UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN CRISTÒBAL DE

HUAMANGA
REAL PONTIFICIA Y NACIONAL 1677
FACULTAD DE INGENÍERIA DE MINAS GEOLOGÍA Y CIVIL

ARTICULOS DE REVISIÓN
TEMA:
RESTORATION OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF HISTORICAL
MONUMENTS
 INTEGRANTES:
 ALANYA TICLLA. Noe Ángel
 CHAVEZ GUTIERREZ, ROY JOEL
 CERDA CISNEROS, Luis Hernán
 MEDINA HUAMAN, Jairo Rosson
 FLORES PURE, Noe
 ODAR OROSCO, Nilson Víctor
 QUISPE HUAMAN, Michael
 LOAYZA SEDANO,Sayuri

 GRUPO: N°03
 FECHA DE ENTREGA: 03/01/2020

Ayacucho-Perú
 RESTORATION OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF HISTORICAL
MONUMENTS
INTRODUCTION
The abandonment of the monuments and mainly the bad restorations that are
they are running in our city are causing the silent loss of our architectural heritage as a
hysterical place of the 16th and 17th centuries. To the the oonquista Espa} 401 was
introduced, new techniques were introduced for the proccso Consuctive of the new edi}
401cations. During this period the different generations left a large monumental legacy
that should have been preserved
To become an example of the technical and artistic capacity of the past generations and
that constitutes a milestone of identity for the Ayacuchanos.
In the 1930s and after the 1940 earthquake, the first were executed works to conserve
colonial monuments through interventions that they denote empiricism and lack of
adequate criteria prior to the reconstruction that the restoration without making any kind
of structural analysis. With the earthquake in Cusco in 1950, UNESCO intervened for
the first time and in 1971 after the tcrremoto
dc Trujillo, the INC is created; organizing areas responsible for the conservation of
Historic Heritage, from there the right of conservation of these is carried out cultural
heritage of humanity. Whose intervention work was in the way empirical, based on
expcrience, without giving a quantitative analytical support (What it happens to date in
most projects of restoration).
In 1970, Dr. Edward L. Wilson, launched the first complete DC program in the US
structural analysis, called SAP, which represented for its time the state of the art of
numerical procedures for structural engineering for edi} 401cations new. At that time,
the program was used on large computers 401o, so which was restricted to government
organizations and large companies.
With the passage of a 401 due to the increase in memory and speed of the new
computers, the implementation of new numerical methods, the invention of new
algorithms, programming languages and operating systems with entomos gré}
401cosmas advanced. At 401 years of the 401s70s, computers appeared personal, which
made analysis programs also popular in
small companies and among some individual users.
In the year 401o1980, the first application for 3D structural analysis was developed for
personal computers.
Currently, the programs of analysis and design of 402o structures allow performing
quickly creating the model through the drawing of a set of objects that they have
properties (size, material, cross section, etc.) and that represent The elements of the
structure.
A few years ago, this type of analysis is being used successfully in the world to
structures already built, mainly with the aim of preserving their stability structural for
its great hysterical value. Background of this type of studies can be found in the process
of Restoration of the Basilica of San Francisco de Asis (Italy) after the earthquake of
September 26, 1997, and in cl Pcr} 401, the pioneer in this type dc Analisis is the
National Engineering University that through CISMID has carried out this type of
models for the evaluation of the Structural behavior of the Cathedral
FRIST ARTICLE
“Seismic vulnerability evaluation of historical masonry churches: Proposal for a
general and comprehensive numerical approach to cross-check results”
Author: 
G.A. Cundari,G. Milani,G. Failla
Publication: 
Engineering Failure Analysis
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: December 2017
Keywords: Masonry churches; Failure analysis under horizontal loads; Seismic
vulnerability evaluation
Abstract
In this article the different quantitative procedures of the numerical type are studied to
be able to estimate the seismic modification and it recommends to follow the indicated
steps to be able to predict with great success (precision) the load capacity of the
structure under study
1
The approach has been applied with illustrative purposes on a real case study, namely
a small/medium size masonry church in the Southern Italy. All procedures adopted
agree in indicating the same critical macroelements requiring a vulnerability reduction,
with similar indications on the horizontal acceleration associated to collapse. “are the
determination of frequencies and own modes, spectral analysis (both assuming an
elastic behavior for asonry), limits analysis with FEM and pre-assigned fault
mechanisms, thrust and nonlinear dynamic calculations”
In the end, we evaluate how to correct the methods used and try to determine the real
precision of the results obtained

Table 1 Level of assessment obtainable with the different methods against the difficulty
level in achieving the results.

