PHY 110

CHAPTER 3:
ONE DIMENSIONAL
MOTION
ZAIDATUL SALWA MAHMUD
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
CAWANGAN PERAK KAMPUS TAPAH
05-4067388
[email protected]
1
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 CONTENTS

3.1 Coordinate systems and

displacements
3.2 Average speed and velocity
3.3 Instantaneous velocity and
acceleration
3.4 Free Fall

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 3.1 Coordinate Systems and Displacements

For this semester, we only discuss

objects that move without
rotating, called as translational
motion.

Figure 3.1 A falling pinecone

Pg. 22 undergoes (a) pure translation;
(b) it is rotating as well as
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 3.1 Coordinate Systems and Displacements – cont…

Coordinate System
• When specifying a motion, it’s important to specify not only the
magnitude, but also the direction of the motion.
• In Physics, the direction of a motion is discussed through coordinate
axes, representing a frame of reference.

y
1-Dimension
3-Dimension
x
O

y x
O
2-Dimension

x z
O

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 3.1 Coordinate Systems and Displacements – cont…

This chapter will be concerning

translational motion in one dimension.

Horizontally Vertically

x O
O
y

1-Dimension 1-Dimension

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 3.1 Coordinate Systems and Displacements – cont…

Distance, d Displacement, s
• A scalar quantity. o A vector quantity.
• Is defined as the length of
actual path between two o Is defined as the distance between initial
points. point and final point in a straight line.
• SI unit: metre (m) o Displacement shows how far the object is
from its starting point, and to which
direction.
o SI unit: metre (m)

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 3.1 Coordinate Systems and Displacements – cont…

Displacement (blue line) is how far the object is from its starting point
to final point, regardless of how it got there.

Distance traveled (dashed line) is measured along the actual path

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 3.1 Coordinate Systems and Displacements – cont…

The displacement is written:

Left: Right:
Displacement is positive Displacement is negative.

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 3.1 Coordinate Systems and Displacements – cont…

EXERCISE:
5m

2m

A C B

An object moves from A to B then from B to C.

What is
i. the distance traveled?
ii. its displacement?

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 3.1 Coordinate Systems and Displacements – cont…

EXERCISE:
5m

A B

An object moves from A to B then from B back to A.

What is
i. the distance traveled?
ii. its displacement?

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 3.2 Average Speed and Velocity

Speed
• Refers to how far an object travels in a given time interval,
regardless of direction.
• Is defined as the total distance traveled along its path divided
by the time it takes to travel this distance.
• A scalar quantity.

∆𝑥 SI Unit:
𝑣=
∆𝑡 meter per second (ms-1)

Pg. 23

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 3.2 Average Speed and Velocity – cont…

Velocity
o Refers to both the magnitude of how fast an object is
moving and also the direction in which it is moving.
o Is defined as the total displacement traveled along its path
divided by the time it takes to travel this distance.
o A vector quantity.

∆𝑥 SI Unit:
𝑣= meter per second (ms-1)
∆𝑡

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 3.2 Average Speed and Velocity – cont…

Exercise:
How far can a cyclist travel in 2.5 h along a straight road if her average
velocity is 18 km/h?

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 3.3 Instantaneous Velocity and Acceleration

Instantaneous velocity, v
• Is defined as the average velocity over s
an infinitesimally short time interval.

∆𝑠
𝑣 = lim Δs
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Δt
t
• Is the gradient of the tangent line to x – 0 t0
t graph at any distant of time.

Gradient of 𝑠 − 𝑡 graph = velocity

Pg. 25

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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

Velocity – time (v – t) graph

Uniform velocity Non uniform velocity
v v

t t
0 0
Non uniform velocity
v

t
0
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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

Acceleration, 𝒂
• Measures how rapidly the velocity of an object is
changing.
Average acceleration, aav
• Is the rate of change of velocity.
• Defined as the change in velocity divided by the time
taken to make this change:
change of velocity 𝑣2 −𝑣1 ∆𝑣
𝑎𝑎𝑣 = 𝑎𝑎𝑣 = 𝑎𝑎𝑣 =
time interval 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ∆𝑡
• Vector quantity
• SI unit: m s-2
Positive value : acceleration
Negative value: deceleration Pg. 26

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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

Uniform acceleration
v
• Velocity increases uniformly
• Gradient = constant acceleration

t
0
Zero acceleration
v
• Constant velocity
• Gradient = zero acceleration

t
0
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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

Instantaneous Acceleration, a

• Is defined as the change of velocity over an infinitesimally short time

interval at a given instant. v

∆𝑣
𝑎 = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Δv
Δt
t
0 t’

Gradient of the tangent line to v – t graph = acceleration

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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

Exercise:
A car accelerates along a straight road from rest to 75 km/h in 5.0 s. What
is the magnitude of its average acceleration?

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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

Exercise:
An automobile is moving to the right along a straight highway, which we
choose to be the positive x axis. Then the driver puts on the brakes. If the
initial velocity (when the driver hits the brakes) is v1 = 15.0 m/s, and it
takes 5.0 s to slow down to v2 = 5.0 m/s, what was the car’s average
acceleration?

