Earth daddy?
Father : The Earth is the third planet from the sun and the fifth largest in the solar system
Imayan : It is said that the earth is rotating itself and at the same time revolving around
the sun. Is it true?
Father : Yes, it has two movements. They are rotations and revolution. The earth rotates
on its axis. It is called rotation of the earth. It also revolves around the Sun. It is
called revolution of the earth. Day and night are caused due to the earth’s rotation.
Seasons are caused by Earth’s revolution. Life is possible only on earth because of
the presence of land, air and water.

Summer Winter
March to May December to February

South West Monsoon North East Monsoon

June to September October and November

Imayan : Oh! I see. What is the distance between the sun and the earth?
Father : The distance is nearly 150 million kilometre between the sun and the earth.
Imayan : Say some interesting facts about Planets dad?
Father : Mercury and Venus lie near the sun. Next to Earth is Mars, Jupitar, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune. The planets nearer to the sun are very hot. The planets
away from the sun are very cold. Mercury is the smallest planet. Venus is called
Earth’s twin. Mars is described as the Red planet. Earth is called the Blue planet.
Saturn is the Ringed planet.
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 Imayan : Wow! Amazing! Where do we live on the Earth?

Father : We live on the surface of the Earth. It is made up of 7 continents and 5 oceans.

Imayan : 7 continents!! What are they?

Father : Listen. They are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe,
and Australia.

Imayan : Which is the biggest continent?

Continents and Oceans

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 Father : The Asian continent where we live is the biggest of all. And Australia is the
smallest one. The Antartica is the continent full of snow.

Imayan : What are the five oceans Daddy?

Father : Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Southern
Ocean. Do you know that around 97 percent of the planet’s water is in the
Ocean?

Imayan : Is it so, Daddy?

Father : Yes, Around 71 percent of our Earth is covered by salt water and that is
called as Ocean. Only 2.5 percent of water is fresh and 1 percent of it is
easily accessible.
ASIA

Imayan : Thank you, Daddy. Today I have learnt a lot about the earth from you. Now I am
going to study and do my home work.

Father : Ok, Imaya. Go and study.

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 Birla Planetarium is located in Chennai which provides virtual tour
of the night sky and planets of the solar system.

Birla
Planetarium

Evaluation
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. The distance between the earth and the sun is ___________.
2. _____________ is caused due to revolution of the Earth.
3. The continent which is covered by ice is _____________.
4. The biggest continent is ______________.
5. _____________ is described as Red Planet.
6. ____________ Percentage of our earth is covered by salt water.
II. Match the Following: V. Answer in detail

1. Smallest continent - farthest planet Draw and Write about the solar system.
2. Blue planet - Australia
VI. Activity:
3. Neptune - Earth
1. Collect images on various types of planets.
III. Short answer: 2. On a world map mark the five
oceans of the Earth.
1. Define the origin of the Earth. 3. On a world map mark the deserts and
2. Define solar system? forests.
3. How many oceans are there in the earth?
4. Distinguish between Rotation and VII. Mapwork
Revolution?
Find the Continents and write their name
in the world map.
IV. Paragraph:

1. What do you know about Universe?.

2. Write about the nature of the Planet
Earth.
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 TOWARDS
Unit 2 HISTORY

Stone Age
Stone tools and weapons were used by humans in the past. To start with,
humans were not aware of any weapons or metals. They took several years to
invent them. Our lives today are their gifts. In this period humans were not
aware of scripts. The stone age is the period in which Stones were used as weapons.

Nature of Human Evolution

Early humans lived in jungles along with
animals. They used the stone tools to protect
themselves, drive away animals, dig out roots,
shoots etc. The most important thing is that
they ate everything raw including flesh. They
did not know the use of fire in the beginning. At
first, dog was their good companion. Wild animals ran away when dogs barked. Humans
tamed dog as their pet at first. They took it wherever they went. Later they started rearing
cattle as they did not harm them and were very useful to them. They observed some
grains growing along the river side. They ate them and found it very tasty. They observed
that the scattered grains were only eaten up by birds. They were keen observers. Early
man found that the grains grow with the help of sunshine and rainfall. Thus, they learnt
the art of cultivation.
Humans noticed forest fire.
At first they were afraid of fire.
They found some animals dead
due to fire. They ate the flesh of
the burnt animals. It tasted good.
They also observed that the spark
came out by scratching two
stones together. Since then, they
ate cooked food.