1| GA Cundari., & G. Milani., &G. Failla. (2017). Seismic vulnerability evaluation of

historical masonry churches: Proposal for a general and comprehensive numerical
approach to cross
check results. Engineering Failure Analysis, 82, 208-228.
doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.08.013
Table 2: Proposed flowchart to follow for a reliable evaluation of the seismic vulnerability

GA Cundari., & G. Milani., &G. Failla. (2017). Seismic vulnerability evaluation of

historical masonry churches: Proposal for a general and comprehensive numerical
approach to cross-check results. Engineering Failure Analysis, 82, 208-228.
doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.08.013

SECOND ARTICLE
“Seismic assessment of interacting structural units in complex historic masonry
constructions by nonlinear static analyses”
Author: 
G.A. Stefania Degli Abbati ; Daria Ottonelli; Giovanni Castellazzi; Serena Cattari;
Stefanode Miranda; Sergio Lagomarsino.
Publication:
Interacting structures Fortresses
Publisher: 
Elsevier
Date: 
March 2019
Keywords: Masonry Seismic assessment; Nonlinear static analyses; Emilia earthquake
Abstract
This paper introduces a numerical procedure based on the use of nonlinear static
analyses to fill this gap. The proposed procedure firstly requires the execution of a
modal analysis on the 3D finite element model of the whole structure to define the
modes which involve the dynamic response of each unit and their modal shapes. The
latter are then fitted to define the load patterns to be applied on each unit through
pushover analyses.
study
“The approach has been applied with illustrative purposes on a real case study, namely a
small/medium size masonry church in the Southern Italy. All procedures adopted agree
in indicating the same critical macroelements requiring a vulnerability reduction, with
similar indications on the horizontal acceleration associated to collapse. “are the
determination of frequencies and own modes, spectral analysis (both assuming an
elastic behavior for asonry), limits analysis with FEM and pre-assigned fault
mechanisms, thrust and nonlinear dynamic calculations”

In the end, we evaluate how to correct the methods used and try to determine the real
precision of the results obtained.

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Conclusión

 The seismic assessment of interacting masonry structures is challenging.

 We introduce a new numerical procedure based on nonlinear static analyses.

 From the modal analysis we define the dynamic response of each structural unit.

 Pushover load patterns are derived from the fitting of the modal shapes.

 The proposed procedure is validated on an earthquake-damaged fortress.

THIRD ARTICLE
“Post-earthquake Damage Simulation of Two Colonial Unreinforced Clay Brick
Masonry Buildings Using the Equivalent Frame Approach”
Author: 
G.A. Salvatore Marino; Serena Cattari; Sergio Lago marsino; Dmytro Dizhur; Jason
M.Ingham
Publication:Interacting structures Fortresses
Publisher:  Elsevier
Date:  June 2019
Keywords: analyses Seismic; response Equivalent frame; model Damage simulation.
Abstract
Study the procedure when applied to simple and prevalent New World clay brick URM
construction has not yet been demonstrated in a meaningful way. To address this
deficiency and provide a novel evidence base for use of the procedure by the
professional structural.
study
“The study is focused on knowing and preventing and conserving the structural heritage
of a small / medium-sized masonry church in southern Italy. All the procedures adopted
coincide in indicating the same critical macroelements that require a reduction in
vulnerability, with similar indications of the horizontal acceleration associated with the
collapse. "They are the determination of frequencies and own modes, spectral analysis
(both assuming an elastic behavior for the asonería), limits analysis with FEM and pre-
assigned fault mechanisms, thrust and nonlinear dynamic calculations”

In the end, we evaluate how to correct the methods used and try to determine the real
precision of the results obtained.

