Dhaval Thakar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.

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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.58-61

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

A Review on Design & Development of Semi-Automated Colour

Painting Machine.
Dhaval Thakar1, Chetan P. Vora2
1
ME(Machine Design Student) KIT&RC, Kalol, Gujarat, India.
2
Associate Professor & Head Mechanical Engineering Department, KIT&RC, Kalol, Gujarat, India.

Abstract
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, colour or other medium to a surface (support base). The
medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other objects can be used. In art, the term painting
describes both the act and the result of the action. However, painting is also used outside of art as a common
trade among craftsmen and builders. Paintings may have for their support such surface as
walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, clay, leaf, copper or concrete, and may incorporate multiple other
materials including sand, clay, paper, gold leaf as well as objects.
Keywords—Dipping Process, Colour cloud, Lead paint, Bounce back.

I. INTRODUCTION 2.2 Brushing

Automation is a process whereby the Brushing has long been a satisfactory method
processes, where labor is used on big scale can be of applying finishes to all types of surfaces. Brushing
reduced resulting into better quality of product, more is generally used for small repair work and on
accuracy and less time consuming. It increases the surfaces where it is not practicable to spray paint. The
production of the good quality components following material to be applied should be thinned to the proper
the increase in demand due to automation. consistency for brushing. A material that is too thick
Company which produces various types of has a tendency to pull or rope under the brush. If the
components used in various industries suffers problem materials are too thin, they are likely to run or not
for applying color due to lack of technology. The cover the surface adequately. Proper thinning and
company needs solution by which workers can color substrate temperature allows the finish to flow-out and
the components easier, economical and efficient. eliminates the brush marks.
Company having manufacturing unit which
produces various types of job or components as per 2.3 Spraying
demand. This company produces the components Spraying is the preferred method for a
related to various industries like textile industries, quality finish. Spraying is used to cover large surfaces
automobile industries and other industries. with a uniform layer of material, which results in the
So they paint the components by two ways. most cost effective method of application. All spray
By applying color to the components with help of systems have several basic similarities. There must be
worker that’s mean manually. And that’s why the an adequate source of compressed air, a reservoir or
quality and the finishing of the color is not so good. feed tank to hold a supply of the finishing material,
And also manually coloring process take more time. and a device for controlling the combination of the air
Second method is, by sending the and finishing material ejected in an atomized cloud or
components to the other industry. However they can spray against the surface to be coated. A self-
get good quality and good finishing of the contained, pressurized spray can of paint meets the
components, it takes lots of expanses for loading, above requirements and satisfactory results can be
transporting, unloading etc. obtained painting components and small areas of
touchup. However, the aviation coating materials
II. Methods for Applying Paint or Coat. available in cans is limited, and this chapter addresses
2.1 Dipping the application of mixed components through a spray
The application of finishes by dipping is gun.
generally confined to factories or large repair stations. There are two main types of spray
The process consists of dipping the part to be finished equipment. A spray gun with an integral paint
in a tank filled with the finishing material. Primer container is adequate for use when painting small
coats are frequently applied in this manner. areas. When large areas are painted, pressure feed
equipment is more desirable since a large supply of

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finishing material can be applied without the transfer efficiency in a finishing operation. In many
interruption of having to stop and refill a paint applications airless can provide maximum material
container. An added bonus is the lighter overall utilization and reduced operating costs. For finishers,
weight of the spray gun and the flexibility of spraying this translates into superior finishing quality and
in any direction with a constant pressure to the gun. optimum cost effectiveness, making it the efficient
The air supply to the spray gun must be entirely free choice for many of today’s liquid painting
of water or oil in order to produce the optimum results applications as shown in figure 1.
in the finished product. Water traps, as well as
suitable filters to remove any trace of oil, must be
incorporated in the air pressure supply line. These
filters and traps must be serviced on a regular basis.

III. Miscelleneous painting Tools and Figure 1: Conventional air spray creates a “cloud”
Equipment. as high-pressure air jets atomize coatings.
Some tools that are available to the painter
include: As coting particles are blown at high speed
 Masking paper/tape dispenser that accommodates toward the part, many are dispersed into the air. As
various widths of masking paper. It includes a due to high velocity air combined with coating
masking tape dispenser that applies the tape to particles creates cloud as they bounce off part
one edge of the paper as it is rolled off to resulting of wastage of paint with lower painting
facilitate one person applying the paper and tape efficiency as given below in figure.2.
in a single step.
 Electronic and magnetic paint thickness gauges to
measure dry paint thickness.
 Wet film gauges to measure freshly applied wet
paint.
 Infrared thermometers to measure coating and
substrate surfaces to verify that they fall in the
recommended temperature range prior to
spraying.