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 Museum
Museum is a place where objects which are rare and used
by our ancestors are preserved. These give information about
the lives of people. Therefore it is important to preserve the
remains of the past. Remains are the objects or things used
by the people of the past which got buried under the Earth.

 Early man used Quartzite, a type of stone for making tools and weapons.
 A type of stone called flint stone was used to produce fire.

Cultivation
Early humans did
not know to grow crops.
They wandered in all the
landscapes in search of food.
They ate whatever they
got and drank water from
natural sources. This kind
of life was called nomadic
life. They wore leaves, skins
of animals, barks of trees to
cover their body. They lived in caves and holes of big trees.
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 Stones were sharpened as tools by them. They made it with the help of other stones.
These sharp tools helped to hunt animals and tear the flesh of animals.
They used bones, horns, stones, skin, branches of trees and sticks as their tools and
weapons. This stage of development in history was called New stone age or Neolithic age.

Stone age

Palaeolithic age Mesolithic age Neolithic age

(old stone age) Middle stone age (New stone age)
10,000 BCE years ago Before 8,000 BCE 10,000 – 4000 BCE

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 Activity

What was the food eaten by early humans?

• _________________ _________________
• _________________ _________________
• Why did early humans live in the caves?
• Why did they eat raw flesh?

They used clothes, torches, tools and weapons.

The purpose of using them are given below:

To protect themselves from animals To find the path at night

To protect themselves from winter

They drew paintings of what they saw around them on the walls of the caves where they lived.
Distinguish between

Palaeolithic age Mesolithic age Neolithic age

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 Stone wheels
When the stones rolled down the mountains they acquired round
shape. Humans observed them and thus wheel was invented. In the
beginning it was made of stone and later by wood. This was the first
scientific invention.

Pottery
Pottery was also one of
the greatest inventions by humans. The baked pot was
strong and looked beautiful. Stone Age people made
all the household artifacts (articles made by humans)
by themselves.
Stone houses were built. The roofs of these houses
were thatched with sticks and husks. After this several
inventions were made, humans started living in a settled
life.
The period which has written documents are called historical period. These documents help
us to know about the life styles of the people, events, food habits, culture, art, architecture,
literature etc.,

Agriculture was an important activity in the history of humans. They started cultivating
crops. They sowed seeds and harvested crops. They found it convenient to live along the river
as crops grew well near the river.
Burial pots called urns have been excarated in which the dead bodies were placed and buried under the
ground.

20 lakhs years ago man walked straight. Around 3 lakhs years ago he spread all over the earth.
He cultivated around 8000 years ago. Since then civilisations started around 300 years ago.

Changes in man’s life

Man family society group administration

Earthenware Vessels
Metal used in the stone age.

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 At the end of new Stone Age copper was invented. In this age both stone and copper were
used. This period was called Chalcolithic Age. Bronze was produced when copper, zinc and tin
were mixed together. The period when people made tools from an alloy called bronze was called
Bronze Age.

Tell the names of some iron tools found at your home.

• Sickle Spade
• ___________ __________
• ___________ __________

After this, humans found iron and started using iron tools and weapons. This age was called
Iron Age. In this age household articles, agricultural tools etc. were made of iron. Metals were
alloyed and tools were made.
You can collect – coins, potsherds, metal objects etc. Most of these objects are dug out from
the ground. Such objects are preserved in the museum. In Tamilnadu, Athichanallur, Arikkamedu
and Keeladi are the sites where the objects used by the people of the past are excavated. Still
research is going on in these sites.

Activity

Find the age

of period

Palaeolithic age Neolithic age Ironage

Mesolithic Chalcolithic age

Archaeological excavations

If you come across any old, traditional objects of historical value try to collect and save them.

