EARTHQUAKES-Siesmic Design Limit States

• lt is customary to consider various levels of protection, each

of which emphasizes a different aspect to be considered by
the designer.
• Broadly these relate to preservation of functionality, different
degrees of efforts to minimize damage that may be caused
by a significant seismic event, and the prevention of loss of
life.
• The degree to which levels of protection can be afforded
depends upon economic constraints.
• While regions of seismicity are now reasonably well defined,
the prediction of a seismic event within the projected
lifespan of a building is extremely crude.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 1

 EARTHQUAKES-Siesmic Design Limit States
• Serviceability Limit State relatively frequent earthquakes
inducing comparatively minor intensity of ground shaking
should not interfere with functionality, such as the normal
operation of a building or the plant it contains.
• This means that no damage needing repair should occur to
the structure or to non structural components, including
contents.
• The appropriate design effort will need to concentrate on the
control and limitation of displacements that could occur
during the anticipated earthquake.
• Reinforced concrete and masonry structures may develop
considerable cracking at the serviceability limit state, but no
significant yielding of reinforcement, resulting in large
cracks, nor crushing of concrete or masonry should result.
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 2
 EARTHQUAKES-Siesmic Design Limit States
• The frequency with which the occurrence of an earthquake
corresponding to the serviceability limit state may be
anticipated will depend on the importance of preserving
functionality of the building.
• Thus, for office buildings, the service- ability limit state may
be chosen to correspond to a level of shaking likely to occur,
on average, once every 50 years (i.e., a 50-year-return-
period earth- quake).
• For a hospital, fire station, or telecommunications center,
which require a high degree of protection to preserve
functionality during an emergency, an earthquake with a
much longer return period will be appropriate.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 3

 Structural Properties-Stiffness
Serviceability

 Negligible structural
and nonstructural
damage
Joe’s
 Utilities are available
Great
 Facility is available for
Food!
immediate re-use
 Repair costs are
minimal to nil

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 4

 Structural Properties-Stiffness

Serviceability
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 5
 EARTHQUAKES-Siesmic Design Limit States
• Damage Control Limit State for ground shaking of intensity
greater than that corresponding to the serviceability limit
state, some damage may occur.
• Yielding of reinforcement may result in wide cracks that
require repair measures such as injection grouting to avoid
later corrosion problems.
• Also, crushing or spalling of concrete may occur,
necessitating replacement of unsound concrete.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 6

 EARTHQUAKES-Siesmic Design Limit States
• A second limit state may be defined which marks the
boundary between economically repairable damage and
damage that is irreparable or which cannot be repaired
economically.
• Ground shaking of intensity likely to induce response
corresponding to the damage control limit state should have
a low probability of occurrence during the expected life of
the building.
• It is expected that after an earthquake causes this or lesser
intensity of ground shaking, the building can be successfully
repaired and reinstated to full service.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 7

 Structural Properties-Stiffness
Immediate
Occupancy
 Negligible structural damage
 Minor nonstructural damage
 Building is safe to occupy but
Joe’s may not function
Great
Food!
 Limited interruption of
operations
 Repair Cost < 15%

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 8

 Structural Properties-Stiffness

Damage control limit state

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 9
 EARTHQUAKES-Siesmic Design Limit States
• Survival Limit State In the development of modem seismic
design strategies, very strong emphasis is placed on the
criterion that loss of life should be prevented even during
strongest ground shaking feasible for the site.
• For this reason, particular attention must be given to those
aspects of structural behavior that are relevant to this single
most important design consideration: survival.
• For most buildings, extensive damage to both the structure
and building contents, resulting from such severe but rare
events, will have to be accepted.
• In some cases this damage will be irreparable, but collapse
must not occur.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 10

