The Soyuz programme is an ongoing human spaceflight programme which was initiated

by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, originally part of a Moon landing project
intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It is the third Soviet human
spaceflight programme after the Vostok and Voskhod programmes. Since the 1990s, as
the successor state to the Soviet Union, Russia has continued and expanded the
programme, which became part of a multinational collaboration to ensure a permanent
human presence in low Earth orbit on the International Space Station (ISS). Since
the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011, Soyuz spacecraft are the exclusive
vessels ferrying astronauts to and from the ISS.

Contents
1 Crewed mission numbers and spacecraft generations
2 Soyuz 7K (1967-1981)
2.1 Soyuz 7K-L1
2.2 Soyuz 7K-LOK
3 Soyuz T (1979-1986)
4 Soyuz TM (1987-2002)
5 Soyuz TMA (2002-2012)
6 Soyuz TMA-M (2010-2016)
7 Soyuz MS (2016-)
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Footnotes
Crewed mission numbers and spacecraft generations
Beginning in 1967, the Soyuz programme has sent humans into space on a regular
basis for over fifty years. Due to its length, the program has a complex history,
which may lead to confusion about its mission numbers. The mission numbering scheme
for crewed Soyuz flights is closely related to the generations of Soyuz spacecraft.
Understanding the former is made significantly easier by understanding the latter.

The first era of the Soyuz programme's crewed missions (Soyuz 1-40) used the 7K
series of Soyuz craft, which included the first-generation (1.0) Soyuz 7K-OK, a
variant (1.5) Soyuz 7K-OKS, the second-generation (2.0) Soyuz 7K-T, and the (2.5)
Soyuz 7K-TM variant. Following this first era, successive eras of crewed missions
have had mission numbers which were directly tied to the names of craft used:

The second era of Soyuz T flights used the third-generation (3.0) craft of the same
name. Mission numbers were of the form: "Soyuz T-#".
The third era of Soyuz TM flights used the fourth-generation (4.0) craft of the
same name. Mission numbers were of the form: "Soyuz TM-#".
The fourth era of Soyuz TMA flights used the fifth-generation (5.0) craft of the
same name. Mission numbers were of the form: "Soyuz TMA-#".
The fifth era of Soyuz TMA-M flights used the fifth-generation variant (5.5) craft
of the same name. Mission numbers were of the form "Soyuz TMA-##M".
The sixth and current era of Soyuz MS flights uses the sixth-generation (6.0) craft
of the same name. Mission numbers are of the form: "Soyuz MS-##".
Within each given era, a mission number generally reflects the mission's
chronological launch order, e.g. Soyuz TMA-12M was the twelfth mission of the TMA-M
era, immediately preceded by Soyuz TMA-11M and immediately followed by Soyuz TMA-
13M. Although there are exceptions to this (detailed below in the first table), the
mission numbering scheme is usually consistent with chronological launch orders.
This is in contrast with the mission numbers of the Space Shuttle program, which
were tied to specific mission objectives and did not reflect chronological launch
orders, e.g. STS-50, the forty-eighth Shuttle mission, was immediately followed by
STS-46, the forty-ninth Shuttle mission.

Era Mission
Numbers Spacecraft Spacecraft
Generation "Naive"
Mission Count Adding Subtracting Crewed
Missions Total
Crewed Missions
1 Soyuz 1 ... 40 Soyuz 7K-OK 1.0 40 18a[a] (+1) 2,[b] 20[b] (-2) 1, 3-9
39[c]
Soyuz 7K-OKS 1.5 10, 11
Soyuz 7K-T 2.0 12-15, 17, 18a, 18, 21, 23-40
Soyuz 7K-TM 2.5 16, 19, 22
2 Soyuz T-1 ... T-15 Soyuz T 3.0 15 T-10a[d] (+1) T-1[b] (-1)
2-9, 10a, 10-15 15
3 Soyuz TM-1 ... TM-34 Soyuz TM 4.0 34 — TM-1[b] (-1) 2-34
33
4 Soyuz TMA-1 ... TMA-22 Soyuz TMA 5.0 22 — — 1-22 22
5 Soyuz TMA-01M ... TMA-20M Soyuz TMA-M 5.5 20 — — 1-20 20
6 Soyuz MS-01 ... MS-12 Soyuz MS 6.0 12 — — 1-12 12[e]
Total Crewed Missions 141
Soyuz 7K (1967-1981)
The first Soyuz series was the 7K series.

