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MHB4219 SOLID AND FLUID MECHANICS

UNIT 1: PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND STRAINS

Member Subjected to a Simple Shear Stress:

τθ
τ

σθ
τ

Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = τ sin2θ

Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ‒ τ cos2θ

CASE III : Member subjected to Direct Stresses in Two Mutually Perpendicular Directions
accompanied by a Simple Shear Stress:

σy
τθ
τ

θ
σx σx
θ

σθ
τ

σy

σx + σy σx - σy
Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = ------------ + ---------- Cos2θ + τ sin2θ
2 2
σx - σy
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ------------ Sin2θ ‒ τ cos2θ
2
Determination of Principal Planes & Principal Stresses
Direction of Principal planes: At principal planes, there is no shear stress. Hence, to find the angle of

MHB4219 SOLID AND FLUID MECHANICS – Course material

Unit I: PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND STRAINS
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principal plane, equate τθ to zero.

σx - σy
------------ sin2θ ‒ τ cos2θ = 0
2
σx - σy N
------------ sin2θ = τ cos2θ
2
2τ
sin2θ 2τ
---------- = ------------ 2θ
cos2θ σx - σy M
L (σx - σy)
2τ
tan2θ = ------------ LN = ± (σx - σy)2 + (2τ)2
σx - σy
From the triangle shown in sketch,
2τ
sin2θ = -------------------------
± (σx - σy)2 + 4τ2
σx – σy
cos2θ = -------------------------
± (σx - σy)2 + 4τ2
Equation of Principal Stresses: Substitute for cos2θ and sin2θ in normal stress equation to get the
principal stresses. Since, cos2θ and sin2θ equations have two values, one being positive and the other
being negative, there will be two equations for the principal stresses. They are called as the major and
minor principal stresses.
σx + σy σx - σy σx – σy 2τ
Major principal stress, σ1 = ------------ + ---------- x ----------------------- + τ x ------------------------
2 2 (σx - σy)2 + 4τ2 (σx - σy)2 + 4τ2

Upon simplification,

σ1 = ½ (σx + σy) + ½ (σx ‒ σy)2 + 4τ2

σx + σy σx - σy σx – σy 2τ
Minor principal stress, σ2 = ----------- + --------- x ------------------------ + τ x ------------------------
2 2 ‒ (σx - σy)2 + 4τ2 ‒ (σx - σy)2 + 4τ2

Upon simplification,

σ1 = ½ (σx + σy) ‒ ½ (σx ‒ σy)2 + 4τ2

Equation of Maximum Shear Stress:

Maximum shear stress, τmax = ½ (σx ‒ σy)2 + 4τ2

Final Equations of Stresses on Oblique Sections:
MHB4219 SOLID AND FLUID MECHANICS – Course material
Unit I: PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND STRAINS
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For Two Mutual Perpendicular Direct Stresses Accompanied by simple Shear Stress

σx + σy σx - σy
Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = ------------ + ---------- cos2θ + τ sin2θ
2 2
σx - σy
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ------------ sin2θ ‒ τ cos2θ
2

Major principal Stress, σ1 = ½ (σx + σy) + ½ (σx ‒ σy)2 + 4τ2

Minor principal Stress, σ2 = ½ (σx + σy) ‒ ½ (σx ‒ σy)2 + 4τ2

Maximum shear stress, (σt)max = ½ (σx ‒ σy)2 + 4τ2

2τ
Direction of Principal stress: tan2θ = ------------
σx - σy

PROBLEMS IN PRINCIPAL STRESSES

1. At a point within a body subjected to two mutually perpendicular directions, the stresses are 80 N/mm 2
(Tensile) and 40 N/mm2 (Tensile). Each of the above stress is accompanied by a shear stress of 60
N/mm2. Determine the normal stress, shear stress, resultant stress on an oblique plane inclined at 45 0
with the axis of minor tensile stress.

Given: Major Tensile Stress, σx = 80 N/mm2

Minor Tensile Stress, σy = 40 N/mm2
Shear Stress, τ = 60 N/mm2
Angle of inclination with minor axis, θ = 450

STEP I: Calculate the Stress Normal to the Oblique Plane

σx + σy σx - σy
Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = ------------ + ---------- Cos2θ + τ sin2θ
2 2
80 + 40 80 - 40
= ------------ + ---------- Cos90 + (60 x sin90)
2 2
= 120 N/mm2

STEP II: Calculate the Stress Tangential to the Oblique Plane

σx - σy

MHB4219 SOLID AND FLUID MECHANICS – Course material

Unit I: PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND STRAINS
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Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ------------ Sin2θ ‒ τ cos2θ
2

80 - 40
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ------------ Sin90 ‒ (60 x cos90)
2

= 20 N/mm2
STEP III: Calculate the Resultant Stress

Resultant Stress, σR = σn 2 + σt 2
= 1202 + 202
= 121.6 N/mm2

STEP IV: Calculate the Direction of Resultant Stress or Obliquity

σt
tan φ = -------- φ – Angle of resultant stress with normal stress
σn
φ = tan-1 (τθ /σθ) = tan-1 (20 /120) = 9.50

2. Direct stresses of 120 N/mm2 tensile and 90 N/mm2 compression exist on two perpendicular planes at a
certain point in a body. They are also accompanied by a shear stress of 60 N/mm 2. Determine the
normal stress, shear stress, resultant stress at 60 0 to the axis of major principal stress.