 EARTHQUAKES- Siesmic Design Limit States
• Unless structures are proportioned to possess exceptionally
large strength with respect to lateral forces, usually involving
significant cost increase, inelastic deformations during large
seismic events are to be expected.
• Therefore, the designer will need to concentrate on
structural qualities which will ensure that for the expected
duration of an earthquake, relatively large displacements
can be accommodated without significant loss in lateral
force resistance, and that integrity of the structure to support
gravity loads is maintained.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 11

 EARTHQUAKES-Siesmic Design Limit States
• It must be appreciated that the boundaries between different
intensities of ground shaking, requiring each of the foregoing
three levels of protection to be provided cannot be defined
precisely.
• A much larger degree of uncertainty is involved in the
recommendations of building codes to determine the
intensities of lateral seismic design forces than for any other
kind of loading to which a building might be exposed.
• The capacity design process, aims to accommodate this
uncertainty.
• To achieve this, structural systems must be conceived which
are tolerant to the crudeness in seismological predictions.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 12

 Structural Properties-Stiffness
Collapse
Prevention  Extensive structural and
non-structural damage
 Extended loss of use
 Repair may not be
practical
 Repair costs >> 30%

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 13

 Structural Properties-Stiffness

Collapse Prevention
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 14
 Structural Properties-Stiffness
• A typical nonlinear
5- Determine
relationship between Performance
induced forces or loads
and displacements,
describing the response Joe’s

Beer!
Immediate
Occupancy

of a reinforced concrete
Food!

Lateral Force - V
component subjected to
monotonically increasing Collapse
margin > 1.0

displacements, is shown
in figure. Life Safety
margin = 1.33
Great
Food!
Collapse Prevention
margin = 1.0
to 1.5

0 DLS DCP

Lateral Displacement - D

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 15

 EARTHQUAKES-Seismic Risk
• As has already been discussed, small earthquakes occur
more frequently than large earthquakes.
• They can generate peak ground accelerations of similar
magnitudes to those of much larger earthquakes, but over a
much smaller area.
• The quantification of seismic risk at a site thus involves
assessing the probability of occurrence of ground shaking of
a given intensity as a result of the combined effects of
frequent moderate earthquakes occurring close to the site,
and infrequent larger earthquakes occurring at greater
distances.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 16

 EARTHQUAKES-Seismic Risk
• Mathematical models based on the probability of
occurrence of earthquakes of given magnitude per unit
volume, and attenuation relationships can be used to
generate site-specific seismic risk, and the relationship
between risk, generally expressed in terms of annual
probability of exceedance of a given level of peak ground
acceleration and that level of peak ground acceleration.
• In general, only one of the three limit states will govern
design at a given site, dependent on the seismicity of the
region.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 17

 EARTHQUAKES-Design limit states
• If we consider a typical design of a ductile frame building,
• the serviceability limit state might be taken as the
onset of yield in beam members,
• the damage control limit (Survival) state as that
corresponding to a displacement ductility of 𝜇 = 4,
and survival limit state (collapse prevention) as 𝜇 =
8.
• Table 2.2 compares risk and resistance for the three
levels of seismicity of Fig. 2.16, using these levels of
ductility and a relative risk on resistance of 1.0

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 18

 EARTHQUAKES-Design limit states
• Table compares risk and
resistance for the three
levels of seismicity of above
figure, using these levels of
ductility and a relative risk on
resistance of 1.0 at p=0.0002
• Resistance is based on the
equal-displacement concept
of equivalent elastic
response.
• By dividing risk by resistance
for the three limit states, the
highest resulting number
identifies the critical state.
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 19
 EARTHQUAKES-Economic considerations
• Economic considerations are, of course, another factor
influencing the choice of design intensity.
• The extent to which economics become the overriding
consideration depends on a number of factors: some
quantifiable, other apparently not.
• The main factor that can readily be quantified is the cost of
providing a given level of seismic protection, since this is
objective.
• The key unquantifiable factor is the value of human life.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 21