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continuing you agree to the use of cookies-
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. ScienceDirect ® is a
registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.
ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V
FOURTH ARTICLE

“Seismic assessment of interacting structural units in complex historic masonry

constructions by nonlinear static analyses”

Author: 
G.A. Stefania Degli Abbati ; Daria Ottonelli; Giovanni Castellazzi; Serena Cattari;
Stefanode Miranda; Sergio Lagomarsino.
Publication:Interacting structures Fortresses
Publisher:  Elsevier
Date: March 2019
Keywords: Masonry Seismic assessment; Nonlinear static analyses; Emilia earthquake
Abstract
This paper introduces a numerical procedure based on the use of nonlinear static
analyses to fill this gap. The proposed procedure firstly requires the execution of a
modal analysis on the 3D finite element model of the whole structure to define the
modes which involve the dynamic response of each unit and their modal shapes. The
latter are then fitted to define the load patterns to be applied on each unit through
pushover analyses.
study
“The approach has been applied with illustrative purposes on a real case study, namely a
small/medium size masonry church in the Southern Italy. All procedures adopted agree
in indicating the same critical macroelements requiring a vulnerability reduction, with
similar indications on the horizontal acceleration associated to collapse. “are the
determination of frequencies and own modes, spectral analysis (both assuming an
elastic behavior for asonry), limits analysis with FEM and pre-assigned fault
mechanisms, thrust and nonlinear dynamic calculations”

In the end, we evaluate how to correct the methods used and try to determine the real
precision of the results obtained.
Conclusión

 The seismic assessment of interacting masonry structures is challenging.

 We introduce a new numerical procedure based on nonlinear static analyses.

 From the modal analysis we define the dynamic response of each structural unit.

 Pushover load patterns are derived from the fitting of the modal shapes.

 The proposed procedure is validated on an earthquake-damaged fortress.

We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. By
continuing you agree to the use of cookies.
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. ScienceDirect ® is a
registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.
ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.
FIFTH ARTICLE
“CRITERIA FOR SEISMIC REINFORCEMENT OF HISTORICAL
STRUCTURES”
Authors:
Fernando Peña Mondragon
Engineering Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico
 Paulo B. Lourenço
School Circuit, University City, 04510, Mexico City.
ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Azurém. P-4800-058,
Guimarães, Portugal.
SUMMARY:
Keywords: Historical structures; reinforcement techniques; masonry; reinforcement
criteria.
 Engineers have used a wide variety of repair or reinforcement techniques to improve
the structural response of historical structures. Some of these intervention techniques
have been specifically implemented to improve the ability of ancient structures to resist
earthquakes. The use of these techniques should consider both the action on the original
structure and how they affect the integrity and authenticity of the original materials and
the structural characteristics. The purpose of this work is to review the current
reinforcement criteria used in the restoration of historic buildings.
Despite this, the current conservation criteria are not properly disseminated in the field
of practice, so unfortunately, inappropriate interventions in this type of buildings are
still very common. Due to this lack of knowledge, the historical component has often
been mutilated or destroyed by engineers and architects who do not recognize this fact,
with the approval of the authorities and other professionals involved. On the other hand,
it is common for authorities and engineers to try to apply the construction regulations
developed for modern buildings, at the time of intervening a historical structure, which
is generally unacceptable.
SIXTH ARTICLE
“DESIGN OF THE REINFORCEMENT OF THE ANTI-WATER STRUCTURES
BELONGING TO THE CLASSROOM BLOCK OF THE SEBASTIÁN DE
BENALCÁZAR SCHOOL”
Authors:Pérez Flores, Juan David
Publication date: Jul-2013
Publisher: SANGOLIQUI / ESPE / 2013
Keywords: Sebastián de Benalcázar School, old structures, earthquake resistant
structures. welded Mesh.
 SUMMARY:
Every type of building is vulnerable to an earthquake that overcomes the limitations of
the structure, this is increased in old buildings that have a design model belonging to the
time in which they were built, so it is extremely urgent that old structures and especially
those of a historical nature should be reinforced considering the current construction
regulations, so that their occupants can transit, work, study in a safe way, and so that the
useful life of the building is prolonged. This project seeks that any building that has a
configuration equal or similar to the structure analyzed, can use the same reinforcement
criteria. And based on this information have rehabilitation alternatives to obtain resistant
earthquake structures to avoid a possible collapse in severe earthquakes. In this
reinforcement design, the use of electro-welded mesh placed on each side of the
structural elements and with meshes independent of each other in concrete and brick
columns, in walls, T and L meetings that simulate equivalent concrete columns with in
order to obtain a structure that meets the standards. The mathematical analysis is carried
out with the CIENCI LAB suite of programs and the creation of the virtual environment
using SketchUp.