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 Athichanallur

Arikkamedu Keeladi

Pre historic period

Palaeolithic age Mesolithic Chalcolithic age Ironage

Middle age Neolithic age
Before 10,000 to 3000 to 1500 to
10,000 B.C.(BCE) Before 8,000 B.C. 1500 B.C. (BCE) 600 B.C. (BCE)
(BCE) 4.000 B.C. (BCE)

Before Christ (B.C)

Before Common Era (BCE).
Anno Domini (A.D)
Common Era (CE)

The term Chronology is used to express

the historical events in respect of dates
and years in the order of their occurrence

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 Study of coins is called Numismatics. All
types of coins right from metals to paper
help to learn about the kings, and economic
conditions of that period.
All the evidences or
traces like, artifacts,
pots, coins, idols,
Scripts inscribed about a king’s rule,
ornaments, weapons
people or society on rocks and walls
written documents etc,
are called inscriptions, usually they
are valuable sources to
are found on temple walls.
construct History.

Evaluation
I. Choose the best answer.
1. Palaeolithic humans,
a) Wore cotton clothes
b) Wore leaves and skin of animals
c) Wore woolen clothes.
4. The first scientific invention was ________.
2. The animal tamed by early human was
5. Name one site where historical research is
a) Cow
still going on_____________.
b) Horse
III. Answer in detail.
c) Dog
1. What is Stone Age?
3. The first metal invented by early human
was 2. Define Neolithic age.
a) Iron 3. In which age Stone and copper were used?
b) Copper 4. What are the sources that help us to learn
c) Gold history?
II. Fill in the blanks 5. What is a museum?
1. Early man lived in ____________.
6. How can we classify the prehistoric
2. The period before the inventions of script period?
was called.______________. 7. Classify Palaeolithic and Neolithic tools.
3. The period that used iron tools was called
________________.
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 Unit 3

Growthing
Trees

Helping
some one

Saluting
National flag
Helping
old People

Gardening

Pampering
Pet animal
What do the above pictures say?
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 Who is a human? What are the differences between animals and human beings?
‘Man is a social animal’. Human beings are
bestowed with senses. Human beings think and
act using their senses. They are born free but
bound in the social web. They cannot live alone.
They need social and emotional support. To live
in the society they need to develop some good
values.
We are born with few values and rights.
These values are further polished in educational
institutions. The aim of education is to change a
person into a valuable person.
Good values are the qualities of a person
that keep society running. These qualities can
be developed by all.
The term ‘civic’ relates to people or
SIGHT civilian or citizen of a country. People should
live together in unity.

FIVE Living together in harmony despite all

the disparities is a significant value. Helping
SENSES
TOUCH HEARING
others is also an important value.
There should be no disparity among
people and all are one. Today’s children are
tomorrow’s citizens of the nation. Moral
and good values have to be grown among
children so that they may become valuable
TA S T E SMELL citizens.

World survives on morality

Selfishness is immoral and
Selflessness is moral
Swami Vivekananda

Good values

Personal Cultural Social Disciplinary Constitutional

Values Values Values Values Values
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 Personal values:
Personal value is the basic value for every individual.
We must bring out the hidden values of a person that they
acquire from their experiences. This leads to their overall
development.

Try these
1. We show ____________ to all living beings.
2. Help the poor with ____________.
3. ____________ is the best policy.
4. The best relationship is ____________.
WORLD PEACE
5. We show ____________ to our guests.
6. We show ____________ to those who suffer.
7. Always speak the ____________.
8. We must maintain ____________ in public.
Citizenship
Love, mercy, generosity, honesty, truth, friendship, is the right to live
hospitality, peace, tolerance, faith etc. are personal
in a best way as a civilian.
values. (Fill in the above blanks with the help of
This includes a person’s
these values)
participation in Government
Try these activities too.
1. What is your mother tongue? ____________
2. Which is our official language? ____________
3. Main food of North India is ____________
4. ____________ is the main food of south India.
5. How many languages do you know? ____________

Cultural values
To become well mannered and cultured is an essence of the society.

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 Irrespective of language and religion people live together in harmony. This help to maintain
cultural values.

 We are Tamil people and Indians too. We are all human.

 We must live together as brothers and sisters.