 Structural Properties-Ductility
• Ductility To minimize major damage and to ensure the
survival of buildings with moderate resistance with respect
to lateral forces, structures must be capable of sustaining a
high proportion of their initial strength when a major
earthquake imposes large deformations.
• These deformations may be well beyond the elastic limit.
• This ability of the structure or its components or of the
materials used to offer resistance in the inelastic domain of
response, is described by the general term ductility.
• It includes the ability to sustain large deformations, and a
capacity to absorb energy by hysteric.
• For this reason it is the single most important property
sought by the designer of buildings located in regions of
significant seismicity.
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 25
 Structural Properties-Brief
• Stiffness and ductility plays important role.
• Ductility of the structure is provided by the detailing of the
reinforcement.
• For concrete and Steel structures ductility is defined by “R”
value (3.5,5.5 and 8.5)
• Our structures are designed for serviceable limit state but
they can perform up to collapse prevention stage provided
detailing and construction quality is ensured.
• In spite of detailing and construction quality, the various
architectural features also play important role during the
performance of building during EQ. which will be discussed
in the subsequent slides.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 26

 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• A review design philosophy is a

somewhat excellent term that we
use for the fundamental basis of
design.
• lt covers reasons underlying our
choice of design loads, and forces,
our analytical techniques and
design procedures, our preferences
for particular structural
configuration and materials, and
our aims for economic optimization.
• The importance of a rational design
philosophy becomes paramount
when seismic considerations
dominate design.
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 27
 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• This is because we typically

accept higher risks of
damage under seismic
design forces than under
other comparable extreme
loads, such as maximum
live load or wind forces.
• For example, modern
building codes typically
specify an intensity of
design earthquakes
corresponding to a return
period of 100 to 500 years
for ordinary structures, such
as office buildings.
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 28
 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• The annual probability of

developing the full strength of
the building in seismic
response can thus be as high
as 1 to 3% .
• It follows that the
consequences resulting from
the lack of a rational seismic
design philosophy are likely
to be severe.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 29

 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• The advent of strength design

philosophies, and
development of sophisticated
computer-based analytical
procedures, facilitated a much
closer examination of the
seismic response of multi-
degree-of-freedom structures.
• It was found that previous
practices have some serious
flaws regarding the response
of structure. Like time period ,
weight of building etc plays
important role.
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 30
 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• However, inelastic deformation

resulted in severe reduction in
strength, as, for example, often occurs
in conjunction with shear failure of
concrete or masonry elements, severe
damage or collapse was common.
• With increased awareness that
excessive strength is not essential or
even necessarily desirable, the
emphasis in design has shifted from
the resistance of large seismic forces
to the “evasion” of these forces.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 31

 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• More recently, then, it has become accepted that seismic

design should encourage structural forms that are more
likely to possess ductility than those that do not.
• Generally, this relates to aspects of structural regularity and
careful choice of the locations, often termed plastic hinges,
where inelastic deformations may occur.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 32

 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• These simple concepts, namely

• (1) selection of a suitable structural configuration for
inelastic response.
• (2) selection of suitable and appropriately detailed
locations (plastic hinges) for inelastic deformations to
be concentrated, and
• (3) Assurance, through suitable strength differentials
that inelastic deformation does not occur at
undesirable locations or by undesirable structural
modes.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 33

 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• Despite the increased

awareness and understanding
of factors influencing the
seismic behavior of structures,
significant disparity between
earthquake engineering theory
are reported in various
conferences world wide.
• The damage in, and even
collapse of, many relatively
modern buildings in seismically
active regions, shown in next
slides.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 34

 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• Figure illustrates one

of the most common
causes of failure in
earthquakes, the “soft
story.”
• Where one level,
typically the lowest, is
weaker than upper
levels, a column sway
mechanism can
develop with high local
ductility demand.
Soft Storey

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 35

 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• In taller' buildings than

that depicted in figure,
this often results from
a functional desire to
open the lowest level
to the maximum extent
possible for retail
shopping or parking
requirements.