SEVENTH ARTICLE

“STRUCTURAL EVALUATION AND BEHAVIOR REPAIRS MADE TO

HISTORIC BUILDINGS.”
Authors:
O. De la Torre Rangel
R. López Vázquez
A. Salazar Hernández
Publication: Revista de Ingeniería Sísmica No. 70 1-26
Date: November 18, 2003
Abstract
Over the last half century, hundreds of properties “cataloged” as Historical Heritage by
the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), built mostly between the
16th and 19th centuries, have suffered various levels and types of damage. Due to this,
it has been necessary to apply multiple actions for its structural rehabilitation.
The vulnerability of these buildings to seismic actions is due to the fact that their overall
structural system was conceived as “gravity”, in which the external actions they
experience are essentially transmitted as eccentric compression forces to the vertical
elements. In addition, the materials that constitute the structure do not have the capacity
to withstand significant stress and shear stresses. The construction of these monuments
was done with non-confined masonry (without reinforcement) with adobe, mud, brick,
natural stones or a combination of these materials.
This type of construction has accumulated during its "useful life", problems of
progressive instability due to deterioration due to lack of maintenance, the deterioration
is caused by the recurring action of the earthquakes.
The level of damage ranges from the appearance of cracks and cracks in the masonry to
partial collapses of domes, roofs and towers.
In general, buildings must be intervened using in this process various materials such as:
stone masonry, red mud partition, cement-sand partition, joist and vault, structural steel
and reinforced concrete. The intervention works will evolve according to their structural
behavior in the face of future earthquakes.

EIGHTH ARTICLE

“SEISMAL EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF

MAMPOSTERY.”
Authors:
Agustín Orduña Bustamante
Guillermo Roeder Carbo
Fernando Peña Mondragón
Publication:
Journal of Seismic Engineering No. 77 71-88
Date:
November 2, 2007
Abstract
In different parts of the world a large number of ancient masonry monuments are
preserved that have survived several times during the times. The fact of having resisted
these events does not imply that they are free of danger, as evidenced by the damage
caused in historic buildings by the earthquakes of Umbria-Marche, Italy in 1997 and
1998, in Puebla and Turkey in 1999, or in Bam, Iran in 2003
The buildings with heritage value are made of this material (masonry), in the rest of the
world. Therefore, the structural study of masonry constructions subject to seismic
actions is of particular importance.
The structural analysis of historic masonry buildings for seismic evaluation purposes
continues to be a challenge due to a number of factors: (a) low tensile strength with
almost-fragile masonry failure, which implies non-linear behavior from load intensities
little; (b) the great heterogeneity generally presents the difficulty of assigning global
mechanical properties to the material model; (c) the failure due to cutting is not
associated, due to the difference between the angle of expansion and the angle of
internal friction of the masonry.
From the point of view of structural engineering, it is advisable to use different analysis
techniques for monuments than for historical centers. A joint monument in a single unit
all its historical and cultural value, as well as its mechanical behavior. It is of
fundamental importance that the seismic evaluation is as accurate as possible and that
the campaigns of characterization of materials are extensive.
The mechanical characteristics of the materials have great variations from one building
to another, and it is practically impossible to make a seismic evaluation of each unit. In
this case, only a limited number of buildings can be studied, selected as critical or
representative. It is common to resort to more practical but possibly less accurate
analysis tools. To reduce the uncertainties arising from the choice of the buildings
studied and the calculation tool, parametric analyzes are used, which provide a general
idea of the importance of each parameter used in the analyzes.
NINTH ARTICLE