IV. Literature Survey

Seth Berrier et al[1] In this paper authors
describes a computer graphics program that has been
developed to overcome some of the limitations of the
orthodox colour fan deck. A computer graphic
program for organizing and displaying the colours in a
paint collection is presented. A virtual representation
for the traditional colour card fan deck is described. Figure 2: Bounce of Paint & Overspray due to
This interactive program provides a lightness, chroma large volume of air.
and hue interface for selecting a colour from the
collection. Software for visualizing a paint colour on a Application Guide by Createx
three dimensional surface is also discussed. This tool Distribution[3] This paper gives basic information and
allows the user to evaluate the sheen of a solid paint environmental condition about paint like
colour and the travel of a metallic or pearlescent paint recommended painting conditions: 70º F or higher in a
colour. In this paper a novel interface was presented dry, dust-free environment. When painting in humid
that allows to navigate through the colour cards of a or colder conditions, allow for extended drying time.
traditional fan deck. Use of air decreases drying time and is recommended
as the primary means to cure paint. Heat may also
Nordson Corporation[2] Most paint assist curing. Air source should be free of
application systems are unique and designed for a contaminates, especially oil and water.
particular manufacturing process and/or finish
requirement. Selecting the best finishing method to David Hradil et al[4] They have studied clay
meet both the technical and economic requirements minerals and iron oxides are intimately related in the
for a specific system requires a careful evaluation of process of their natural formation. Their mineralogical
many factors. When compared to conventional air composition and physical properties correspond to the
spray, airless spray applications can provide a higher
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.58-61

physical–chemical conditions of weathering, dissipated. Heat is dissipated from the transformer by

sedimentation and alteration processes by means of conduction, radiation, and convection.
which these minerals are associated giving different
types of laterites, ferrolites, ochres, and coloured clays Berardo Naticchia et al[7] They have
and soils. Very early in human history, these and other shared that construction projects are getting bigger
clay materials were adopted as mineral pigments. and more complex, hence also the productivity of the
Their structural and mineralogical features are directly construction industry must be improved, while
related with their natural genesis and provenance and preserving its labour from hazardous job sites. Such
help us in the study of historical painting techniques requirements can be accomplished by the adoption of
and materials. This paper gives general information robotized products, which, however, need to be
about geological sources and their characteristics, the quickly developed and marketed. In this paper, first
literary evidence of use of different forms of earthy the issue of a new miniature laboratory for developing
pigments on historical paintings, about analytical lightweight and well-coordinated robotized systems is
methods suitable in their identification within the pursued, then a novel robot device for high quality
ground and colour layers of the painting, and handling multi-colour interior wall painting carried by a robot
with the samples of works of art. The examples arm is developed and successfully tested. Thanks to
focused preferentially on the period of European the new 1:6 scaled down laboratory and its six degree
mediaeval and baroque painting. Clayey painting of freedom robot arm on an hexapod for horizontal
materials, particularly extenders, priming coats and moves, we tested the opportunity to introduce also in
many earthy pigments are important components of the building sector miniature robots that can change
the ground and colour layers of historical paintings. the ergonomics standardly adopted by construction
Their characterization, however, is underestimated in workers. It is analyzed how and why switching from
the examination of the colour layer. The present full size to miniature robots is convenient in
systematic knowledge on mineral deposits and construction. In addition, a new system adding further
weathering crusts and the state of art of mineralogy of features to robotized painting has been conceived. Our
clays and other microparticulate minerals offer a new new multi-colour spraying end-tool was developed
challenge to focus on the detailed evaluation of the and fixed on the robot arm, in order to be able to
clayey pigments in materials research of art works. reproduce coloured artworks. Finally, a methodology
to reproduce colours from digital format of artworks
Allan Rodrigues[5] He summarizes current is presented.
trends in instrumental colour styling, colour matching
and production shading of paint and factors essential Dr. Sapna Johnson et al[8] They had
to success, with particular emphasis on automotive studied lead is a highly toxic metal found in small
finishes and research within ASTM and Detroit amounts in the earth’s crust. Because of its
Colour Council committees. Use of identical flake in abundance, low cost, and physical properties, lead and
standard and batch may not provide the same flop, lead compounds have been used in a wide variety of
sparkle or texture if rheology or solids content of two products including paint, ceramics, pipes, gasoline,
paints differ. These factors affect the orientation of the batteries, and cosmetics. In India, as in most
flake as the paint dries, resulting in a different developing countries the battery industry is the
apparent texture and sparkle. For automotive colour principle consumer of lead using an estimated 76% of
matching requried diffuse colour matching requires the total primary and secondary lead produced
only absorption and scattering coefficients to predict annually. Lead is taken up by humans by ingestion
reflectance. Ambient temperature are required for and inhalation. Eating lead bearing paints by children
drying and in controlled conditions. and drinking of lead contaminated water are important
sources of non-industrial poisoning. Lead absorbed in
United States Department of the Interior course of occupational exposure is superimposed on
Bureau of Reclamation[6] This article gives lead absorbed from other means which leads to
knowledge about heat transfer rate by using various increased body burden of lead. Lead-based paints
colour. Considerable misunderstanding exists have disappeared from consumer sales for residential
regarding the cooling effect that can be obtained by use in developed countries because of toxicity
painting transformers with different types and colours concerns. However, paint containing lead is still being
of paint. It is thought by some that, as aluminum paint used for certain industrial painting requirements. Lead
is a good reflector, that transformers painted with is added to paint to speed drying, increase durability,
aluminum will operate considerably cooler than those retain a fresh appearance, and resist moisture that
painted with gray or black paint. This is true only for causes corrosion.
sources of heat outside the transformer and overlooks
the fact that heat inside the transformer must be

