C/C++ Programming

Language
CS205 Spring
Feng Zheng
2020.03.19
 Content
• Brief Review

• Loops

• Branching Statements

• Logical Expressions

• Summary
Brief Review
 Content of Last Class
• Pointers
➢ Address of array
➢ new and delete operations

• Managing memory for data

➢ Automatic memory
➢ Dynamic memory
➢ Static memory
 Review of The Address of an Array
• Address of an Array
➢ short tell[10];
➢ tell is type pointer-to-short
➢ &tell is type pointer-to-array of 10 shorts
➢ short (*pas)[10] = &tell;
➢ (*pas) = tell is type pointer-to-short
➢ pas = &tell is type pointer-to-array of 10 shorts
➢ short* pas[10];
➢ pas is an array of 10 pointers-to-short (short *)

➢&tell
Loops and Relational
Expressions
 Introducing for Loops
• Why needs loop operations?
➢ Perform repetitive tasks
➢ Most tasks have the same process
• Parts of a for Loop
➢ Setting a value initially
➢ Testing whether the loop should
continue
➢ Executing the loop actions - body
➢ Updating value(s) used for the test
for (initialization; test-expression; update-expression)
body;
 Introducing for Loops
• Loops
➢ The loop performs initialization just once
➢ Test expression is a relational expression
➢ Test expression is evaluated before each loop cycle
➢ Update expression is evaluated at the end of the loop
• See program example 1
➢ Increment operator: ++ operator (i = i + 1;)
• See program example 2
➢ Decrement operator: -- operator (i = i - 1;)
 More Examples
• See program example 3
➢ Factorial definition
✓ Zero factorial, written as 0!, is defined to be 1 (exclamation marks!)
✓ The factorial of each integer being the product of that integer with the
preceding factorial
• See program example 4
➢ Changing the step size

• See program example 5

➢ The increment (++) and decrement (--) operators
 Expressions
• A C++ expression is a value or a combination of values and
operators
• Every C++ expression has a value
➢ A for control section uses three expressions
➢ Relational expressions such as x < y evaluate to the bool values
➢ Evaluating the expression is the primary effect
✓ Evaluating x + 15 calculates a new value, but it doesn’t change the value of x
✓ But evaluating ++x + 15 does have a side effect because it involves
incrementing x
 Statements
• Statements
➢ From expression to statement is a short step
➢ You just add a semicolon
➢ Declaration is not an expression
• Non-expressions and statements
➢ Removing a semicolon from a statement does not necessarily
convert it to an expression
✓ Return statements
✓ Declaration statements
✓ for statements int fx = for (i = 0; i< 4; i++)
cout >> i; // not possible
 Side Effects and Sequence Points
• Side effect: occurs when evaluating an expression (primary
effect) modifies something
• Sequence point: a point which all side effects are
guaranteed to be evaluated before going on to the next step
• What’s a full expression?
➢ A test condition for a while loop
➢ An expression portion of an expression statement
• The end of any full expression is a sequence point
➢ Avoid statements of this kind
y = (4 + x++) + (6 + x++);
 More for Increment/Decrement
Operators
• Prefixing versus postfixing: ++x, x++, --x, x--
➢ Prefix form is more efficient
• The increment/decrement operators and pointers
➢ Adding an increment operator to a pointer increases its value by
the number of bytes in the type it points to
➢ The prefix increment, prefix decrement, and dereferencing
operators have the same precedence (from right to left)
➢ Postfix increment and decrement operators have the same
precedence, which is higher than the prefix precedence(from left
to right)
• See program example 6
 And More for Loops
• Combination assignment operators
➢ Example: combined addition and assignment operator