No. Mission Emblem Spacecraft Date of launch Date of landing Crew (

start
/
landing
) Docking Outcome
— Kosmos 133 Soyuz 7K-OK (A)
11F615 #2[1] 28 November 1966 30 November 1966 None[2] Soyuz 7K-OK No.1 —
cancelled due to the postponement of the launch of the 2nd ship Failure
— Soyuz 7K-OK No.1 Soyuz 7K-OK (P)
11F615 #1[3] 14 December 1966 None (rocket exploded on launch pad)
Kosmos 133 — Cancelled Failure
— Kosmos 140 Soyuz 7K-OK (P)
11F615 #3 7 February 1967 11 February 1967 None Success
1 Soyuz 1 Soyuz 7K-OK (A)
11F615 #4 23 April 1967 24 April 1967 Soviet Union Vladimir Komarov
(killed during landing due to main parachute failure) Soyuz 2A — Docking (and
launch of the 2nd ship) has been cancelled due to the failure of Soyuz 1
Failure
— Kosmos 186 Soyuz 7K-OK (A)
11F615 #6 27 October 1967 31 October 1967 None Kosmos 188 Success
— Kosmos 188 Soyuz 7K-OK (P)
11F615 #5 30 October 1967 2 November 1967 None Kosmos 186 Success
— Kosmos 212 Soyuz 7K-OK (A)
11F615 #8 14 April 1968 19 April 1968 None Kosmos 213 Success
— Kosmos 213 Soyuz 7K-OK (P)
11F615 #7 15 April 1968 20 April 1968 None Kosmos 212 Success
— Kosmos 238 Soyuz 7K-OK
11F615 #9 28 August 1968 1 September 1968 None Success
— Soyuz 2 Soyuz 7K-OK (P)
11F615 #11 25 October 1968 28 October 1968 None Soyuz 3 — Docking failed due
to errors in spacecrafts orientation Partial
2 Soyuz 3 Soyuz 7K-OK (A)
11F615 #10 26 October 1968 30 October 1968 Soviet Union Georgy Beregovoy Soyuz
2 — Docking failed due to errors in spacecrafts orientationPartial
3 Soyuz 4 Zvezda 'Rocket'.jpg Soyuz 7K-OK (A)
11F615 #12 14 January 1969 17 January 1969 Soviet Union Vladimir Shatalov
Soyuz 5 Success
Soviet Union Vladimir Shatalov, Soviet Union Aleksei Yeliseyev, Soviet Union
Yevgeny Khrunov
4 Soyuz 5 Zvezda 'Rocket'.jpg Soyuz 7K-OK (P)
11F615 #13 15 January 1969 18 January 1969 Soviet Union Boris Volynov, Soviet
Union Aleksei Yeliseyev, Soviet Union Yevgeny Khrunov Soyuz 4 Success
Soviet Union Boris Volynov
5 Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7K-OK
11F615 #14 11 October 1969 16 October 1969 Soviet Union Georgi Shonin, Soviet
Union Valeri Kubasov The crew should have taken pictures of the docking between
Soyuz 7 and Soyuz 8, but it wasn't possible Partial
6 Soyuz 7 Soyuz 7K-OK (A)
11F615 #15 12 October 1969 17 October 1969 Soviet Union Anatoly Filipchenko,
Soviet Union Vladislav Volkov, Soviet Union Viktor GorbatkoSoyuz 8 — Failed due to
the failure of rendezvous electronics Partial
7 Soyuz 8 Soyuz 7K-OK (P)
11F615 #16 13 October 1969 18 October 1969 Soviet Union Vladimir Shatalov,
Soviet Union Aleksei Yeliseyev Soyuz 7 — Failed due to the failure of
rendezvous electronics Partial
8 Soyuz 9 Vimpel 'Diamond'.jpg Soyuz 7K-OK
11F615 #17 1 June 1970 19 June 1970 Soviet Union Andrian Nikolayev, Soviet
Union Vitaly Sevastyanov Success
9 Soyuz 10 Soyuz 10 mission patch.png Soyuz 7K-OKS
11F615A8 #31 23 April 1971 25 April 1971 Soviet Union Vladimir
Shatalov, Soviet Union Aleksei Yeliseyev, Soviet Union Nikolai Rukavishnikov Salyut
1 — The crew was unable to hard dock with the station and get into it, due to the
broken docking assembly Failure
10 Soyuz 11 Zvezda 'Rocket'.jpg Soyuz 7K-OKS
11F615A8 #32 6 June 1971 30 June 1971 Soviet Union Georgy Dobrovolsky,
Soviet Union Vladislav Volkov, Soviet Union Viktor Patsayev (Crew died during
reentry due to depressurization of landing module) Salyut 1 Failure
— Kosmos 496 Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #33A 26 June 1972 2 July 1972 None Success
— Kosmos 573 Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #36 15 June 1973 17 June 1973 None Success
11 Soyuz 12 Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #37 27 September 1973 29 September 1973 Soviet Union Vasili Lazarev,
Soviet Union Oleg Makarov Success
— Kosmos 613 Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #34A 30 November 1973 29 January 1974 None Success
12 Soyuz 13 Vimpel 'Diamond'.jpg Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #33 18 December 1973 26 December 1973 Soviet Union Pyotr Klimuk,
Soviet Union Valentin Lebedev Success
— Kosmos 638 Soyuz 7K-TM
11F615A12 #71 3 April 1974 13 April 1974 None Success
— Kosmos 656 Soyuz 7K-T/A9
11F615A9 #61 27 May 1974 29 May 1974 None Success
13 Soyuz 14 Vimpel 'Diamond'.jpg Soyuz 7K-T/A9
11F615A9 #62 3 July 1974 19 July 1974 Soviet Union Pavel Popovich, Soviet
Union Yuri Artyukhin Salyut 3 Success
— Kosmos 672 Soyuz 7K-TM
11F615A12 #72 12 August 1974 18 August 1974 None Success
14 Soyuz 15 Soyuz 7K-T/A9
11F615A9 #63 26 August 1974 28 August 1974 Soviet Union Gennadi
Sarafanov, Soviet Union Lev Dyomin Salyut 3 — Docking failed due to malfunctioning
of Igla docking system, with consequent anticipated reentryFailure
15 Soyuz 16 Salyut program insignia.svg Soyuz 7K-TM
11F615A12 #73 2 December 1974 8 December 1974 Soviet Union Anatoly
Filipchenko, Soviet Union Nikolai Rukavishnikov Success
16 Soyuz 17 Vimpel 'Diamond'.jpg Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #38 11 January 1975 9 February 1975 Soviet Union Aleksei Gubarev,
Soviet Union Georgi Grechko Salyut 4 Success
17 Soyuz 18A Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #39 5 April 1975 5 April 1975 Soviet Union Vasili Lazarev,
Soviet Union Oleg Makarov (Aborted launch at T+295 seconds, crew experienced 21 G
during descent) Failure
18 Soyuz 18 Vimpel 'Diamond'.jpg Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #40 24 May 1975 26 July 1975 Soviet Union Pyotr Klimuk, Soviet
Union Vitali Sevastyanov Salyut 4 Success
19 Soyuz 19 ASTPpatch.svg Soyuz 7K-TM
11F615A12 #75 15 July 1975 21 July 1975 Soviet Union Alexei Leonov,
Soviet Union Valeri Kubasov Apollo Success
— Soyuz 20 Soyuz 7K-T/A9
11F615A9 #64 17 November 1975 16 February 1976 None Salyut 4 Success
20 Soyuz 21 Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #41 6 July 1976 24 August 1976 Soviet Union Boris Volynov, Soviet
Union Vitaly Zholobov Salyut 5 Partial
21 Soyuz 22 Soyuz 7K-TM
11F615A12 #74 15 September 1976 23 September 1976 Soviet Union Valery Bykovsky,
Soviet Union Vladimir Aksyonov Success
22 Soyuz 23 Soyuz 7K-T/A9
11F615A9 #65 14 October 1976 16 October 1976 Soviet Union Vyacheslav
Zudov, Soviet Union Valery Rozhdestvensky Salyut 5 — Docking failed due to a
docking system failure Failure
23 Soyuz 24 Soyuz 7K-T/A9
11F615A9 #66 7 February 1977 25 February 1977 Soviet Union Viktor Gorbatko,
Soviet Union Yuri Glazkov Salyut 5 Success
24 Soyuz 25 Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #42 9 October 1977 11 October 1977 Soviet Union Vladimir
Kovalyonok, Soviet Union Valery Ryumin Salyut 6 — Docking failed due to a
docking system failure Failure
25 Soyuz 26 Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #43 10 December 1977 16 January 1978 Soviet Union Yuri Romanenko,
Soviet Union Vladimir Dzhanibekov Salyut 6 Success
Soviet Union Georgi Grechko, Soviet Union Oleg Makarov
26 Soyuz 27 Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #44 10 January 1978 16 March 1978 Soviet Union Georgi Grechko,
Soviet Union Oleg Makarov Salyut 6 Success
Soviet Union Yuri Romanenko, Soviet Union Vladimir Dzhanibekov
27 Soyuz 28 Soyuz28-patch.png Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #45 2 March 1978 10 March 1978 Soviet Union Aleksei Gubarev,
Czechoslovakia Vladimír Remek
(The first international crew)

