Document No. :: IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.

0
Interim Report II :: A - Earthquake Codes
IITK-GSDMA Project on Building Codes

Explanatory Examples for

Structural Use of Masonry

by

Dr. Durgesh C. Rai

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur

With assistance from

Mr. Dipti Ranjan Sahoo

Mr. Sameresh Paikara
Mr. Sandeep Pal
Mr. Ashish Narayan
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur
 The solved Examples included in this document have been developed
as a part of a project sponsored by Gujarat State Disaster Management
Authority, Gandhinagar at Indian Institute if Technology, Kanpur.
These are based on a draft code being developed under IITK-GSDMA
Project on Building Codes. The draft code is available at
http://www.nicee.org/IITK-GSDMA/IITK-GSDMA.htm (document number
IITK-GSDMA-EQ12-V3.0).
 This document has been made available as a “Draft for Comment” and
is not ready for use. It is still in development stage as a part of ongoing
IITK-GSDMA Project on Building Codes.
 The views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not
necessarily of the GSDMA, the World Bank, IIT Kanpur, or the Bureau
of Indian Standards.
 Comments and feedbacks may please be forwarded to:
Prof. Sudhir K Jain, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur
208016, email: [email protected]; [email protected]
DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

CONTENTS

Ex. Title Design Issue Page

No. No.
1. Design of a hall subjected to Check for in-plane flexural and shear 5-9
wind load stresses due to gravity and wind loads,
Determination of grade of mortar for long
wall and cross wall

2. Design of a diaphragm type Determination of permissible height of 10-11

free standing wall diaphragm wall for specified masonry
type (grade of mortar and brick units)

3. Design of wall of a room Check for in-plane flexural and shear 12-14
with opening stresses for a clay brick masonry wall with
door opening, Determination of grade of
mortar

4. Design of a unreinforced Check for in-plane flexural tensile and 15-17

cross wall for wind load shear stresses, Determination of grade of
mortar for cross wall

5 Design of unreinforced shear Check for tensile and shear stresses for 18-19
wall for in-plane shear and masonry wall subjected to wind and
flexure earthquake load

6 Design of reinforced Determination of bending moment and 20-23

masonry shear wall shear force, Check for in-plane flexure
and shear, design of reinforcement for
flexure and shear

7 Design of reinforced shear Determination of bending moment and 24-26

wall for in-plane shear and shear, Design of reinforcement for flexure
flexure and shear

8 Design of unreinforced non- Calculation of out-of-plane forces, Check 27-28

load-bearing wall for out-of- for out-of-plane flexural and shear stresses
plane flexure and shear

9 Analysis of flexible Calculation of shear and maximum chord 29-30

diaphragm of a one-storey force, Design of chord, Determination of
unreinforced masonry horizontal shear stress, Determination of
building wall thickness

10 Lateral load analysis of a Pier analysis for a three-storey building 31-37

three-storey CMU masonry under various load combinations involving
wall building dead, live and earthquake loads,
Distribution of horizontal shear in
perforated shear wall, Check for
compressive, tensile and shear stress,
Design of reinforcement for piers weak in
flexure and shear

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0
DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

11 Seismic analysis of two- Calculation of seismic base shear, 38-46

storey reinforced masonry Distribution of diaphragm shear, Check
building for piers for axial and flexural stresses
under various load combinations involving
dead, live and earthquake loads, design of
reinforcement for piers weak in flexure
and shear.

12 Seismic analysis and design Determination of seismic base shear, 47-52

of concrete masonry shear Design of wall for in-plane forces, and
wall building out-of-plane forces, Design of wall for
both flexure and in-plane forces, Design
of chord (bond beam)

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0
DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Example 1 — DESIGN OF A HALL SUBJECTED TO WIND LOAD

Problem Statement:
A hall as shown in Figure 1.1 and of inside dimensions 10.0 m × 20.0 m with a clear height of 5.5 m up to
the bottom of beam is to be constructed with load bearing masonry walls using modular bricks. Calculate
thickness of walls, strength of bricks and grade of mortar for longitudinal and cross walls, assuming a wind
pressure of 1200 N/m2.