• Compound statements, or blocks: {}

➢ Program example 7
• More syntax tricks—the comma operator
•
 Relational Expressions
• C++ provides six relational operators to compare numbers
➢ Exclamation mark
 Comparisons in Test Expression
• Program example 8
➢ A mistake you’ll probably make
➢ = or ==
• Program example 9
➢ Comparing C-style strings
➢ strcmp(str1,str2)
• Program example 10
➢ Comparing string class strings
➢ Using relational symbol (!=)
 The while Loop
• while is entry-condition loop
• It has just a test condition
and a body
➢ Do something to affect the
test-condition expression
• See Program example 11
➢ Two types of condition
expression
while (name[i] != '\0’)
while (name[i])
 for Versus while
• In C++ the for and while loops are essentially equivalent
 More Loops
• The do while Loop
➢ It’s an exit-condition loop
➢ Such a loop always executes at
least once
➢ See Program example 12
• The range-based for loop (C++11)
➢ See Program example 13
✓ Colon symbol :
✓ & symbol: reference variable
✓ To modify the array contents
 Example: Loops and Text Input
• Using unadorned cin for input
➢ When to stop?
✓ A sentinel character
➢ See program example 14
✓ The program omit the spaces
✓ Program and operating system both work
• cin.get(char) to the rescue
➢ See program example 15
✓ Read the space
✓ Declare the argument as a reference
 Example: Nested Loops and Two-
Dimensional Arrays
• Example:
int maxtemps[4][5];

• See program example 16

Branching Statements
 The if Statement
• One of the keys to
designing intelligent
programs is to give them
the ability to make
decisions
➢ Looping
➢ if statement

• See program example 17

 More than one selections
• The if else Statement
➢ Decide which of two
statements or blocks is
executed
➢ Must use braces to collect
statements into a single
block
➢ Remember the conditional
compilation #if, #else
• The if else if else Construction
• See program example 18
Logical Expressions
 The Logical OR Operator: ||
• Three operators
➢ Logical OR, written ||
➢ Logical AND, written &&
➢ Logical NOT, written !

• The logical OR operator: ||

➢ || has a lower precedence than the
relational operators
➢ The || operator is a sequence point
➢ C++ won’t bother evaluating the bool a = 1,b=1;
expression on the right if the if (a||b++)
expression on the left is true {
}
 AND Operator: &&
NOT Operator: !
• AND Operator
➢ Lower precedence than the relational
operators
➢ Acts as a sequence point
➢ C++ doesn’t bother evaluating the right
side in some cases
• See program example 19
• NOT Operator
➢ Exclamation point
➢ If expression is true, or nonzero,
then !expression is false
➢ If expression is false, then !expression is true
 Logical Operator Facts
• Precedence
➢ The NOT(!) operator has a higher precedence than any of the relational
or arithmetic operators
➢ The AND operator has a higher precedence than the OR operator
➢ Use parentheses to tell the program the interpretation you want
NOT-----relational-----AND-----OR
• Alternative Representations

• The cctype library of character functions

• A handy package of character-related functions
 The ?: Operator
• Conditional operator (question mark)
➢ More concise
 The switch Statement
• Acts as a routing device that tells the computer which line
of code to execute next
• You must use the break

• See program example 20

 More About switch
• Using enumerators as labels
➢ See program example 21

• switch and if else

➢ Let a program select from a list of alternatives
➢ A switch statement isn’t designed to handle ranges
➢ Each switch case label must be a single value
➢ Also that value must be an integer
➢ A switch statement can’t handle floating-point tests
 The break and continue Statements
• The break and continue
statements enable a program
to skip over parts of the code
➢ break causes program execution
to pass to the next statement
following the switch or the loop
➢ continue statement is used in
loops and causes a program to
skip the rest of the body of the
loop and then start a new loop
cycle
• See program example 22
 Example: Number-Reading Loops
• What happens if the user responds by entering a word
instead of a number?

• See program example 23

➢ The preceding example doesn’t attempt to read any input after
non-numeric input
• See program example 24
 Simple File Output
• Main steps for using file output
➢ Include the fstream header file

➢ Create an ofstream object

➢ Associate the ofstream object with a file (C-style) using open()

➢ Use the ofstream object in the same manner you would use cout

➢ Use the close() method to close the file

• See program example 25
 Simple File Input
• Main steps for using file input
➢ Include the fstream header file and account for the std
➢ Declare one or more ifstream variables, or objects
➢ Associate a ifstream object with a file using open()
➢ Use the close() method to close the file
➢ Use >> operator, get(), getline(), …… method
• See program example 26
➢ What happens if you attempt to open a non-existent file for input?
➢ exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
➢ Communicate with the operating system
➢ Terminate the program
 Summary
• Loops
➢ Increment/decrement operators: ++; --
➢ Rational expressions: 6
➢ for, while, do while
• Branch statements
➢ if; if else; if else if else; switch
• The Logical Operator
➢ OR, AND, NOT
• Jump operations
➢ break and continue
• File fstream
➢ Simple File Output: ofstream
➢ Simple File Input: ifstream
 Thanks

[email protected]