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Week 2

The document provides an overview of conduction and the heat diffusion equation. It discusses Fourier's law of conduction, the heat diffusion equation in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates, thermal diffusivity, and boundary and initial conditions for transient conduction problems. Examples are also provided to demonstrate solving conduction problems.

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45 views70 pages

Week 2

The document provides an overview of conduction and the heat diffusion equation. It discusses Fourier's law of conduction, the heat diffusion equation in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates, thermal diffusivity, and boundary and initial conditions for transient conduction problems. Examples are also provided to demonstrate solving conduction problems.

Uploaded by

Hammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week 2

Conduction

Further reading Chapters 2 and 3 in


Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
by Incropera, DeWitt, Bergman, and Lavine

ENG481 Applied Heat and Mass Transfer Dr Haiyan Miao


Morning Workshop

25/7/2017 10-12am
Afternoon Workshop

25/7/2017 1-3pm
Example
Example 2
A one-dimensional plane wall of thickness 2L = 100mm
experiences uniform thermal energy generation of dq/dt = 100
W/m3 and is convectively cooled at x = ±50mm by an ambient
fluid characterized by T∞= 20 °C. If the steady-state temperature
distribution within the wall is T(x) = a(L2 – x2) + b, where a = 10
°C/m2 and b = 30 °C. What is the thermal conductivity of the
wall and the convection heat transfer coefficient, h?
Example 2
Example 2
Example 3
Uniform internal heat generation dq/dt = 5 x 107 W/m3 is
occurring in a cylindrical nuclear reactor fuel rod of 50-mm
diameter, and under steady-state conditions the temperature
distribution is of the form T(r) = a + br2, where T in °C and r in
meters with a = 800 °C and b = -4.167 x 105 °C/m2. The fuel rod
properties are k = 30 W/m °K, ρ = 1100 kg/m3 and cp = 800 J/kg
°K. Find:

- The rate of heat transfer per unit length of the rod at r = 0mm
(the center-line) and r = 25mm (the surface).
- Initial time rate of temperature change at r = 0mm and 25mm
if the reactor power level dq2/dt is increased to 108 W/m3.
Example 3
Example 3
Example 3
Example 3
Summary

Please read Chapter 2 and Chapter 3


& try your best to solve tutorial 1&2
Conduction Rate Equation

Chapters 2 in
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
by Bergman, Lavine, Incropera, DeWitt
Fourier’s Law – Conduction
Rate Equation
A rate equation that allows determination of the conduction heat
flux from knowledge of the temperature distribution in a
medium.
Its most general (vector) form for multidimensional conduction
is: 
q  k  T

Implications:
– Heat transfer is in the direction of decreasing temperature.
– Fourier’s Law serves to define the thermal conductivity of the
  
medium:  k   q/  T 
 
– Direction of heat transfer is perpendicular to lines of constant
temperature.
Fourier’s Law
• Cartesian Coordinates: T  x, y, z 
 T  T  T 
q  k i k jk k (2.3)
x y z
qx qy qz

• Cylindrical Coordinates: T  r, , z 


 T  T  T 
q  k i k jk k (2.24)
r r z
qr q qz

• Spherical Coordinates: T  r, , 


 T  T  T 
q  k i k jk k (2.27)
r r r sin  
qr q q
Fourier’s Law
• In angular coordinates  or  ,  , the temperature gradient is still
based on temperature change over a length scale and hence has
units of C/m and not C/deg.

• Heat rate for one-dimensional, radial conduction in a cylinder


or sphere:
– Cylinder
qr  Ar qr  2 rLqr

or,
qr  Ar qr  2 rqr

– Sphere
qr  Ar qr  4 r 2 qr
Heat Diffusion Equation
A differential equation whose solution provides the temperature
distribution in a stationary medium.

Based on applying Conservation of Energy to a differential control


volume through which energy transfer is exclusively by
conduction.

Figure 2.11 p. 83
Heat Diffusion Equation
Cartesian Coordinates:

  T    T    T  T
        
x  x  y  y  z  z 
k k k q c p
t
(2.19)

Net transfer of thermal energy into the Change in thermal


Thermal energy
control volume (inflow-outflow) energy storage
generation

Figure 2.11 p. 83
Heat Diffusion Equation
Cylindrical Coordinates:
1   T  1   T    T  T
         (2.26)

r r  r  r 2     z  z 
kr k k q c p
t

Figure 2.12 p. 86
Heat Diffusion Equation
Spherical Coordinates:

1   2 T  1   T  1   T  T
2 r 
kr 
 2 2  k    k sin    q   c
 r sin      r 2 sin     
p
r t
(2.29)
r 

Figure 2.13 p. 86
Thermal Diffusivity
One-Dimensional Conduction in a Planar Medium with Constant
Properties and No Generation:

  T  T
k    c p
x  x  t

becomes:
 2T 1 T

x 2  t
k
  thermal diffusivity of the medium  m2 /s
cp  
Boundary & Initial Conditions
For transient conduction, heat equation is first order in time, requiring
specification of an initial temperature distribution: T  x,t t=0 = T  x,0

Constant Surface Temperature:


T  0,t  = Ts

T T
-k |x=0= qs |x=0= 0
x x

Constant Heat Flux:

Applied Flux Insulated Surface


Boundary & Initial Conditions

Convection:

T  0,t  = Ts

T
-k |x=0= h T - T  0,t 
x

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