Social values
• The king Sibi offered the flesh of
How should we behave in public places?
his thighs to a wounded dove.
We can maintain good values in public
places by following the points given • To give justice to a cow,
below. Manuneethi Cholan killed his son
under the wheels of his chariot.
 Maintain good relations with people
• King Paari offered his chariot to mullai, a climber
 Respect elders
(Rotana climber).
 Respect nature • King Pehan offered his shawl to a peacock.
 Be tolerant
 Maintain friendship

1. Grow trees to get ----------------

2. Millions benefit if they live --------------
3. United we --------------- divided we fall.

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 Disciplinary values
Punctuality, involvement, treating every one as equal, doing work ontime, holding your
morals, doing duties without fail, etc. are disciplinary values.

Circle the good values given above:

P L E Q A L I T Y A B

U O G X C O N D U C T

N Y E T F V V O L E D

C T N M A E O R H R S

T U E O E M I S I S E

U V R U D T V T G R R

A A O P E S E R V I V

L B C L F X M K M G I

I D I N I Z E R L H C

T E T K L G N F N T E

Y Y Y G M O T I O I K

CITIZEN

A citizen is a person who is a member of a particular country and enjoys various

rights and executes his duties. A sovereign state provides Citizenship to its people.
Right to live, right to vote, right to work and reside anywhere in the country are the
other rights enjoyed by the citizens.

Constitutional values:

1. Safeguard the public properties.

2. Maintain the unity and integrity of the nation.

3. Develop scientific attitude.

4. Protect the natural resources.

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 5. Care for the environment.
6. Honour the national symbols.
7. Respect martyrs and their sacrifices.
8. Preserve our culture and heritage.
9. Develop patriotism.

Match the following

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Environment
Public property
National symbol
Harmony
National Flag Scientific attitude
India Map

Bus
Tree

DON’T BREAK THE QUEUE

There are some factors that affect our values:
 Extreme faith in religion leads to communalism.
 Don’t break the queue / rules.
 Spitting and dumping garbage anywhere.
 Polluting land and water.

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 Let us know:
In the name of faith and worship people violate rules and values.
For example:
1. Breaking of white pumpkin (poosanikai) on the roads causes inconvenience to the
people.
2. Burning the old objects.
3. Submerging idols in water bodies.
4. Bursting crackers causes pollution.
In the name of modernization polythene, plastics and non-decomposable things are used
which causes various problems in the environment.

Good conduct and moral science are nothing but civic values.

Factors that enriches good values are:

• Literacy
• Creating awareness and interests
• Trying hard till success
• One’s own evaluation
• Acceptance
• Self confidence

One main feature of good value is to preserve

hygiene. Each person should be taught to be
hygienic and follow the routine given below
• Wakeup early in the morning
• Brush your teeth
• Have a bath
• Wear clean clothes
• Wear slippers / shoes
• Trim hair and cut the nails
• Wash hands before and after meals.

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 Consolidation
• Good values are developed by practicing them.
• Honesty is the best policy.
• Good values are classified into four types.

1. Personal values 2. Social values 3. Cultural values 4. Disciplinary values.

• Personal values are love, generosity, mercy etc.
• Cultural values include indiscriminate society and various cultural features.
• Mannerism is an important feature of social values.
• To protect equality is the soul of disciplinary value.

Evaluation
I. Fill in the blanks III. Answer the following
1. The word civic means _________________ of a in brief
nation. 1. Define the term Citizen.
2. The main objective of education is to 2. List out any five personal values?
change person into_________________. 3. What are the social values?
3. Man is a _________________. 4. What are disciplinary values?
4. Always be _________________ in delivering
duty. IV. Answer in detail.
1. Write any five factors that enrich good
II. Match the following values.
1. Natural character - Tolerance 2. Write about the constitutional values?
2. Culture - Affecting factor
3. Society - Punctuality
4. Duty - Language
5. Unemployment - Good value

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 ATMOSPHERE

Unit 4

Where do we get the most significant

Ravi
thing that we need?

Devi From the Biosphere of our earth.

Ravi What is Biosphere?

Biosphere is the combination of lithosphere,

Devi hydrosphere and atmosphere.

Ravi What is atmosphere? Shall we study about it?

Lithosphere – Land on Earth Hydrosphere – Water on Earth

Atmosphere – Air on Earth Biosphere – Life on Earth

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 Let’s breath
air and read?