10.0

1.25
Wall ‘a’ W
1.50 W

2.50 b

1.50 W W

2.50 b b

1.50 D 20.0

Wall ‘b’ N
o
r
W W
t
h
b Wb
a
ll
W
Wall ‘c’ E
le
D
v
a
(All Dimensions are in meters) ti
o
Figure 1.1: Plan of Hall n
T
Solution: o
p
Design Data/Assumptions: Clear height of
o hall, h=5.5 m
Roof consists of RCC T-beams 400 mm×800 mm c/c spacing off beams, sb=4.0 m
with RCC slab 120 mm thick, beams being at s
Wind pressure,
e fw = 1200 N/m2
4.0 m centers. Roof covered with lime concrete
terrace of 150 mm average thickness. c Length, L = 20 m
Size of T-beam:
o
Height of parapet = 200 mm above slab level n Width, B = 10 m
Plinth height = 0.5 m d Width, b = 400 mm
Size of T-beam:
fl
Height of plinth above foundation footing = 0.7 m Depth, d = 800 mm
o
o
r
IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 sl Example 1/Page 5
a
b
 o
p
o
f
DRAFT Explanatory Exampless for Structural Use of Masonry
e
Unit wt. of concrete, γc = 25 kN/m3 Loads on Long c Wall
o
Unit wt. of mortar, γm = 20 kN/m3 n
Load from beam,
d
Minimum Thickness of Wall: Pl = (7500×4+680)×10.3/2
fl = 190 kN
According to Section 4.6.1.1 of Draft Code IS: o including parapet assuming
Self-load of wall
1905, maximum slenderness ratio for cement or 30 mm plaster o thickness. Since we will be
cement-lime mortar, SRmax = 27 r
considering combined stresses due to vertical
loads and windsl load, we will work out all loads at
Height of long wall a
the top of foundation footing.
Hlw = 0.7+5.5+0.8/2 = 6.6 m b
Self weight of wall,
(from top of foundation to center of T-beam) Psw = (0.29+0.03)×(0.7+5.5+0.8+0.2)×20000 
Minimum thickness of long wall required, = 46.1 kN/m
=0.75Hlw/SRmax Loads on Cross wall
= 0.75×6.6/27 = 0.183 m Load from slab, = 7500×4/2= 15000 N/m
Adopt 1.5 brick wall with raked joint up to depth Total load on wall at plinth level,
of 10 mm. Nominal thickness of long wall,
tlw = 0.3 m Pcw =15+46.1= 61.1 kN/m
Height of cross wall (from top of foundation to Calculation of Stress in Wall Due to Vertical
center of slab), Loads:
Hcw = 0.7+5.5+(0.8-0.06)/2 = 6.94 m
Long Wall
Minimum thickness of cross wall required, Length of openings, lop = 1.5 m
= 0.75Hcw/SRmax Stress at footing-top level due to self-weight,
= 0.75×6.94/27 = 0.193 m
46.1 10 3  4
Adopt 1.5 brick wall with raked joint up to depth f lw   0.28  MPa
2.5  26  1000
of 10 mm. Nominal thickness of cross wall,
tcw = 0.3 m Length of wall supporting concentrated load from
beam is given by:
Calculation of Loads: lbc = b + 4× t = 0.04+4×0.29
Roof Load = 1.2 m length of wall
RCC slab, Psl= 0.12×25000 = 3 × 103 N/m2 Stress due to concentrated load,
Terrace, Plt= 0.15×20000 = 3 × 103 N/m2 190000
f lw   0.47  MPa
1.56  26  1000
Live Load, Pl = 1500 N/m2
Therefore, total axial stress at plinth level,
Total roof load,
fla = flw + flc = 0.28+0.47 = 0.75 MPa
Pr = 3000+3000+1500 = 7500 N/m2
Effective span of beam, leff = 10.3 m Cross wall without Opening
Self-weight of beam, Compressive stress at plinth level of wall 'a' is
given by
Pbw = b × (d-ts) × γc
=0.4×(0.8-0.12)×25000 = 6800 N/m 61.1  10 3
f caa   0.24 MPa
26  1000

Cross wall with Opening

Compressive stress at plinth level of wall 'b' is

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 1/Page 5

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

given by horizontal girder to transmit the wind force to the

cross walls. The long wall will thus function as
61.1  10 3  10  propped cantilever and the maximum bending
f cab   0.28 MPa
26  1000  10  1.5 
Calculation of Stress in Wall due to Lateral Loads
moment will be at bottom support as shown in
and Combined Stresses:
Fig. 1.2
Long Walls Maximum B.M. on long wall per bay,
Since long walls are not adequately stiffened in Pb  d 
accordance with the requirements of clause M l max    h   hplf 
4.2.2.2(b) of draft code IS:1905, it is necessary to
8  2 
work out bending stresses due to wind load in = 31.2×(0.7+5.5+0.4)/8
longitudinal as well as cross wall. Obviously wind
load normal to the long walls will be critical and = 25.74 kNm
therefore we will work out bending stresses in We have erred on the safe side by including a
long as well as cross walls on account of wind small portion of height which is actually not
load normal to the long walls. exposed and thus not subjected to any wind force.
Wind load on long wall per bay is given by Section modulus of long wall,
Pb = fw × (h + d + hp) × sb 4  0.29 2
Zl   0.0561 m3
= 1.2 × (5.5+0.8+0.2) × 4 6
= 31.2 kN Bending stress in long wall is given by
Note: Wind load on exposed portion of wall M l max 25.74  10 6
below plinth has been ignored f lb    0.46 MPa
Zl 0.0561  10 9
Total wind load on long wall:
Combined stresses in long wall:
P = Pb×L/sb = 31.2×5 = 156 kN
fl1 = fla + flb = 0.75+0.46 = 1.21 MPa
It can be assumed that the lateral support from
RCC beams and slabs will be adequate as a fl2 = fla - flb= 0.75-0.46 = 0.29 MPa