“Earthquake resistant earthquake constructions: the great contemporary

experience of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru”
Author: M. Blondet, J. Vargas, N. Tarque, C. Iwaki.
Publication: construction reports
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2011
Keywords: adobe, earth, seism, reinforce, restoration, historical walls
Abstract:
Therefore, the quality of these constructions is generally very low. In seismic areas
where it is built with earth, every time an earthquake occurs many constructions of this
material collapse, causing considerable economic losses and unfortunate loss of life.
The academic and professional communities of some seismic countries have not
remained impassive in the face of this serious situation.
Study:
For nearly 40 years teachers with research tasks. From the beginning, we have had the
concern to investigate the stability of the earth constructions in seismic areas with the
purpose of finding suitable seismic reinforcements and of massive use. The following
methodology in this work contemplates the presentation and description of the most
relevant research of years of work in adobe; in addition to the analysis of the seismic
accuracy of the houses of earth followed after the earthquake of August 15, 2007 in
Pisco, Peru. The main objective is to demonstrate that the use of reinforcements
significantly improves the seismic performance of adobe structures, managing to
safeguard the lives of their occupants.
Conclusions
• Construction with earth in seismic areas for about 40 years.
• Constructions with adobe
• Simple land constructions and repairs
• Constructions with armed land
M. Blondet, J. Vargas, N. Tarque, C. Iwaki. (2011) Earthquake resistant earthquake
constructions: the great contemporary experience of the Pontifical Catholic University
of Peru 113.99 vol. 63, 523, 41-50

TENTH ARTICLE

“Seismic rehabilitation of adobe walls of monumental buildings using tensors to

make”
Author: C. López Pérez, Ruiz Valencia, S Jérez Barbosa, P. Quiroga Saavedra j. Uribe
Escamilla, E. Muñoz Díaz
Publication: Architectural heritage Earthquake tests and construction
Publisher: Elsevier
Date: 2007
Keyword: Adobe, seismic resistance, laboratory tests
Abstract:
The construction systems of the historical monuments of the Andes many of them made
with adobe through technical inspeccione visits. With the results of these visits, three
real-scale adobe walls representative of the religious buildings were constructed in order
to test them against pseudo-dynamic loads parallel to the plane of the wall.
Studies:
Land constructions constitute a fundamental part of the country's built heritage.
According to the list of cultural heritage addresses, there are declared national
monuments of which 90 percent are built on land. This material was already used by our
indigenous people and then, during the time of colonization, id was continued to be
used with imported techniques and adapted to our environment that was adobe and
tapial with those techniques, architecture was developed, building buildings and
religious temples.
López Pérez, C., Ruiz Valencia, D., Jérez Barbosa, S., Quiroga Saavedra, P., Uribe
Escamilla, J., & Muñoz Díaz, E. (1). Seismic rehabilitation of adobe walls of
monumental buildings using steel tensioners. Notes. Journal of Studies on Cultural
Heritage, 20 (2). Recovered from

ELEVENTH ARTICLE
“THE BASEMENT OF THE CHURCH OF SAN FRANCISCO: AN
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT IN A COAT PREHISPANIC?”

authors:
Jorquera Natalia Silva
Academic, Department of Architecture University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
Catalina Rodríguez Soto
Archaeologist, Becaria CONICYT PhD program CECLA University of Chile, Santiago,
Chile
Keywords: Soil, foundations, heritage, seismic resistance

SUMMARY
Church and Convent of San Francisco in Santiago comprise the oldest built complex of
the capital and the country, being "authentic architectural testimony of the sixteenth
century preserved in Chile" (Benavides, 1988: 128). The building, which has undergone
numerous modifications, still retains its original stone structure. Several authors claim it
was in 1572 when the first stone church was laid. TooYou should consider a key issue:
a being the oldest building in the capital, is also the one who has suffered more
earthquakes. The church has withstood about 15 earthquakes of magnitude 7.2 and is
the only building that survived the 'earthquake magnum' Santiago 1647, with a
magnitude of 8.5, was the most destructive of the colonial period because " almost all
the temples were completely ruined. the floor of this site belongs to the unit type II
defined by Leyton et to the (2011), composed of sandy gravels of the Mapocho. it is
also part of the seismic zone a, "where they expected less earthquake damage "(Leyton
et to the., 2011). with these preliminary data on the ground, subsequently verified by
measuring the velocity profile of the waves using a geophone, archaeological
excavations performed, It is the first review of the basement of the building throughout
its history. The main objective was to observe and characterize the foundations of the
church.
TWELVE ARTICLE
“ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA OF THE CHURCH OF SANTO
DOMINGO, COLONIAL HERITAGE OF SANTIAGO, CHILE.”