Solid
Rock
Air

Soil Liquid
Solid Rock
Soil
Liquid

Atmosphere
Atmosphere is the envelope of air around the Earth.

Weather
Weather is a day to day conditions of atmosphere The word ‘weather’ is often used
at any place in regard to temperature, pressure, wind, by us in our day to day life
humidity, and rainfall.
World Weather Day March – 23
 Is there any poet who does not love the nature?
 Is there any human who does not enjoy air?

Climate The world climate is derived from

Climate is the average weather for a given period the Greek word called ‘clima’
of time.

Try
this

Take a ball and throw it up in the air observe the increasing

speed of the ball when it comes down.

Gases in the atmosphere

Oxygen 21% Nitrogen 78% Other gases 1%

Carbon di oxide Ozone Organ, Neon, Helium,

0.03% 0.00006% Hydrogen, Krypton,
Xenon, Methane

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 We know that the gravitational force increases near the Earth and decreases as
we go higher.
As a result the density of air also differs and can be found in five layers called
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere.
All the major changes occur in the Troposphere. The study of weather is called
Meteorology.

Solar radiation:
The Earth receives heat energy from the Sun in the form of radiation. It is called solar radiation.

World Environment Day, June-5

World Ozone Day, September-16
The sun is the only source of
Farenheit, Celsius, Kelvin are the units
to measure temperature light to all the planets in the solar
system. The land, water and air in
our planets receives heat from the
sun.
Write the significance
Activity of gases
Oxygen __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Carbon di oxide __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Ozone __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

Effects of solar radiation

 Land – Conduction  Water – Convection  Atmosphere - Terrestrial radiation
The earth has the
capacity to reflect the rays
from the sun.
The temperature is not
same everywhere. Latitude,
altitude, distance from
the sea, position of the
mountains are some of the
factors that determine the
temperature of a place.

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 Find out how it differs
Significance of Latitude and Longitude
 Latitude and Longitude together make grid.
 Thus grid helps us to locate a place correctly.

Learn Latitude/ Parallels Longitude / Meridians

The imaginary lines drawn horizontally (1) These are the semi circles extended from
on the Earth surface from west to east are North Pole to South Pole.
called latitudes. There are 180 latitudes or (2) The 0° longitude is called prime meridian.
parallel circles drawn around the earth surface It passes through a place called Greenwich
both in Northern and Southern hemispheres in London, England.
respectively.
(3) The earth rotates on its axis once in 24 hours.
Some important latitude are
There are 360 longitudes on the Earth.
(1) Equator - 0° Sunlight takes 4 minutes time to move 1°.
(2) Tropic of cancer -23 ½° North
(4) 82.30° East longitude is the Indian Standard
(3) Tropic of Capricorn-23 ½° South Time (IST) that passes through Allahabad
(4) Arctic Circle - 66 ½° North in India.
(5) Antarctic Circle - 66 ½° South (5) It is 5.30 hours ahead of Greenwich
(6) North Pole and South Pole end at a point Mean Time (GMT).
of – 90° North and 90° South
(6) 82.30° × 4’ = ____________?
(7) Equators is the great circle at the centre
of the earth

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 Location of India
68E 72 76 80 84 88 92 94E

N
36N 376’N W E 36N
S

32 PAKISTAN
32

CHINA
9725’E
28 NE
PA
L
BHUTAN

t 29 33 K.m
est abou
687’E East to W
Indian Standard Time - 8230’ E

BANGLADESH
North to south about 3214 K.m

I N D I A
24
24 Tropic of Cancer

20
20

ARABIAN BAY OF
SEA BENGAL

16 16

12
12

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS

LAKSHADWEEP
8N (INDIA)
8N
84’N
72 76 SRI LANKA 645’
84 88 92

I N D I A N O C E A N
Not to Scale

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 Activity In which latitude and longitude is your school located?