Soft Storey

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 36

Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

Soft Storey

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 37

 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• The figure, also from the

July 1990 Philippine's
earthquake, shows a
confinement ,failure at the
base of a First-story column.
• Under ductile response to
earthquakes, high
compression strains are
expected from the Plastic Hinge
combined effects of axial
force and bending moment.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 38

 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• Unless adequate, closely

spaced, well-detailed
transverse reinforcement is
placed in the potential
plastic hinge region, spalling
of concrete followed by
instability of the
compression reinforcement
will follow.
Plastic Hinge

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 39

 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• In the example there is clearly

inadequate transverse
reinforcement to confine the core
concrete and restrain the bundled
flexural reinforcement against
buckling.
• It must be recognized that even
with a weak beam/strong column Joint Failure
design philosophy which seeks to
dissipate seismic energy primarily
in welI confined beam plastic
hinges, a column plastic hinge
must still form at the base of the
column.
• Many structures have collapse as
a result of inadequate confinement
of this hinge.
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif Plastic Hinge
40
 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• The shear failure of a column

of a building in the 1985
Chilean earth- quake, shown in
figure demonstrates the
consequences of ignoring the
stiffening effects of so-called
nonstructural partial height
Parapet
masonry or concrete infill built
Wall
hard up against the column.
Failure
• The column is stiffened in
comparison with other columns
at the same level, which may
not have adjacent infill (e.g,,
interior columns) attracting high Short
shears to the shorter columns, Column
often with disastrous effects.
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 41
 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• This common structural defect

can easily be avoided by
providing adequate separation
between the column and infill
for the column to deform freely
during seismic response
without restraint from the infill.
• Unless adequately designed for
the levels of flexural ductility,
and shear force expected
under strong ground shaking,
flexural or shear failures may
develop in structural walls
forming the primary lateral
force resistance of buildings.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 42

 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• Spandrel beams coupling

structural walls are often
subjected to high ductility
demands and high shear
forces as a consequence of
their short length.
• It is very difficult to avoid
excessive strength
degradation in such
elements, as shown in the
figure.

Spandrel Beam
Reinforcement
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 43
 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• The figure shows another

common failure resulting from
nonstructural masonry in fills in
a R.C concrete frame.
• The stiffening effect of the wall
attracts higher seismic forces
to the in filled frame resulting in
shear failure of followed by
damage or failure to the
columns.
• As with the partial height infill
of shown in figure ,the effect of
the nonstructural infill is to
modify the lateral force
resistance in a way not
anticipated by the design.
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 44
 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• The final example shown in

figure represents the failure of
a beam-column connection in
a reinforced concrete frame.
• The joint was not intended to
become the weak link between
the four components.
• Such elements are usually
subjected to very high shear Joint
forces during seismic activity, Failure
and if inadequately reinforced,
result in excessive loss in
strength and stiffness of the
frame, and even collapse.
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 45
 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• While there is something new to be learned from each

earthquake, it may be said that the majority of structural
lessons should have been learned.
• Patterns in observed earthquake damage have been
identified and reported for some time.
• Yet many conceptual, design, and construction mistakes,
that are responsible for structural damage in buildings are
being repeated.
• Many of these originate from traditional building
configurations and construction practices.
• There is still widespread lack of appreciation of the
predictable and quantifiable effects of earthquakes on
buildings and the impact of seismic phenomena on the
philosophy of structural design.
Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 46
 Concepts of Seismic Design-Siesmic Design and Seismic Performance

• Although many designers prefer to assess earthquake-

induced structural actions in terms of static equivalent
loads or forces.
• It must be appreciated that actual seismic response is
dynamic and related primarily to imposed deformation
rather than forces.
• To accommodate large seismically induced deformations,
most structures need to be ductile.
• Thus in the design of structures for earthquake resistance,
it is preferable to consider forces generated by earthquake
induced displacements rather than traditional loads.

Seismic Design of Structures by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 47