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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

Motion at Constant Acceleration

Equation 1

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, ∆𝑣
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑣−𝑣0
𝑎=
𝑡

Eq. 1
Thus;
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
Pg. 28

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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

Equation 2
From graph of velocity versus time for a motion with constant acceleration,
v
𝑣1

𝑣0

𝑡0 𝑡1 t

Area of the trapezium,

𝑣 + 𝑣0
∆𝑥 = 𝑡
2

1 Eq. 2
∆𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑣0 𝑡
2
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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

Equation 3

Also, from graph of velocity versus time for a motion with constant acceleration,
v
𝑣1

1
𝑣0
2
𝑡0 𝑡1 t

Area of the triangle and rectangle,

1
∆𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑣 − 𝑣0 𝑡
2
1 𝑣 − 𝑣0 2
= 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑡
2 𝑡

1 2 Eq. 3
∆𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

Equation 4

From Eq. 1,
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
Square both side,

𝑣 2 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 2

= 𝑣0 2 + 2𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎 2 𝑡 2

2
1 2
= 𝑣0 + 2𝑎 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2

𝑣 2 = 𝑣0 2 + 2𝑎∆𝑥 Eq. 4

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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

We now have all the equations we need to solve constant-

acceleration problems.

Kinematic equations for constant acceleration:

𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
1 2
∆𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
2 2
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 2𝑎∆𝑥

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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

Exercise:
𝑡0 = 0 𝑠 𝑡 = 8.0 𝑠

𝑎 = +2.0 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑣0 = +5.0 𝑚/𝑠

Use this equation to find x.

1 2
∆𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2

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 3.3 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration– cont…

Exercise:

𝑣0 = 0 𝑚/𝑠 𝑎 = +31 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑣 = +62 𝑚/𝑠

Find its displacement.

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Who will arrive at the ground first?
The elephant or the mouse?

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 3.4 Free Fall
• Near the surface of the Earth, all objects experience
approximately the same acceleration due to gravity.

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 3.4 Free Fall – cont…

Definition of free fall:

“ The vertical motion of a body at

constant acceleration, g under
gravitational field without air
resistance.”

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 3.4 Free Fall – cont…

In the absence of air resistance, all objects fall with the

constant acceleration, although this may be tricky to tell
by testing in an environment where there is air
resistance.

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 3.4 Free Fall – cont…

• In the earth’s gravitational field,

the constant acceleration:
• Known as acceleration
due to gravity or free- fall
acceleration or
gravitational acceleration.
• g = 9.81 m s-2.

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 3.4 Free Fall – cont…

Sign convention: +
From the sign convention, thus,

- +
𝑎 = −𝑔
-
Free fall motion formula related:

Linear motion Free falling bodies

𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡
𝑣 2 = 𝑣0 2 + 2𝑎∆𝑥 𝑣𝑦 2 = 𝑣0𝑦 2 − 2𝑔∆𝑥
1 2 1 2
∆𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 ∆𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2 2
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 Example:
The object is released,
Q1. What is the initial
Initial velocity, 𝑣0 =?
velocity of the ball?

Q2. What is the 10𝑚

velocity of the ball at
6m height?
Velocity 1, 𝑣1 =?
Q3. What is the final
velocity of the ball
6𝑚
before it reach the
ground?

Velocity 1, 𝑣2 =?
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 Example:
The object is thrown downward,
Initial velocity, 𝑣0 = 10 m/s
Given the initial velocity
is 10 m/s.

Q1. What is the 10𝑚

velocity of the ball at
6m height?
Velocity 1, 𝑣1 =?
Q2. What is the final
velocity of the ball
6𝑚
before it reach the
ground?

Velocity 1, 𝑣2 =?
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 Example:
The object is thrown upward,

Given the initial velocity

Time 1, 𝑡1 =?
is 10 m/s.
Velocity 1, 𝑣1 =? 𝑠1 =?
Q1. What is the velocity of
the ball at the maximum
height reached?

Q2. What is the time taken

for the ball to reach the
maximum height?

Q3. What is the maximum

height reached?

Q4. What is the final velocity of

the ball just before it return back
to the hand?
Velocity 2, 𝑣2 =?
Initial velocity, 𝑣0 = 10 m/s
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 3.4 Free Fall – cont…

• An example of freely falling body is the motion of a ball thrown vertically

upwards with initial velocity, u as shown in figure:

• Assuming air resistance is negligible, the acceleration of the ball, a = -g

when the ball moves upward and its velocity decreases to zero when the
ball reaches the maximum height, H.

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 3.4 Free Fall – cont…

EXERCISE:

An object is thrown upward with a speed of 36 m/s.

How long does it take to return to its starting point?

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 3.4 Free Fall – cont…

EXERCISE:

A ball is thrown straight up and return to its starting

point in 5.0 s. What is the initial speed of the ball?

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 3.4 Free Fall – cont…

EXAMPLE: A Falling Stone

A stone is dropped from the top of a tall building. After

3.00 s of free fall, what is the displacement y of the stone?

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 3.4 Free Fall – cont…

EXAMPLE:

A ball is thrown from the top of a building is given

an initial velocity of 10.0 m s-1 straight upward. The
building is 30.0 m high and the ball just misses the
edge of the roof on its way down, as shown in
figure. Calculate

a. the maximum height reached by the stone from

point A.
b. the time taken from point A to C.
c. the time taken from point A to D.
d. the velocity of the stone when it reaches point D.

(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)

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 3.4 Free Fall – cont…

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 3.4 Free Fall – cont…

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 3.4 Free Fall – cont…

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That’s all for this chapter
Do All exercises given

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