Latitude ________________________ Longitude ______________________

Heat Zones of the Earth

Why does the heat vary from

morning to evening?
It is because of the sun’s rays.
The land is divided into various
heat zones according to the fall of sun’s rays
on the surface of the Earth.
900 N
Frigid zone 660 ½' N

Temperate zone
230 ½' N
The zone between Tropic of Cancer
Torrid zone and Tropic of Capricorn is called Tropical
00 or Torrid zone, where the sun’s rays fall
Torrid zone vertically.
230 ½' S The zone between 23½° N to 66½° N
Temperate zone latitude and 23½° S to 66½° S latitude
which receive slanting rays of the sun are
Frigid zone 660 ½' S
called Temperate zone. The zones which do
900 S
not Get Sun’s rays are called Frigid zones.

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 Himalayas
The highest mountain in the world is Himalayas.
Apart from the famous mountain peaks like Mount Everest, K2, Kanchenjunga
there are other peaks like Nanga Parbat, Annapurna, Dhaulagiri. Mount Everest is the
highest peak in the world. It rises to a height of 8,848m above sea level.

Doddabetta
Doddabetta is the highest peak in the Nilgiri ranges. It rises to a height of 2,637
metres. There is a reserved forest area around the peak. It is 9 km from Ooty, on the
Ooty-Kotagiri Road in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu, India.

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 Pressure Barometer used for measuring
the pressure.
When the temperature increases, pressure
decreases and when the temperature
decreases, pressure increases.

Pressure

The average pressure of ocean is 1013 mlb.

Wind
The air which moves horizontally
from high pressure to low pressure area
is called wind.

How do you find the direction and speed of the wind?

Devi: The national flag which was hoisted in the  morning is
flying from West to East.
Ravi: My toy fan was swirling very fast when I showed it outside.

Air never moves in one direction. It differs from place to place and time to time.
This is due to the rotation of the earth.

The instrument
used to measure the The instrument
direction of wind is used to measure the
wind vane. speed of the wind is
Anemometer.

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 Wind Energy
Wind energy is a form of renewable energy. Wind turbines converts the kinetic energy into
mechanical energy. A generator can convert mechanical energy into electricity.

Loo Wind
The ‘Loo’ is a strong,
dusty, gusty, hot and dry
summer wind from the west
which blows over of North
Western India. It is especially
strong in the months of
May and June. Due to it very
high temperature, exposure
to it often leads to fatal
heatstrokes.

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 Different types of wind
Planetary wind:
These winds move in the same direction throughout the year with the rotation of the Earth.

Monsoon winds:
The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic term ‘mausim’ which means season.
Types:
 South West monsoon winds
 North East monsoon winds

South West Monsoon In India North East Monsoon In India

N N

W E W E
S S

I N D I A I N D I A

Arabian Bay of Arabian Bay of

Sea Bengal Sea Bengal

Not to Scale Not to Scale

Indian Ocean Indian Ocean

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 Sea breeze: Land Breeze:
It blows from sea to land during the evening. It blows from land to sea in the morning.

Local wind:
It affects the weather.
 Warm local wind – North West India  Cool local wind – North East India

Jet streams
Air currents in the upper
layers of atmosphere is known
as Jet streams.
It could determine the
arrival and departure of
monsoon winds in India.

Hurricane / cyclone
Hurricane changes its
position and direction with
time to time.
The speed of winds also
changes with time. It gives
very heavy rainfall.

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 Types of clouds
The clouds are composed of water vapour in the air. The clouds are divided into four
categories on the basis of appearance and height. They are

1. Cirrus cloud 2. Stratus cloud 3. Cumulus cloud 4. Nimbus cloud

1. Cirrus cloud
These clouds appears like a silver grey fish
at a very high altitude in the sky. These may not
give rain.

2. Stratus cloud
They are grey in colour and are spreadout.
They may give small shower.

3. Cumulus cloud
It looks like a burst cotton and gives
convectional rain fall.
These clouds are associated with
rainfall lightning and thunder.

4. Nimbus cloud
It appears as dark or grey in color. It gives
heavy rainfall. It is called vertical or rain
clouds.

How does the cloud appear today ?__________________________

Look at the sky: write
What would be the consequences ?__________________________

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 Rain fall
Condensation of the wind causes
rain fall
Rain water must be saved and not
be wasted.