Salyut 6 Success
28 Soyuz 29 Vimpel 'Diamond'.jpg Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #46 15 June 1978 3 September 1978 Soviet Union Vladimir
Kovalyonok, Soviet Union Aleksandr Ivanchenkov Salyut 6 Success
Soviet Union Valery Bykovsky, East Germany Sigmund Jähn
29 Soyuz 30 Soyuz-30 patch.png Soyuz 7K-T/A9
11F615A9 #67 27 June 1978 5 July 1978 Soviet Union Pyotr Klimuk, Poland
Mirosław Hermaszewski Salyut 6 Success
30 Soyuz 31 Soyuz 31 mission patch.png Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #47 26 August 1978 2 November 1978 Soviet Union Valery Bykovsky,
East Germany Sigmund Jähn Salyut 6 Success
Soviet Union Vladimir Kovalyonok, Soviet Union Aleksandr Ivanchenkov
31 Soyuz 32 Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #48 25 February 1979 13 June 1979 Soviet Union Vladimir
Lyakhov, Soviet Union Valery Ryumin Salyut 6 Success
Landing without crew
32 Soyuz 33 Soyuz-33 patch.png Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #49 10 April 1979 12 April 1979 Soviet Union Nikolai
Rukavishnikov, Bulgaria Georgi Ivanov Salyut 6 — Docking failed due to main
engine failure and Igla docking system failure. The deorbit burn was made using the
backup engine Failure
33 Soyuz 34 Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #50 6 June 1979 19 August 1979 Start without crew Salyut 6
Success
Soviet Union Vladimir Lyakhov, Soviet Union Valery Ryumin
34 Soyuz 35 Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #51 9 April 1980 3 June 1980 Soviet Union Leonid Popov, Soviet
Union Valery Ryumin Salyut 6 Success
Soviet Union Valery Kubasov, Hungary Bertalan Farkas
35 Soyuz 36 Soyuz36 patch.png Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #52 26 May 1980 31 July 1980 Soviet Union Valery Kubasov,
Hungary Bertalan Farkas Salyut 6 Success
Soviet Union Viktor Gorbatko, Vietnam Pham Tuân
37 Soyuz 37 Soyuz37 patch.png Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #53 23 July 1980 11 October 1980 Soviet Union Viktor Gorbatko,
Vietnam Pham Tuân Salyut 6 Success
Soviet Union Leonid Popov, Soviet Union Valery Ryumin
38 Soyuz 38 Soyuz38 patch.png Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #54 18 September 1980 26 September 1980 Soviet Union Yuri Romanenko,
Cuba Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez Salyut 6 Success
41 Soyuz 39 Soyuz39 patch.png Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #55 22 March 1981 30 March 1981 Soviet Union Vladimir
Dzhanibekov, Mongolian People's Republic Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa Salyut 6
Success
42 Soyuz 40 Soyuz40 patch2.png Soyuz 7K-T
11F615A8 #56 14 May 1981 22 May 1981 Soviet Union Leonid Popov, Romania
Dumitru Prunariu Salyut 6 Success
Soyuz 7K-L1
Main article: Zond programme
Spacecraft designed for Soviet human circumlunar missions. Missions are included
under the Zond programme.

No. Mission Emblem Spacecraft Date of launch Date of landing Crew (

start
/
landing
) Docking Outcome
— Kosmos 146 Soyuz 7K-L1 10 March 1967 18 March 1967 None
Success
— Kosmos 154 Soyuz 7K-L1 8 April 1967 10 April 1967 None
Failure
— Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L Soyuz 7K-L1 27 September 1967 None (rocket
failure) Failure
— Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L Soyuz 7K-L1 22 November 1967 None (rocket
failure) Failure
— Zond 4 Soyuz 7K-L1 2 March 1968 7 March 1968 None
Partial
— Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L Soyuz 7K-L1 22 April 1968 None (rocket
failure) Failure
— Soyuz 7K-L1 No.8L Soyuz 7K-L1 21 July 1968 None (rocket
exploded on launch pad) Failure
— Zond 5 Soyuz 7K-L1 14 September 1968 22 September 1968 None
Success
— Zond 6 Soyuz 7K-L1 10 November 1968 17 November 1968 None
Partial
— Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L Soyuz 7K-L1 20 January 1969 None (rocket
failure) Failure
— Zond-M 1 Soyuz 7K-L1S 21 February 1969 None (rocket
failure) Failure
— Zond-M 2 Soyuz 7K-L1S 3 July 1969 None (rocket failure)
Failure
— Zond 7 Soyuz 7K-L1 7 August 1969 14 August 1969 None
Success
— Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1 Soyuz 7K-L1E 28 November 1969 None (rocket
failure) Failure
— Zond 8 Soyuz 7K-L1 20 October 1970 27 October 1970 None
Success
— Kosmos 382 Soyuz 7K-L1E "Zond-LOK" 2 December 1970 In orbit None
Success
Soyuz 7K-LOK
Main article: Soviet crewed lunar programs
Spacecraft designed for Soviet human lunar orbital and landing missions.