Given: Major Tensile Stress, σx = 120 N/mm2

Minor Compressive Stress, σy = ‒ 90 N/mm2
Shear Stress, τ = 60 N/mm2
Angle of inclination with major axis = 600

STEP I: Calculate the Stress Normal to the Oblique Plane

Angle of inclination with minor axis, θ = 900 ‒ 600 = 300
σx + σy σx ‒ σy
Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = ------------ + ---------- Cos2θ + τ sin2θ
2 2
120 + (‒90) 120 ‒ (‒90)
= ---------------- + -------------- Cos60 + (60 x sin60)
2 2
= 15 + 52.5 + 52.0 = 119.5 N/mm2

MHB4219 SOLID AND FLUID MECHANICS – Course material

Unit I: PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND STRAINS
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STEP II: Calculate the Stress Tangential to the Oblique Plane

σx - σy
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ------------ Sin2θ ‒ τ cos2θ
2

120 ‒ (‒90)
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ---------------- Sin60 ‒ (60 x cos60)
2

= 60.9 N/mm2
STEP III: Calculate the Resultant Stress

Resultant Stress, σR = σn 2 + σt 2
= 119.52 + 60.92
= 134.1 N/mm2

STEP IV: Calculate the Direction of Resultant Stress or Obliquity

σt
tan φ = -------- φ – Angle of resultant stress with normal stress
σn
φ = tan-1 (σt / σn ) = tan-1 (60.9 /119.5) = 270

3. The normal stresses in two mutually perpendicular directions are 600 N/mm 2 and 300 N/mm2, both
tensile. The complementary shear stresses in theses directions are of intensity 450 N/mm 2. Find the
normal and tangential stresses on the two planes which are equally inclined to the planes carrying the
normal stresses mentioned above.

Given: Major Tensile Stress, σx = 600 N/mm2

Minor Compressive Stress, σy = 300 N/mm2
Shear Stress, τ = 450 N/mm2

Normal and tangential stresses are to be calculated on the two planes which are equally inclined to the planes of
major tensile stress and of minor tensile stress. This means θ = 45 0 and θ = 1350. Hence calculate normal and
shear stress components for two cases of θ = 45 0 and θ = 1350
Case 1: Angle of inclination with minor axis, θ = 450
STEP I: Calculate the Stress Normal to the Oblique Plane
σ x + σy σx ‒ σy
Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = ------------ + ---------- Cos2θ + τ sin2θ
2 2
600 + 300 600 ‒ 300
MHB4219 SOLID AND FLUID MECHANICS – Course material
Unit I: PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND STRAINS
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= -------------- + -------------- Cos90 + (450 x sin90)

2 2
= 450 + 0 + 450 = 900 N/mm 2

STEP II: Calculate the Stress Tangential to the Oblique Plane

σ x - σy
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ------------ Sin2θ ‒ τ cos2θ
2

600 ‒ 300
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ---------------- Sin90 ‒ (450 x cos90) = 150 N/mm 2
2

Case 2: Angle of inclination with minor axis, θ = 1350

STEP I: Calculate the Stress Normal to the Oblique Plane
σ x + σy σx ‒ σy
Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = ------------ + ---------- Cos2θ + τ sin2θ
2 2
600 + 300 600 ‒ 300
= -------------- + -------------- Cos270 + (450 x sin270)
2 2
= 450 + 0 - 450 = 0 N/mm 2

STEP II: Calculate the Stress Tangential to the Oblique Plane

σ x - σy
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ------------ Sin2θ ‒ τ cos2θ
2

600 ‒ 300
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = --------------- Sin270 ‒ (450 x cos270) = ‒150 N/mm 2
2

4. A rectangular block of material is subjected to a tensile stress of 110 N/mm 2 on one plane and a tensile
stress of 47 N/mm2 on the plane at right angle to the former plane. Each of the above stress is
accompanied by a shear stress of 63 N/mm 2. Find (i) The direction and magnitude of each of the
principal stress (ii) Magnitude of greatest shear stress.

Given: Major Tensile Stress, σx = 110 N/mm2

Minor Tensile Stress, σy = 47 N/mm2
Shear Stress, τ = 63 N/mm2

STEP I: Calculate the Major Principal Stress

Major Principal Stress, σ1 = ½ (σx + σy) + ½ (σx ‒ σy)2 + 4τ2

= ½ (110 + 47) + ½ (110 ‒ 47)2 + (4 x 672)

= 148.9 N/mm2
MHB4219 SOLID AND FLUID MECHANICS – Course material
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STEP II: Calculate the Minor Principal Stress

Minor Principal Stress, σ2 = ½ (σx + σy) ‒ ½ (σx ‒ σy)2 + 4τ2

= ½ (110 + 47) ‒ ½ (110 ‒ 47)2 + (4 x 672)

= 78.5 – 70.4 = 8.1 N/mm2

STEP III: Calculate the Direction of Principal Stress

2τ 2 x 67
tan2θ = ------------ = ------------- = 2.12
σx - σy 110 - 47
2θ = tan-1(2.12) = 64.80 or 244.80
θ = 32.40 or 122.40
STEP IV: Calculate the Maximum Shear Stress

Maximum shear stress, (σt) max = ½ (σx ‒ σy)2 + 4τ2

= ½ (110 ‒ 47)2 + (4 x 672)

= 70.4 N/mm2

MHB4219 SOLID AND FLUID MECHANICS – Course material

Unit I: PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND STRAINS