authors:
Natalia Jorquera
Department of Architecture, University of Chile Ave. Portugal 84, 1025000, Santiago
(Chile) [email protected]
Jonathan Ruiz
Higher School of Architecture, University of Málaga El Ejido Sq. 1 29071, Malaga
(Spain) [email protected]
Claudia Torres
Department of Architecture, University of Chile Avenida Portugal 84, 1025000,
Santiago (Chile) [email protected]
Keywords: earthquake resistant features, colonial heritage, historic buildings,
construction-structural analysis, seismic vulnerability.

SUMMARY
Analysis of the church of Santo Domingo is part of a larger investigation, whose
objective was to discover strategies earthquake resistant design present in the
architectural heritage masonry built in the historic center of Santiago. Whereas Chile is
one of the most seismic countries in the world, it is interesting to note how some
historical buildings built between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries still exist,
despite having been built with vulnerable techniques such as masonries without
reinforcements. Among those buildings, the church of Santo Domingo is the only one
built in ashlar stone and one of the few who has never presented severe structural
damage during earthquakes., Work The present church, built between 1747 and 1771, It
has withstood about 11 earthquakes on 7 magnitude without presenting serious damage
mechanisms. Through historical research and conducting field tests, damage assessment
and finite element analysis, building and structural characteristics of the church they
have been determined. The analysis has identified the criteria of earthquake resistant
design early church and to determine their vulnerable areas and their behavior during
recent seismic events. measuring instruments including a camera and detector
thermographic metal to verify or discard the presence of reinforcements or other hidden
building elements used. Consequently, it was discovered that, despite good structural
behavior of the church, its two towers were modernized with concrete and the roof
structure was replaced after a fire. Next, the structural characterization and the condition
was evaluated. Direct observation and the level of the laser was used to verify or
geometric deformations and test rebound hammer Schmidt (RHT) was used to obtain
some mechanical parameters of the walls' based on the principle that resistance
compression of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface against which
strikes the esclerómetro '(Chavez et to the, 2014. 36). Finally, a structural analysis was
performed using finite element modeling (FEM), and then compared with all the
analysis to draw conclusions on strategies for seismic design of the church.
THIRTEEN ARTICLE
“Numerical evaluation of the seismic behavior of façades of
Mexican colonial churches”
Author: 
Fernando Peña ,Natalia García
Publication:
Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad
Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico

Publisher:  Elsevier
Date: Available online 28 January 2016
Keywords: Masonry Façades, Colonial churches, Dynamic analysis, Rigid element
model
Abstract
The seismic assessment of façades of churches built during the colonial era in Mexico is
presented. This study takes into account two typologies of churches of the center of
Mexico, which are far away of the epicenters of the subduction zone, but they both are
subjected to frequent. The first one corresponds to churches built near to local faults.
The second typology corresponds to churches built far away of the local faults. The
façades of the first typology are low-rise and have thick walls and some buttresses. The
façades of the second typology are taller and slender. Both typologies have only one
bell tower attached to the façade. The seismic behavior was studied by means of non-
linear dynamic analyses, by using several real earthquake records. These seismic
records were registered by stations located near and far of the epicenter zone. According
to the numerical results, the façades of the churches built near the local faults can
support high accelerations with moderate damage. While the façades of the churches
built far away from the local faults present considerable damage for medium
accelerations. For both typologies, the belfries are the most vulnerable elements.
Besides, the main damage mechanism is a vertical crack on the joint of the tower and
the wall of the façade; since the body of the tower tends to separate of the façade wall.
study