No. Mission Emblem Spacecraft Date of launch Date of landing Crew (

start
/
landing
) Docking Outcome
— Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 Soyuz 7K-LOK 26 June 1971 None (rocket
failure) Failure
— Soyuz 7K-LOK No.2 Soyuz 7K-LOK 23 November 1972 None (rocket
failure) Failure
Soyuz T (1979-1986)
No. Mission Emblem Spacecraft Date of launch Date of landing Crew (
start
/
landing
) Docking Outcome
— Kosmos 670 Soyuz 7K-S
11F732 #1 6 August 1974 9 August 1974 None Success
— Kosmos 772 Soyuz 7K-S
11F732 #2 29 September 1975 2 October 1975 None Failure
— Kosmos 869 Soyuz 7K-S
11F732 #3 29 November 1976 17 December 1976 None Failure
— Kosmos 1001 Soyuz T
11F732 #4 4 April 1978 15 April 1978 None Failure
— Kosmos 1074 Soyuz T
11F732 #5 31 January 1979 1 April 1979 None Success
— Soyuz T-1 Soyuz T
11F732 #6 16 December 1979 25 March 1980 None Salyut 6 Success
36 Soyuz T-2 Soyuz T
11F732 #7 5 June 1980 9 June 1980 Soviet Union Yury Malyshev, Soviet Union
Vladimir Aksyonov Salyut 6 Success
39 Soyuz T-3 Soyuz T
11F732 #8 27 November 1980 10 December 1980 Soviet Union Leonid Kizim, Soviet
Union Oleg Makarov, Soviet Union Gennady Strekalov Salyut 6 Success
40 Soyuz T-4 Soyuz T
11F732 #10 12 March 1981 26 May 1981 Soviet Union Vladimir Kovalyonok, Soviet
Union Viktor Savinykh Salyut 6 Success
43 Soyuz T-5 Soyuz T
11F732 #11 13 May 1982 27 August 1982 Soviet Union Anatoli Berezovoy, Soviet
Union Valentin Lebedev Salyut 7 Success
Soviet Union Leonid Popov, Soviet Union Aleksandr Serebrov, Soviet Union Svetlana
Savitskaya
44 Soyuz T-6 Soyuz T-6 mission patch.png Soyuz T
11F732 #9 24 June 1982 2 July 1982 Soviet Union Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Soviet
Union Aleksandr Ivanchenkov, France Jean-Loup Chrétien Salyut 7 Success
45 Soyuz T-7 Soyuz T
11F732 #12 19 August 1982 10 December 1982 Soviet Union Leonid Popov, Soviet
Union Aleksandr Serebrov, Soviet Union Svetlana Savitskaya Salyut 7 Success
Soviet Union Anatoli Berezovoy, Soviet Union Valentin Lebedev
46 Soyuz T-8 Soyuz T
11F732 #13 22 April 1983 24 April 1983 Soviet Union Vladimir Titov, Soviet
Union Gennady Strekalov, Soviet Union Aleksandr Serebrov Salyut 7 — Docking
failed due to a broken antenna Failure
47 Soyuz T-9 Soyuz T
11F732 #14 27 June 1983 23 November 1983 Soviet Union Vladimir Lyakhov,
Soviet Union Aleksandr Aleksandrov Salyut 7 Success
48 Soyuz T-10A Soyuz T
11F732 #16 26 September 1983 26 September 1983 Soviet Union Vladimir Titov, Soviet
Union Gennady Strekalov (Rocket caught fire at the pad, emergency rescue system
activated two seconds before explosion at the launch pad. The duration of the
flight (due to the emergency rescue system) was 5 min. 13 sec.) Failure
49 Soyuz T-10 Soyuz T
11F732 #15 8 February 1984 11 April 1984 Soviet Union Leonid Kizim, Soviet
Union Vladimir Solovyov, Soviet Union Oleg Atkov Salyut 7 Success
Soviet Union Yury Malyshev, Soviet Union Gennady Strekalov, India Rakesh Sharma
50 Soyuz T-11 Soyuz T-11 mission patch.gif Soyuz T
11F732 #17 3 April 1984 2 October 1984 Soviet Union Yury Malyshev, Soviet
Union Gennady Strekalov, India Rakesh Sharma Salyut 7 Success
Soviet Union Leonid Kizim, Soviet Union Vladimir Solovyov, Soviet Union Oleg Atkov
51 Soyuz T-12 Soyuz T
11F732 #18 17 July 1984 29 July 1984 Soviet Union Vladimir Dzhanibekov,
Soviet Union Svetlana Savitskaya, Soviet Union Igor Volk Salyut 7 Success
52 Soyuz T-13 Soyuz T
11F732 #19 6 June 1985 26 September 1986 Soviet Union Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Soviet
Union Viktor Savinykh Salyut 7 — Docked in manual mode, due to the loss of power
of the station on 11 February 1985. The mission was intended to restore the power
on the station Success
Soviet Union Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Soviet Union Georgi Grechko
53 Soyuz T-14 Soyuz T
11F732 #20 17 September 1985 21 November 1985 Soviet Union Vladimir Vasyutin,
Soviet Union Georgi Grechko, Soviet Union Alexander Volkov Salyut 7 Success
Soviet Union Vladimir Vasyutin, Soviet Union Viktor Savinykh, Soviet Union
Alexander Volkov
54 Soyuz T-15 Soyuz T-15 mission patch.jpg Soyuz T
11F732 #21 13 March 1986 16 July 1986 Soviet Union Leonid Kizim, Soviet
Union Vladimir Solovyov Mir → Salyut 7 → Mir — First flight between two stations
Success
Soyuz TM (1987-2002)
No. Mission Emblem Spacecraft Date of launch Date of landing Crew (
launch
/
landing
) Docking Outcome
— Soyuz TM-1 Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #51 21 May 1986 30 May 1986 None Mir Success
55 Soyuz TM-2 Soyuz TM-2 mission patch.jpg Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #52 5 February 1987 30 July 1987 Soviet Union Yuri Romanenko,
Soviet Union Aleksandr Laveykin Mir Success
Soviet Union Aleksandr Viktorenko, Soviet Union Aleksandr Laveykin, Syria Muhammed
Faris
56 Soyuz TM-3 Soyuz TM-3 mission patch.svg Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #53 22 July 1987 29 December 1987 Soviet Union Alexander
Viktorenko, Soviet Union Aleksandr Aleksandrov, Syria Muhammed Faris Mir
Success
Soviet Union Yuri Romanenko, Soviet Union Aleksandr Aleksandrov, Soviet Union
Anatoli Levchenko
57 Soyuz TM-4 Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #54 21 December 1987 17 June 1988 Soviet Union Vladimir Titov,
Soviet Union Musa Manarov, Soviet Union Anatoli Levchenko Mir Success
Soviet Union Anatoly Solovyev, Soviet Union Viktor Savinykh, Bulgaria Aleksandr
Aleksandrov
58 Soyuz TM-5 Soyuz TM-5 mission patch.svg Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #55 7 June 1988 7 September 1988 Soviet Union Anatoly Solovyev,
Soviet Union Viktor Savinykh, Bulgaria Aleksandr Aleksandrov Mir Success
Soviet Union Vladimir Lyakhov, Afghanistan Abdul Mohmand
59 Soyuz TM-6 Soyuz TM-6 patch.svg Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #56 29 August 1988 21 December 1988 Soviet Union Vladimir
Lyakhov, Soviet Union Valeri Polyakov, Afghanistan Abdul Mohmand Mir Success
Soviet Union Vladimir Titov, Soviet Union Musa Manarov, France Jean-Loup Chrétien
60 Soyuz TM-7 Soyuz TM-7 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #57 26 November 1988 27 April 1989 Soviet Union Alexander
Volkov, Soviet Union Sergei Krikalyov, France Jean-Loup Chrétien Mir Success
Soviet Union Alexander Volkov, Soviet Union Sergei Krikalyov, Soviet Union Valeri
Polyakov
61 Soyuz TM-8 Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #58 5 September 1989 19 February 1990 Soviet Union Alexander
Viktorenko, Soviet Union Aleksandr Serebrov Mir Success
62 Soyuz TM-9 Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #60 11 February 1990 9 August 1990 Soviet Union Anatoly
Solovyev, Soviet Union Aleksandr Balandin Mir Success
63 Soyuz TM-10 Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #61A 1 August 1990 10 December 1990 Soviet Union Gennadi Manakov,
Soviet Union Gennady Strekalov Mir Success
Soviet Union Gennadi Manakov, Soviet Union Gennady Strekalov, Japan Toyohiro
Akiyama (Reporter)
64 Soyuz TM-11 Soyuz TM-11 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #61 2 December 1990 26 May 1990 Soviet Union Viktor Afanasyev,
Soviet Union Musa Manarov, Japan Toyohiro Akiyama (Reporter) Mir Success
Soviet Union Viktor Afanasyev, Soviet Union Musa Manarov, United Kingdom Helen
Sharman
65 Soyuz TM-12 Soyuz TM-12 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #62 18 May 1991 10 October 1991 Soviet Union Anatoly Artsebarsky,
Soviet Union Sergei Krikalev, United Kingdom Helen Sharman Mir Success
Soviet Union Anatoly Artsebarsky, Soviet Union Toktar Aubakirov, Austria Franz
Viehböck
66 Soyuz TM-13 Soyuz TM-13 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #63 2 October 1991 25 March 1992 Soviet Union Alexander
Volkov, Soviet Union Toktar Aubakirov, Austria Franz Viehböck Mir Success
Russia Alexander Volkov, Russia Sergei Krikalev, Germany Klaus-Dietrich Flade
67 Soyuz TM-14 Soyuz TM-14 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #64 17 March 1992 10 August 1992 Russia Alexander Viktorenko,
Russia Alexander Kaleri, Germany Klaus-Dietrich Flade Mir Success
Russia Alexander Viktorenko, Russia Alexander Kaleri, France Michel Tognini
68 Soyuz TM-15 Soyuz TM-15 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #65 27 July 1992 1 February 1993 Russia Anatoly Solovyev,
Russia Sergei Avdeyev, France Michel Tognini Mir Success
Russia Anatoly Solovyev, Russia Sergei Avdeyev
69 Soyuz TM-16 Soyuz TM-16 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #101 24 January 1993 22 July 1993 Russia Gennadi Manakov,
Russia Alexander Poleshchuk Mir Success
Russia Gennadi Manakov, Russia Alexander Poleshchuk, France Jean-Pierre Haigneré
70 Soyuz TM-17 Soyuz TM-17 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #66 1 July 1993 14 January 1994 Russia Vasili Tsibliyev, Russia
Aleksandr Serebrov, France Jean-Pierre Haigneré Mir Success
Russia Vasili Tsibliyev, Russia Aleksandr Serebrov