Warm, moist Air cools and

air is forced condenses
to rise over
high areas
forming
clouds Convectional Rain fall
During summer solar
insolation takes place in land. Water
evaporates from lakes, ponds and
Rain
Shadow
vegetations. Due to this a heavy
rainfall with lightning and thunder
Sea occurs in the evening for a short
Air descends,

It rains
warms and period.
becomes drier

Environment
Natural Environment
The natural materials and living things, including sunlight are called environment.

Types of Environmental Pollution

Pollution

Water (liquid) Air (gas) Land (solid)

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 Rain water harvesting
Rain water harvesting is a technique of collection and storage of rainwater into natural
reservoirs or tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface aquifers (before it is
lost as surface runoff ). One method of rainwater harvesting is rooftop harvesting.

Convey this
message to society

Orographic Rain fall

When the moisture laden winds from
the sea climb the hill slopes, it becomes
cool and cause heavy rainfall. The
opposite side of the mountain is called
Leeward side. It receives very little rainfall.

Cyclonic rainfall
The warm air from the hot area is heated
and moves upwards. Hence a low pressure area
is developed and it attracts air from high pressure
area. Owing to Earth’s rotation a circular motion
of winds develop. It gets cooled and brings heavy
rainfall.

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 Thunder – Lightning

How do we know that the

thunder is going to hit?
When the clouds of positive and negative
(+,-) charge hit each other, lightning and
thunder are produced. Light travels faster
than sound, therefore thunder follows
lightning. When all the characteristics
together activate at the same time it is
called weather factory.

Evaluation
7. South West Monsoon In India North East Monsoo
I. Choose the best answer. N

W E

1. The atmosphere is divided S

into ___________ layers.

a) four b) five
c) six d) seven I N D I A I N D

2. The carbon dioxide is ___________

__________ in the atmosphere.
Arabian Bay of Arabian
a) 0.03% b) 3% Sea Bengal Sea

c) 1% d) 0.00003%
3. The world weather day
Not to Scale
a) March-20 b) March -21 Indian Ocean Indian
c) March-22 d) March-23
The above picture shows the direction of
4. The Indian Standard Meridian passes ___________.
through the city of ___________.
a) South west monsoon rain
a) Allahabad b) Ahmedabad b) North east monsoon rain
c) Hyderabad d) Secunderbad c) Cyclonic rain d) Orographic rain.
5. Zone located in between Tropic of cancer 8. Monsoon is derived from the
and Tropic of Capricorn is ________ zone. ____________ word.
a) Temperate b) Subtropical a) Greek b) Arabian
c) Cold d) Torrid c) English d) Latin
6. _______________ is used to measure 9. Vertical cloud is called ___________.
pressure in the air.
a) Cirrus cloud b) Stratus clouds
a) Barometer b) Thermometer
c) Cumulus clouds d) Nimbus clouds.
c) Anemometer d) Wind vane

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 10. ________ clouds give convectional rainfall. IV. True/ False.
a) Cirrus b) Stratus 1. Latitudes and longitudes are used to
c) Cumulus d) Nimbus calculate time zones. T/F

11. Which of the following statement(s) is/are. 2. Latitudes and Longitudes help us to locate
a country. T/F
Statement I - The instrument used to
measure wind direction in wind vane. 3. Atmosphere gets heated by conduction
than solar radiation. T/F
Statement II - The speed of light travels
faster than sound. 4. The main reason for the change of
a) I & II wind direction is Earth’s rotation. T/F
b) I only 5. Cyclone moves in anti-clock-wise
c) II only direction. T/F
d) None
V. Write short note.
II. Fill in the blanks.
1. What is weather?
1. The study about the weather is called
_________. 2. What are the atmospheric layers?