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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.58-61

Robert Grisso et al[9] They had done sheet Engineering, University of Minnesota,
covers nozzle description, recommended use for USA
common nozzle types, and orifice sizing for [2] Published by Nordson Corporation, ―Airless
agricultural and turf sprayers. Proper selection of a Spray Systems‖ , 2004.
nozzle type and size is essential for correct and [3] Application Guide, ―Auto Air Colour‖ ,
accurate pesticide application. The nozzle is a major Dec. 2008.
factor in determining the amount of spray applied to [4] David Hradil , Toma´s Grygar, Janka
an area, uniformity of application, coverage obtained Hradilova, Petr Bezdicˇka, ―Clay and iron
on the target surface, and amount of potential drift. In oxide pigments in the history of painting‖ ,
spraying systems, nozzles break the liquid into drop- Jan. 2003.
lets and form the spray pattern. Nozzles determine the [5] Allan RODRIGUES DuPont Performance
application volume at a given operating pressure, Coatings, ―Colour technology and paint‖,
travel speed, and spacing. Selecting nozzles that Colour and Paints, Interim Meeting of the
produce the largest droplet size, while providing International Colour Association, 2004
adequate coverage at the intended application rate and [6] United States Department of the Interior
pressure, can minimize drift. A skilled worker is Bureau of Reclamation, ―Painting of
required for medium scale paint application. Transformers and circuit Breakers‖
November 1991.
Workplace Health and Safety Bulletine[10] [7] Berardo Naticchia, Alberto Giretti and
In industry, the most popular method of applying Alessandro Carbonari, ―Set Up of an
paint and coatings is to spray it on using an airless Automated Multi-Colour System for Interior
sprayer, compressed air, or an electrostatic applicator. Wall Painting, Advanced Robotic System.
Primers and lacquers are also commonly applied this [8] Dr. Sapna Johnson, Dr. Nirmali Saikia, Mr.
way. When these products are sprayed on, mists and Ramakant Sahu, ―Lead in Paints‖ , Pollution
vapours are generated which can increase your Monitoring Laboratory India Habitat Center,
exposure to the paints or coatings. This guide outlines Core-6a, New Delhi, 2009.
some of the hazards associated with spray application [9] Robert Grisso, Pat Hipkins, David Mccall,
and provides information on how to protect the Shawn D. Askew, Lloyd Hipkins, ―Nozzles:
workers. For the safety measures over exposure of Selection and Sizing‖ , Virginia State
paint, too much breathed in, absorbed by skin and University.
making causes of diseases and irritation. Another [10] Workplace Health and Safety Bulletine,
disadvantages of spray paints application is the ―Spray Application of Paint and Coatings‖ .
combustible and flammable vapours, mists and
residues that may be created. The cost for removing
all potential sources of ignition prior to spraying
flammable and combustible products is too high.

V. Conclusion
For small and medium scale industries
manufacturing components have to coat or paint to
prevent from rusting so the spray application
consumes more time and paint as well as with the
skilled worker evolved with the application. They
cannot afford robotic arrangement for higher accuracy
so the rise of the such process have to be made which
is economical, gives better accuracy, consumes less
time for coating so project aim has to developed such
mechanism which coat the components with the
dipping process having semi-automatic arrangement
which is suitable for our requirement and which can
be beneficial for small and medium scale industries.

REFERENCES
[1] Seth Berrier, Gary Meyer, Clement Shimizu,
―A Computer Graphics System for
Examining Paint Color Collections‖ ,
Department of Computer Science &

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