71 Soyuz TM-18 Soyuz TM-18 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #67 8 January 1994 9 July 1994 Russia Viktor Afanasyev, Russia
Yury Usachov, Russia Valeri Polyakov Mir Success
Russia Viktor Afanasyev, Russia Yury Usachov
72 Soyuz TM-19 Soyuz TM-19 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #68 1 July 1994 4 November 1994 Russia Yuri Malenchenko, Russia
Talgat Musabayev Mir Success
Russia Yuri Malenchenko, Russia Talgat Musabayev, Germany Ulf Merbold
73 Soyuz TM-20 Soyuz TM-20 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #69 4 October 1994 22 March 1995 Russia Alexander Viktorenko,
Russia Yelena Kondakova, Germany Ulf Merbold Mir Success
Russia Alexander Viktorenko, Russia Yelena Kondakova, Russia Valeri Polyakov
74 Soyuz TM-21 Soyuz TM-21 Patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #70 14 March 1995 1 September 1995 Russia Vladimir Dezhurov,
Russia Gennady Strekalov, United States Norman Thagard Mir Success
Russia Anatoly Solovyev, Russia Nikolai Budarin
75 Soyuz TM-22 Soyuz TM-22 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #71 3 September 1995 29 February 1996 Russia Yuri Gidzenko, Russia
Sergei Avdeyev, Germany Thomas Reiter Mir Success
76 Soyuz TM-23 Soyuz TM-23 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #72 21 February 1996 2 September 1996 Russia Yuri Onufrienko,
Russia Yury Usachov Mir Success
Russia Yuri Onufrienko, Russia Yury Usachov, France Claudie Haigneré
77 Soyuz TM-24 Soyuz TM-24 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #73 17 August 1996 2 March 1997 Russia Valery Korzun, Russia
Aleksandr Kaleri, France Claudie Haigneré Mir Success
Russia Valery Korzun, Russia Aleksandr Kaleri, Germany Reinhold Ewald
78 Soyuz TM-25 Soyuz TM-25 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #74 10 February 1997 14 August 1997 Russia Vasili Tsibliyev,
Russia Aleksandr Lazutkin, Germany Reinhold Ewald Mir Success
Russia Vasili Tsibliyev, Russia Aleksandr Lazutkin
79 Soyuz TM-26 Soyuz TM-26 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #75 5 August 1997 19 February 1998 Russia Anatoly Solovyev,
Russia Pavel Vinogradov Mir Success
Russia Anatoli Berezovoy, Russia Valentin Lebedev, France Léopold Eyharts
80 Soyuz TM-27 PegaseSoyuzTM27svg.svg Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #76 29 January 1998 25 August 1998 Russia Talgat Musabayev,
Russia Nikolai Budarin, France Léopold Eyharts Mir Success
Russia Talgat Musabayev, Russia Nikolai Budarin, Russia Yuri Baturin
81 Soyuz TM-28 Soyuz TM-28 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #77 13 August 1998 28 February 1999 Russia Gennady Padalka,
Russia Sergei Avdeyev, Russia Yuri Baturin Mir Success
Russia Gennady Padalka, Slovakia Ivan Bella
82 Soyuz TM-29 Soyuz TM-29 logo SVG.svg Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #78 20 February 1999 28 August 1999 Russia Viktor Afanasyev,
France Jean-Pierre Haigneré, Slovakia Ivan Bella Mir Success
Russia Viktor Afanasyev, France Jean-Pierre Haigneré, Russia Sergei Avdeyev
83 Soyuz TM-30 Soyuz-tm-30-patch.svg Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #204 4 April 2000 16 June 2000 Russia Sergei Zalyotin,
Russia Aleksandr Kaleri Mir Success
84 Soyuz TM-31 Soyuz TM-31 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #205 31 October 2000 6 May 2001 Russia Yuri Gidzenko, Russia Sergei
Krikalev, United States William Shepherd International Space Station Success
Russia Talgat Musabayev, Russia Yuri Baturin, United States Dennis Tito (Tourist)
85 Soyuz TM-32 Soyuz TM-32 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #206 28 April 2001 31 October 2001 Russia Talgat Musabayev,
Russia Yuri Baturin, United States Dennis Tito (Tourist) International Space
Station Success
Russia Viktor Afanasyev, France Claudie Haigneré, Russia Konstantin Kozeyev
86 Soyuz TM-33 Soyuz TM-33 patch.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #207 21 October 2001 5 May 2002 Russia Viktor Afanasyev, France
Claudie Haigneré, Russia Konstantin Kozeyev International Space Station
Success
Russia Yuri Gidzenko, Italy Roberto Vittori, South Africa/United Kingdom Mark
Shuttleworth (Tourist)
87 Soyuz TM-34 Soyuz TM-34 logo.png Soyuz TM
11F732A51 #208 25 April 2002 10 November 2002 Russia Yuri Gidzenko, Italy
Roberto Vittori, South Africa/United Kingdom Mark Shuttleworth (Tourist)
International Space Station Success
Russia Sergei Zalyotin, Belgium Frank De Winne, Russia Yury Lonchakov
Soyuz TMA (2002-2012)
No. Mission Emblem Spacecraft Date of launch Date of landing Crew (
start
/
landing
) Docking Outcome
88 Soyuz TMA-1 Soyouz TMA-1 logo.svg Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #211 30 October 2002 4 May 2003 Russia Sergei Zalyotin, Belgium
Frank De Winne, Russia Yury Lonchakov International Space Station Success
Russia Nikolai Budarin, United States Kenneth Bowersox, United States Donald Pettit
89 Soyuz TMA-2 Soyuz TMA-2 Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #212 26 April 2003 28 October 2003 Russia Yuri Malenchenko,
United States Edward Tsang Lu International Space Station Success
Russia Yuri Malenchenko, United States Edward Tsang Lu, Spain Pedro Duque
90 Soyuz TMA-3 Soyuz TMA-3 Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #213 18 October 2003 30 April 2004 Russia Alexander Kaleri,
United Kingdom/United States Michael Foale, Spain Pedro Duque International
Space Station Success
Russia Alexander Kaleri, United Kingdom/United States Michael Foale, Netherlands
André Kuipers
91 Soyuz TMA-4 Soyuz TMA-4 Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #214 19 April 2004 24 October 2004 Russia Gennady Padalka,
United States Michael Fincke, Russia André Kuipers International Space Station
Success
Russia Gennady Padalka, United States Michael Fincke, Russia Yuri Shargin
92 Soyuz TMA-5 Soyuz TMA-5 Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #215 14 October 2004 24 April 2005 Russia Salizhan Sharipov,
United States Leroy Chiao, Russia Yuri Shargin International Space Station
Success
Russia Salizhan Sharipov, United States Leroy Chiao, Italy Roberto Vittori
93 Soyuz TMA-6 Soyuz TMA-6 Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #216 15 April 2005 15 October 2005 Russia Sergei Krikalev,
United States John Phillips, Italy Roberto Vittori International Space Station
Success
Russia Sergei Krikalev, United States John Phillips, United States Gregory Olsen
(Tourist)
94 Soyuz TMA-7 Soyuz TMA-7 patch.svg Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #217 1 October 2005 8 April 2006 Russia Valery Tokarev, United
States William McArthur, United States Gregory Olsen (Tourist) International
Space Station Success
Russia Valery Tokarev, United States William McArthur, Brazil Marcos Pontes
95 Soyuz TMA-8 Soyuz TMA-8 Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #218 30 March 2006 29 September 2006 Russia Pavel Vinogradov,
United States Jeffrey Williams, Brazil Marcos Pontes International Space Station
Success
Russia Pavel Vinogradov, United States Jeffrey Williams, Iran/United States
Anousheh Ansari (Tourist)
96 Soyuz TMA-9 Soyuz TMA-9 Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #219 18 September 2006 21 April 2007 Russia Mikhail Tyurin, United
States Michael López-Alegría, Iran/United States Anousheh Ansari (Tourist)
International Space Station Success
Russia Mikhail Tyurin, United States Michael López-Alegría, Hungary/United States
Charles Simonyi (Tourist)
97 Soyuz TMA-10 Soyuz TMA-10 Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #220 7 April 2007 21 October 2007 Russia Oleg Kotov, Russia
Fyodor Yurchikhin, Hungary/United States Charles Simonyi (Tourist)
International Space Station Success
Russia Oleg Kotov, Russia Fyodor Yurchikhin, Malaysia Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor
98 Soyuz TMA-11 Soyuz TMA-11 Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #221 10 October 2007 19 April 2008 Russia Yuri Malenchenko,
United States Peggy Whitson, Malaysia Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor International
Space Station Success
Russia Yuri Malenchenko, United States Peggy Whitson, South Korea Yi So-Yeon
99 Soyuz TMA-12 Soyuz TMA-12 Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #222 8 April 2008 24 October 2008 Russia Sergei Volkov, Russia
Oleg Kononenko, South Korea Yi So-Yeon International Space Station Success
Russia Sergei Volkov, Russia Oleg Kononenko, United Kingdom/United States Richard
Garriott (Tourist)
100 Soyuz TMA-13 Soyuz TMA-13 Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #223 12 October 2008 8 April 2009 Russia Yuri Lonchakov, United
States Michael Fincke, United Kingdom/United States Richard Garriott (Tourist)
International Space Station Success
Russia Yuri Lonchakov, United States Michael Fincke, Hungary/United States Charles
Simonyi
101 Soyuz TMA-14 Soyuz-TMA-14-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #224 26 March 2009 11 October 2009 Russia Gennady Padalka,
United States Michael Barratt, Hungary/United States Charles Simonyi