The earthquakes have been one of the main causes of destruction of the architectural
heritage buildings, especially those which are placed in the regions of high seismic risk.
The careful seismic assessment of the architectural heritage affected by severe
earthquakes is one of the most effective ways to understand the structural weaknesses of
those constructions. It is also necessary for assess the interventions made in the past, in
order to establish which have had successful behavior and must continue to be
used and which not. Thousands of churches were built in Mexico from 16th to 18th
century, and persist to date in rather good conditions. They vary in size and architectural
sophistication, but follow some basic typologies. The simplest among them are rather
small parochial churches which are found in every town and village of Mexico. One
important factor that has influenced the evolution of their architectural features has been
the experience of ancient builders about the damages suffered from earthquake activity
Generally in the Pacific coast, where the recurrent destruction of the first constructions
caused an evolution of the churches towards edifications of not much height, with big
buttresses and not much outer ornamentation. In other regions where the seismic
activity is smaller, the churches remained higher and slender.

FOURTEENTH ARTICLE

“A correlation between damage and intensity on old masonry

churches in Colima, Mexico by the 2003 M7.5 earthquake”
Author: 
A. Preciado, A. Orduña
Publication:
Polytechnical University of Guadalajara, Mexico
Publisher:  Elsevier
Date:  Available online 27 June 2014
Keywords: Vulnerability, Damage, assessment, Earthquakes, Old masonry, Intensity,
Churches
Abstract
Strong damage was observed in Colima Mexico on most of the cultural patrimony
(mainly
churches) after the 2003 M7.5 earthquake. In order to find a correlation between the
observed damage on the historical buildings and the earthquake intensity, the
vulnerability is assessed by qualitative methods, including the vulnerability class
method (VCM) and the vulnerability index method (VIM). The latter method is
modified and adapted in this research to assess the seismic vulnerability of historical
buildings such as churches and cathedrals located in areas from high to very high
seismicity. The results are intended to serve as preliminary indicators of expected
damage levels that allow the local authorities to take measures oriented to disaster
prevention. The assessment using both methodologies is developed on 15 historical
masonry churches, most of them from XIX century. With the results, a correlation
between damage and intensity taking into account a Macroseismic Scale is developed
and the qualitative methodologies to assess the seismic vulnerability of historical
constructions are compared each other.
study
Most of the historical constructions located in the State of Colima, Mexico are churches,
mainly built (or re-built) in the XIX century. They have the same colonial typology with
variations in size and architectural sophistication.The local society has a special interest
to preserve this cultural patrimony with its original characteristics, due to the
architectural and historical importance that these structures represent for the people and
authorities. In the seismological context, Colima is distinguished by its important
exposure, being considered one of the Mexican states under most significant seismic
hazard. The historical constructions belong to the groups more vulnerable to
earthquakes (EQ), as demonstrated by the great damage suffered by this type of
constructions, during the EQ occurred at January 21st, 2003 (M7.5). The Government
of Mexico had to invest in expensive works of restoration and rebuilding, generating a
restitution of the structural capacity of the church, and in some cases, increasing their
strength. Nevertheless, the safety level of each historical building repaired or not after
the 2003 EQ, and the possible damage scenario at the occurrence of a larger magnitude
EQ is completely
unknown. Due to these circumstances, a research project was carried out with the main
objective to assess the vulnerability
of the historical constructions in Colima State. The main objective of this project is to
obtain indicators of expected damage
levels that allow the local authorities to take measures oriented to disaster of this
prevention.

FIFFTEENNTH ARTICUCLE

“STRATEGIES FOR THE MODELING AND SEISMAL ANALYSIS OF

HISTORICAL STRUCTURES”

Author:
Fernando Peña Mondragón

Publication: Sims no.83 Mexico Jul./dic. 2010

Key words: historical structures; seismic analysis; integrate approach of

complementary analysis; masonry.
Abstract
In order to mutilate and safeguard the intrinsic values of a historical structure during an
intervention, a total understanding of the structural behavior of the property is
necessary. This requires specific procedures.
Likewise, the structural behavior of an old masonry building differs substantially from a
modern structure. This is mainly due to the type of structuring and the materials used.
Therefore, analytical studies of these types of structures require specific procedures.
Because of this, it is necessary for the engineer to know the materials and construction
techniques used in the past so that he can make a good description of the structural
behavior of the historic building.
The process of intervention of any type of structure must include: the identification of
the type of failure (damage removal); the diagnosis of structural safety (if the damage is
mild, moderate, severe), the proposal of one or several intervention techniques, and
finally, an evaluation of the efficiency of the intervention procedure must be carried out,
that is, if it is economical , technically viable, functional, etc.