2. The instrument used to measure heat 3. Write a short note on the Nimbus clouds.
___________.
4. Illustrate orographic rain fall with a
3. The imaginary lines drawn parallel to the diagram.
surface of the earth is ______________.
4. ___________ are rain clouds.
VI. Answer in detail.
III. Match the following.
1. Write about Jet Streams?
a) Cirrus clouds - Grey sheet
2. Explain the types of winds.
b) Stratus clouds - Storm cloud
3. Write about ‘weather factory’.
c) Cumulus clouds - do not give rain
d) Nimbus clouds - Cotton

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 Class V - Mathematics, Science & Social Science (Term I, Volume 2)
List of Authors and Reviewers
Academic Advisor Mathematics Science Social Science
Dr. P. Kumar
Joint Director (Syllabus), Reviewers Reviewer Reviewers
Dr. Ramanujam Dr. K. Chinthanaiyalan K. Velu, B.T Asst,
SCERT, Chennai. B.T. Asst., GHS, G.G.H.S.School,
Professor, Institute of
Mathematical Science, Periyar nager, Thalaivasal, Selam.
Academic Co-ordinator
Tharamani, Chennai. Nandambakkam,
Dr. K.S. Mozhiyarasi Kanchipuram. S. Gomathi Manickam,
Principal, DIET, R. Krithika B. T Asst, G.H.S.School,
Research Centre Authors Old Perungalathur,
Keelapalur, Ariyalur P Pandian,
Azim Premji University, Kanchipuram.
Bangalore B.T. Asst, PUMS,
Subject Co-ordinators Puthur, Ariyalur. Srivathsan Ramasamy
Maths Authors P. Natrajan, Madhi Foundation,
Revathi. K P .Kalpana B.T. Asst, PUMS, Chennai.
Lecturer, DIET, B.T. Assistant, Chinnnapattakadu,
PUMS, Alambakkam, Authors
Perambalur. Ariyalur.
Pullambadi Union, S. Gunasekaran
Science Tiruchirappalli. V.I. Bhuvaneswari, BT Asst., G.H.S.S.,
Dr. K. Chinthanaiyalan B.T. Asst, PUMS, T. Palur, Ariyalur.
S. Natarajan Kalavaipatti,
B.T. Asst., GHS, B.T. Assistant, R. Josphin Immaculate
Periyar nager, Trichy.
PUMS, Managethi, BT Asst., G.H.S.,
Nandambakkam, T. Palur Block, Ariyalur. K. Ganesan, Palinga Natham, Ariyalur.
Kanchipuram. B.T. Asst, PUMS,
S. Muthamizh Selvan G. Kannambal
Social Science Vellaipichampatti, Trichy.
Secondary Grade Teacher, BT Asst., G.H.S.,
P. Chitra Devi PUPS, T. Palur, Chillakudi, Perambalur.
B.T. Asst., GHSS (Boys), T. Palur Block, Ariyalur. QR - Code P. Arumugam
Kadapakkam, Kanchipuram. Management Team BT Asst., G.H.S.S.,
A. Elayaraja
Secondary Grade Teacher, A. Devi Jesintha Peruvalappur, Trichy.
PUMS, Koraikkuzhi, B.T. Asst, G.H.S, T. Radhakrishnan
Layout Design and T. Palur Block, Ariyalur. N.M.Kovil, Vellore BT Asst., PUMS,
Illustration Team S. Albert ValavanBabu,
V. Kalaiyarasan Valambakudi, Thanjavore.
Rajesh Tha ngappan Secondary Grade Teacher, B.T. Asst., G.H.S, P. Natarajan
Santhiyavu Stephen PUPS, Kavarapalayam, PerumalKovil, BT Asst., PUMS,
Gopinath, Yogesh, Andimadam Block, Ramanathapuram. Chinnapattakadu, Ariyalur.
Tamilkumaran, C. Prasanth Ariyalur. M. Murugesan
Pakkiri, Yesu Rathinam P. Pandiyan
F. Vimal Raja B.T.Asst., P.U.M.School, BT Asst., PUMS,
Adison Raj, Kamatchi Balan Pethavelankottagam,
Secondary Grade Teacher, Puthur, Ariyalur.
In-House QC PUPS, Vengur Colony, Thiruvarur.
M. Soundarapandiyan
Kamatchi Balan Arumugam Thirukoilur Block, BT Asst., PUMS,
Arun Kamaraj Palanisamy Villupuram. Senapathi, Ariyalur.
Jerald Wilson P. Malarvizhi
Wrapper Design BT Asst., P.U.M.School,
Kathir Arumugam Padiyanallur Thiruvallur.

Coordination
Ramesh Munisamy

This book has been printed on 80 GSM Maplitho paper.

Printed by offset at:

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