International Space Station Success
Russia Gennady Padalka, United States Michael Barratt, Canada Guy Laliberté
(Tourist)
102 Soyuz TMA-15 Soyuz-TMA-15-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #225 27 May 2009 1 December 2009 Russia Roman Romanenko, Belgium
Frank De Winne, Canada Robert Thirsk International Space Station Success
103 Soyuz TMA-16 Soyuz-TMA-16-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #226 30 September 2009 18 March 2010 Russia Maksim Surayev, United
States Jeffrey Williams, Canada Guy Laliberté (Tourist) International Space
Station Success
Russia Maksim Surayev, United States Jeffrey Williams
104 Soyuz TMA-17 Soyuz-TMA-17-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #227 20 December 2009 2 June 2010 Russia Oleg Kotov, United States
Timothy Creamer, Japan Soichi Noguchi International Space Station Success
105 Soyuz TMA-18 Soyuz-TMA-18-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #228 2 April 2010 25 September 2010 Russia Aleksandr Skvortsov,
Russia Mikhail Korniyenko, United States Tracy Caldwell Dyson International
Space Station Success
106 Soyuz TMA-19 Soyuz-TMA-19-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #229 16 June 2010 26 November 2010 Russia Fyodor Yurchikhin,
United States Shannon Walker, United States Douglas H. Wheelock International
Space Station Success
108 Soyuz TMA-20 Soyuz-TMA-20-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #230 15 December 2010 24 May 2011 Russia Dmitri Kondratyev, United
States Catherine Coleman, Italy Paolo Nespoli International Space Station
 Success
109 Soyuz TMA-21 Soyuz-TMA-21-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #231 5 April 2011 16 September 2011 Russia Aleksandr
Samokutyayev, Russia Andrei Borisenko, United States Ronald Garan
International Space Station Success
111 Soyuz TMA-22 Soyuz-TMA-22-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA
11F732A17 #232 14 November 2011 27 April 2012 Russia Anton Shkaplerov,
Russia Anatoli Ivanishin, United States Daniel Burbank International Space
Station Success
Soyuz TMA-M (2010-2016)
No. Mission Emblem Spacecraft Date of launch Date of landing Crew (
start
/
landing
) Docking Outcome
107 Soyuz TMA-01M Soyuz-TMA-01M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #701 8 October 2010 16 March 2011 Russia Aleksandr Kaleri,
Russia Oleg Skripochka, United States Scott Kelly International Space Station
Success
110 Soyuz TMA-02M Soyuz-TMA-02M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #702 8 June 2011 22 November 2011 Russia Sergey Volkov, United States
Michael E. Fossum, Japan Satoshi Furukawa International Space Station Success
112 Soyuz TMA-03M Soyuz-TMA-03M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #703 21 December 2011 1 July 2012 Russia Oleg Kononenko, Netherlands
André Kuipers, United States Donald Pettit International Space Station
Success
113 Soyuz TMA-04M Soyuz-TMA-04M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #705 15 May 2012 17 September 2012 Russia Gennady Padalka, Russia
Sergei Revin, United States Joseph Acaba International Space Station Success
114 Soyuz TMA-05M Soyuz-TMA-05M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #706 15 July 2012 19 November 2012 Russia Yuri Malenchenko,
United States Sunita Williams, Japan Akihiko Hoshide International Space Station
Success
115 Soyuz TMA-06M Soyuz-TMA-06M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #707 23 October 2012 16 March 2013 Russia Oleg Novitskiy, Russia
Evgeny Tarelkin, United States Kevin Ford International Space Station Success
116 Soyuz TMA-07M Soyuz-TMA-07M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #704A 19 December 2012 14 May 2013 Russia Roman Romanenko, Canada
Chris Hadfield, United States Thomas Marshburn International Space Station
Success
117 Soyuz TMA-08M Soyuz-TMA-08M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #708 29 March 2013 11 September 2013 Russia Pavel Vinogradov,
Russia Alexander Misurkin, United States Christopher Cassidy International
Space Station Success
118 Soyuz TMA-09M Soyuz-TMA-09M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #709 29 May 2013 11 November 2013 Russia Fyodor Yurchikhin, United
States Karen L. Nyberg, Italy Luca Parmitano International Space Station
Success
119 Soyuz TMA-10M Soyuz-TMA-10M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #710 26 September 2013 11 March 2014 Russia Oleg Kotov, Russia
Sergey Ryazansky, United States Michael Hopkins International Space Station
Success
120 Soyuz TMA-11M Soyuz-TMA-11M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #711 7 November 2013 14 May 2014 Russia Mikhail Tyurin, United
States Richard Mastracchio, Japan Koichi Wakata International Space Station
Success
121 Soyuz TMA-12M Soyuz-TMA-12M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #712 26 March 2014 11 September 2014 Russia Aleksandr Skvortsov,
Russia Oleg Artemyev, United States Steven Swanson International Space Station
 Success
122 Soyuz TMA-13M Soyuz-TMA-13M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #713 28 May 2014 10 November 2014 Russia Maksim Surayev, United
States Gregory Wiseman, Germany Alexander Gerst International Space Station
Success
123 Soyuz TMA-14M Soyuz-TMA-14M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #714 26 September 2014 12 March 2015 Russia Aleksandr
Samokutyayev, Russia Yelena Serova, United States Barry Wilmore International
Space Station Success
124 Soyuz TMA-15M Soyuz-TMA-15M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #715 24 November 2014 11 June 2015 Russia Anton Shkaplerov,
Italy Samantha Cristoforetti, United States Terry Virts International Space
Station Success
125 Soyuz TMA-16M Soyuz-TMA-16M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #716 27 March 2015 12 September 2015 Russia Gennady Padalka,
Russia Mikhail Korniyenko, United States Scott Kelly International Space Station
Success
Russia Gennady Padalka, Denmark Andreas Mogensen, Kazakhstan Aidyn Aimbetov
126 Soyuz TMA-17M Soyuz-TMA-17M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #717 23 July 2015 11 December 2015 Russia Oleg Kononenko, Japan
Kimiya Yui, United States Kjell Lindgren International Space Station Success
127 Soyuz TMA-18M Soyuz-TMA-18M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #718 2 September 2015 2 March 2016 Russia Sergey Volkov, Denmark
Andreas Mogensen, Kazakhstan Aidyn Aimbetov International Space Station
Success
Russia Sergey Volkov, Russia Mikhail Korniyenko, United States Scott Kelly
128 Soyuz TMA-19M Soyuz-TMA-19M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #719 15 December 2015 18 June 2016 Russia Yuri Malenchenko,
United States Timothy Kopra, United Kingdom Timothy Peake International Space
Station Success
129 Soyuz TMA-20M Soyuz-TMA-20M-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz TMA-M
11F732A47 #720 19 March 2016 6 September 2016 Russia Aleksey Ovchinin,
Russia Oleg Skripochka, United States Jeffrey Williams International Space
Station Success
Soyuz MS (2016-)
No. Mission Emblem Spacecraft Date of launch Date of landing Crew (
start
/
landing
) Docking Outcome
130 Soyuz MS-01 Soyuz-MS-01-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz MS
11F732A48 #731 7 July 2016 30 October 2016 Russia Anatoli Ivanishin, Japan
Takuya Onishi, United States Kathleen Rubins International Space Station
Success
131 Soyuz MS-02 Soyuz-MS-02-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz MS
11F732A48 #732 19 October 2016 11 April 2017 Russia Sergey Ryzhikov,
Russia Andrei Borisenko, United States Robert Kimbrough International Space
Station Success
132 Soyuz MS-03
Soyuz-MS-03-Mission-Patch.png
Soyuz MS
11F732A48 #733 17 November 2016 2 June 2017 Russia Oleg Novitskiy, France
Thomas Pesquet, United States Peggy A. Whitson International Space Station
Success
133 Soyuz MS-04 Soyuz-MS-04-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz MS
11F732A48 #735 20 April 2017 3 September 2017 Russia Fyodor Yurchikhin,
United States Jack Fischer International Space Station Success
134 Soyuz MS-05 Soyuz-MS-05-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz MS
11F732A48 #736 28 July 2017 14 December 2017 Russia Sergey Ryazansky,
Italy Paolo Nespoli, United States Randolph Bresnik International Space Station
Success
135 Soyuz MS-06 Soyuz-MS-06-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz MS
11F732A48 #734 12 September 2017 28 February 2018 Russia Alexander Misurkin,
United States Joseph Acaba, United States Mark Vande Hei International Space
Station Success
136 Soyuz MS-07 Soyuz-MS-07-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz MS
11F732A48 #737 17 December 2017 3 June 2018 Russia Anton Shkaplerov, Japan
Norishige Kanai, United States Scott Tingle International Space Station
Success
137 Soyuz MS-08 Soyuz-MS-08-Mission-Patch.png Soyuz MS
11F732A48 #738 21 March 2018 4 October 2018 Russia Oleg Artem