THIRTEENTH ARTICLE.

“STRUCTURAL, SEISMIC AND GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SANT’

AGOSTINO CHURCH IN L’AQUILA (ITALY)”

Author:
Claudia Cenamo, Marco Di Fiore
Publication:

RIC Construction Engineering Magazine

Keywords:
Seismic vulnerability, damage, seismic risk, modality of intervention, seismic analysis
Abstract
Often, existing constructions in masonry are the result of constructions, changes and
modifications that have been developed over centuries. Therefore, the adaptations and
improvements of the buildings in masonry must be accompanied by an adequate level of
knowledge of their history.The cause of the seismic damage could be just a wrong
intervention of the improvement or adaptation that has been made to them in the
modifications of said construction. . The case study presented in this work refers to the
seismic analysis of the Sant'Agostino church in L’Aquila (severely damaged by the
earthquake in April 2009). We discovered that the mechanisms occurred were mostly
related to the facade, the nave, the dome, the apse / presbytery, the roof, side chapels,
the joints between the horizontal and vertical alignment, and finally, the bell tower.
Finally, the analysis delivered the most important vibration modes and suggested the
optimal structural interventions to repair the existing damage and prevent the formation
of the same mechanisms under the action of a future earthquake.

CONCLUSIONS
 The knowledge of the materials as well as the construction systems, allow us to
know their behavior and their ability to provide a rational solution within the
restoration project, avoiding the loss of the heritage that we have the obligation
to conserve in order to be left to the future generations.
 The displacements found in the structures under study allow us to conclude that
for the walls there will be no major problems, but for the towers and vaults, it is
possible that there are significant damages in response to an earthquake and
 could even reach its collapse since Its structure was not designed to withstand
seismic actions due to the lack of tensile strength of the materials and the lack of
ductility of the large mass it has. local reinforcements, but uniformly distributed
throughout the ships, such as the use of tensioners located in the arches and
vaults, the use of wooden keys in adobe walls, as well as the construction of
buttresses, are solutions that have historically proven have a high degree of
effectiveness. o The proposed and implemented rehabilitations reduce the
seismic vulnerability of this type of buildings and significantly delay the
collapse of structural systems.

 The rehabilitation alternatives studied provide structural continuity to some

extent and generate a certain level of confinement which reduces the possibility
of an early failure, associated with increases in displacement.
 Although these changes generate an impact on the architectural appearance, their
low cost and the ease in obtaining the materials make it ideal for application in
the Ayacucho region and in other cities in the country.
 Even knowing the causes that cause the damage to the monuments, there are
cases in which the diagnosis is complex and the mathematical analysis of the
structural principles is not enough, but the intuition of the experienced specialist,
but since these are scarce, the work of team with those directly involved in the
restoration.
 The structure of the Church of San Cristóbal, is not as efficient to support
earthquake actions. These are intrinsically variable, being able to easily produce
tractions that would exceed the low capacity of adobe masonry in the face of
such efforts. Among the unfavorable characteristics are the high weight /
resistance ratio and the lack of ductility. Among the favorable ones are the high
density of walls
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

1. GA Cundari., & G. Milani., &G. Failla. (2017). Seismic vulnerability evaluation

of historical masonry churches: Proposal for a general and comprehensive
numerical approach to cross-check results. Engineering Failure Analysis, 82,
208-228. doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.08.013
2. https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/revApuntesArq/article/view/8983/200
7.
3. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/146148/The_Basement_of_the
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4. https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/rconst/v16n3/0718-915X-rconst-16-03-00388.pdf
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350630716300115
ARTICLE PUBLISHED IN DIFFERENT MAGAZINES