The Soyuz-MS (Russian: Союз МС, GRAU: 11F732A48) is the latest revision of the
Soyuz spacecraft. It is an evolution of the Soyuz TMA-M spacecraft, with
modernization mostly concentrated on the communications and navigation subsystems.

It is used by the Roscosmos for human spaceflight. Soyuz-MS has minimal external
changes with respect to the Soyuz TMA-M, mostly limited to antennas and sensors, as
well as the thruster placement.[2]

The first launch was Soyuz MS-01 on July 7, 2016 aboard a Soyuz-FG launch vehicle
towards the ISS.[3] The trip included a two-day checkout phase for the design
before docking with the ISS on July 9.[4]

Contents
1 Design
1.1 Orbital Module (BO)
1.2 Reentry Module (SA)
1.3 Service Module (PAO)
1.4 Re-entry procedure
2 Soyuz MS Improvements
3 List of flights
4 References
5 External links
Design
Exploded plan of the Soyuz MS spacecraft and its Soyuz FG rocket
Exploded plan of the Soyuz MS spacecraft and its Soyuz FG rocket
A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back):

A spheroid orbital module

A small aerodynamic reentry module
A cylindrical service module with solar panels attached
The first two portions are habitable living space. By moving as much as possible
into the orbital module, which does not have to be shielded or decelerated during
atmospheric re-entry, the Soyuz three-part craft is both larger and lighter than
the two-part Apollo spacecraft's command module. The Apollo command module had six
cubic meters of living space and a mass of 5000 kg; the three-part Soyuz provided
the same crew with nine cubic meters of living space, an airlock, and a service
module for the mass of the Apollo capsule alone. This does not take into
consideration the orbital module that could be used in place of the LEM in Apollo.

Soyuz can carry up to three cosmonauts and provide life support for them for about
30 person-days. The life support system provides a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere at
sea level partial pressures. The atmosphere is regenerated through KO2 cylinders,
which absorb most of the CO2 and water produced by the crew and regenerates the
oxygen, and LiOH cylinders which absorb leftover CO2.
The vehicle is protected during launch by a nose fairing, which is jettisoned after
passing through the atmosphere. It has an automatic docking system. The ship can be
operated automatically, or by a pilot independently of ground control.

Orbital Module (BO)

Soyuz spacecraft's Orbital Module

The forepart of the spacecraft is the orbital module ((in Russian): бытовой отсек
(БО), Bitovoy otsek (BO)) also known as the Habitation section. It houses all the
equipment that will not be needed for reentry, such as experiments, cameras or
cargo. Commonly, it is used as both eating area and lavatory. At its far end, it
also contains the docking port. This module also contains a toilet, docking
avionics and communications gear. On the latest Soyuz versions, a small window was
introduced, providing the crew with a forward view.

A hatch between it and the descent module can be closed so as to isolate it to act
as an airlock if needed with cosmonauts exiting through its side port (at the
bottom of this picture, near the descent module). On the launch pad, cosmonauts
enter the spacecraft through this port.

This separation also lets the orbital module be customized to the mission with less
risk to the life-critical descent module. The convention of orientation in zero
gravity differs from that of the descent module, as cosmonauts stand or sit with
their heads to the docking port.

Reentry Module (SA)

Soyuz spacecraft's Descent Module

The reentry module ((in Russian): спускаемый аппарат (СА), Spuskaemiy apparat (SA))
is used for launch and the journey back to Earth. It is covered by a heat-resistant
covering to protect it during re-entry. It is slowed initially by the atmosphere,
then by a braking parachute, followed by the main parachute which slows the craft
for landing. At one meter above the ground, solid-fuel braking engines mounted
behind the heat shield are fired to give a soft landing. One of the design
requirements for the reentry module was for it to have the highest possible
volumetric efficiency (internal volume divided by hull area). The best shape for
this is a sphere, but such a shape can provide no lift, which results in a purely
ballistic reentry. Ballistic reentries are hard on the occupants due to high
deceleration and can't be steered beyond their initial deorbit burn. That is why it
was decided to go with the "headlight" shape that the Soyuz uses — a hemispherical
forward area joined by a barely angled conical section (seven degrees) to a classic
spherical section heat shield. This shape allows a small amount of lift to be
generated due to the unequal weight distribution. The nickname was coined at a time
when nearly every automobile headlight was a circular paraboloid.

Service Module (PAO)

Soyuz spacecraft's Instrumentation/Propulsion Module

At the back of the vehicle is the service module ((in Russian): приборно-агрегатный
отсек (ПАО), Priborno-Agregatniy Otsek (PAO)). It has an instrumentation
compartment ((in Russian): приборный отсек (ПО), Priborniy Otsek (PO)), a
pressurized container shaped like a bulging can that contains systems for
temperature control, electric power supply, long-range radio communications, radio
telemetry, and instruments for orientation and control. The propulsion compartment
((in Russian): агрегатный отсек (АО), Agregatniy Otsek (AO)), a non-pressurized
part of the service module, contains the main engine and a spare: liquid-fuel
propulsion systems for maneuvering in orbit and initiating the descent back to
Earth. The ship also has a system of low-thrust engines for orientation, attached
to the intermediate compartment ((in Russian): переходной отсек (ПхО), Perekhodnoi
Otsek (PkhO)). Outside the service module are the sensors for the orientation
system and the solar array, which is oriented towards the sun by rotating the ship.

Re-entry procedure
Because its modular construction differs from that of previous designs, the Soyuz
has an unusual sequence of events prior to re-entry. The spacecraft is turned
engine-forward and the main engine is fired for de-orbiting fully 180° ahead of its
planned landing site. This requires the least propellant for re-entry, the
spacecraft traveling on an elliptical Hohmann orbit to a point where it will be low
enough in the atmosphere to re-enter.

Early Soyuz spacecraft would then have the service and orbital modules detach
simultaneously. As they are connected by tubing and electrical cables to the
descent module, this would aid in their separation and avoid having the descent
module alter its orientation. Later Soyuz spacecraft detach the orbital module
before firing the main engine, which saves even more propellant, enabling the
descent module to return more payload. In no case can the orbital module remain in
orbit as an addition to a space station, for the hatch enabling it to function as
an airlock is part of the descent module.

Re-entry firing is typically done on the "dawn" side of the Earth, so that the
spacecraft can be seen by recovery helicopters as it descends in the evening
twilight, illuminated by the sun when it is above the shadow of the Earth. Since
the beginning of Soyuz missions to the ISS, only five have performed nighttime
landings.[5]

Soyuz MS Improvements
The Soyuz MS received the following upgrades with respect to the Soyuz TMA-M:[6]

The fixed solar panels of the SEP (Russian: CЭП, Система Электропитания) power
supply system have had their photovoltaic cell efficiency improved to 14% (from
12%) and collective area increased by 1.1 m2 (12 sq ft).[7]
A fifth battery with 155 amp-hour capacity known as 906V was added to support the
increased energy consumption from the improved electronics.
Additional micro-meteoroid protective layer was added to the BO orbital module.[7]
The new computer (TsVM-101), weighs one-eighth that of its predecessor (8.3 kg vs.
70 kg) while also being much smaller than the previous Argon-16 computer.[8]
While as of July 2016 it is not known whether the propulsion system is still called
KTDU-80, it has been significantly modified. While previously the system had 16
high thrust DPO-B and six low thrust DPO-M in one propellant supply circuit, and
six other low thrust DPO-M on a different circuit, now all 28 thrusters are high
thrust DPO-B, arranged in 14 pairs. Each propellant supply circuit handles 14 DPO-
B, with each element of each thruster pair being fed by a different circuit. This
provides full fault tolerance for thruster or propellant circuit failure.[9][10]
The new arrangement adds fault tolerance for docking and undocking with one failed
thruster or de-orbit with two failed thrusters.[2] Also, the number of DPO-B in the
aft section has been doubled to eight, improving the de-orbit fault tolerance.
The propellant consumption signal, EFIR was redesigned to avoid false positives on
propellant consumption.[9]
The avionics unit, BA DPO (Russian: БА ДПО, Блоки Автоматики подсистема Двигателей
Причаливания и Ориентации), had to be modified for changes in the RCS.[9]
Instead of relying on ground stations for orbital determination and correction, the
now-included Satellite Navigation System ASN-K (Russian: АСН-К, Аппаратура
Спутниковой Навигации) relies on GLONASS and GPS signals for navigation.[2][11] It
uses four fixed antennas to achieve a positioning accuracy of 5 m (16 ft), and aims
to reduce that number to as little as 3 cm (1.2 in) and to achieve an attitude
accuracy of 0.5°.[12]
The old radio command system, the BRTS (Russian: БРТС Бортовая Радио-техническая
Система) that relied on the Kvant-V was replaced with an integrated communications
and telemetry system, EKTS (Russian: ЕКТС, Единая Kомандно-Телеметрическая
Система).[11] It can use not only the VHF and UHF ground stations but, thanks to
the addition of an S band antenna, the Lutch Constellation as well, to have
theoretical 85% of real time connection to ground control.[13] But since the S band
antenna is fixed and Soyuz spacecraft cruises in a slow longitudinal rotation, in
practice this capability might be limited due to lack of antenna pointing
capability.[13] It may also be able to use the American TDRS and the European EDRS
in the future.[2]
The old information and telemetry system, MBITS (Russian: МБИТС, МалогаБаритная
Информационно-Телеметрическая Система), has been fully integrated into the EKTS.
[11]
The old VHF radio communication system (Russian: Система Телефонно-Телеграфной
Связи) Rassvet-M (Russian: Рассвет-М) was replaced with the Rassvet-3BM (Russian:
Рассвет-3БМ) system that has been integrated into the EKTS.[11]
The old 38G6 antennas are replaced with four omnidirectional antennas (two on the
solar panels tips and two in the PAO) plus one S band phased array, also in the
PAO.[10]
The descent module communication and telemetry system also received upgrades that
will eventually lead to having a voice channel in addition to the present
telemetry.[10]
The EKTS system also includes a COSPAS-SARSAT transponder to transmit its
coordinates to ground control in real time during parachute fall and landing.[2]
All the changes introduced with the EKTS enable the Soyuz to use the same ground
segment terminals as the Russian Segment of the ISS.[11]
The new Kurs-NA (Russian: Курс-НА) automatic docking system is now made
indigenously in Russia. Developed by Sergei Medvedev of AO NII TP, it is claimed to
be 25 kg (55 lb) lighter, 30% less voluminous and use 25% less power.[10][14] An
AO-753A phased array antenna replaced the 2AO-VKA antenna and three AKR-VKA
antennas, while the two 2ASF-M-VKA antenna were moved to fixed positions further
back.[10][11][14]
The docking system received a backup electric driving mechanism.[15]
Instead of the analog TV system Klest-M (Russian: Клест-М), the spacecraft uses a
digital TV system based on MPEG-2, which makes it possible to maintain
communications between the spacecraft and the station via a space-to-space RF link
and reduces interferences.[2][16]
A new Digital Backup Loop Control Unit, BURK (Russian: БУРК, Блок Управления
Резервным Контуром), developed by RSC Energia, replaced the old avionics, the
Motion and Orientation Control Unit, BUPO (Russian: БУПО, Блок Управления
Причаливанием и Ориентацией) and the signal conversion unit BPS (Russian: БПС, Блок
Преобразования Сигналов).[11][12]