RCC slab
and beam

Prop

3/8 H
9
p PH
P
H 218
5/8 H

PH/8
Fixed
B M Diagram
Sectional view

Figure 1.2: Bending moment diagram of wall

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 1/Page 5

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Cross walls: fcb2 = fcab - fcb = 0.28-0.06 = 0.22 MPa

Wind forces are shared by the cross walls in the (both compressive)
ratios of their stiffness. In this case, it is assumed
that the walls are identical and the loads shared Check for Shear Stress in Cross wall:
equally by two cross walls. Total wind load on a
cross wall may be assumed to be acting at mid- We will consider wall ‘b’ which will have greater
height. Thus total B.M. on one cross wall may be shear stress.
given by, Shear load on the cross wall,
Mc= 0.25×1560000×(0.7+5.5+0.2+0.8) V = P/2 = 156/2 = 78 kN
= 280.8 kNm In the view of 33% increase in the allowable
A part of long wall will act as flange with cross stress level due to wind/earthquake load, we will
wall and the effective overhanging length of reduce the combined load to 75% and use 100%
flange is the least of the following. (as per section of the permissible stress value.
4.2.2.5, Draft Code IS: 1905)
Section of wall being rectangular, we will assume
a) Actual length of wall up to window = 1.25 m parabolic shear distribution and maximum shear
stress will be 1.5 times the average shear. Since
b) 6t : 6 × 0.29 = 1.74 m
flanges do not make any contribution for resisting
c) H/16 : (0.7+5.5+0.8+0.2)/16 = 0.45 m shear load, maximum shear stress on wall
(controls)
1.5  0.75  75  103
fv  = 0.04 MPa
Moment of inertia of cross wall 0.29  (10  1.5)  106
Moment of inertia about neutral axis is given by: Compressive stress due to dead loads (i.e. due to
Ic = I0 +I1 self weight and load from slab)

where, I 0 
0.29  10 3
 24 m4 fd 

0.75  61.1  103  6  103  2  = 0.19 MPa
12 0.29  1000
2   0.45  0.29   0.29  5.15 2
Permissible shear stress (Fv) is the least of the
I1  = 0.9 m4
12 following:
Ic = 24+0.9 = 24.9 m4 i) 0.5 MPa
ii) 0.1 + 0.2fd = 0.14 MPa
Check for Combined Stress:
iii) 0.125 √ fm= 0.395MPa
ymax = 5+0.29 = 5.29 m
(Assuming crushing strength of masonry as
Bending stresses at extreme fibers, 10 MPa)
M c  y max 280.8  5.29 Hence, the permissible shear stress is 0.14 MPa.
f cb    0.06 MPa
Ic 24.9 Actual stress being only 0.04 MPa, the wall is
safe in shear. Thus both cross walls are safe in
Combined stresses in cross walls shear and tension.
= axial stress + bending stress
Masonry for walls:
In case of cross wall ‘a’ combined stresses are:
fca1 = fcaa + fcb = 0.24+0.06 = 0.30 MPa Long Wall

fca2 = fcaa - fcb = 0.24-0.06 = 0.18 MPa Masonry of cross wall should be designed for
maximum compressive stress i.e., 1.21 MPa
(both compressive)
Slenderness ratio is given by:
In case of cross wall ‘b’ combined stresses are:
0.75  (0.7  5.5  0.4)
fcb1 = fcab + fcb = 0.28+0.06 = 0.34 MPa SR  = 19
0.26

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 1/Page 8

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

As per Table 11, Draft code IS: 1905, Stress 0.75  (0.7  5.5  0.8  0.06)
Reduction Factor, ks = 0.65  = 20
0.26
Shape modification factor is taken as unity.
Stress Reduction Factor, ks = 0.62
Required basic compressive stress is given as:
(Table 11, Draft Code IS: 1905)
fb = fl1  / ks=1.21/0.65 = 1.86 MPa
Basic compressive stress for unit shape
Referring to Table 10 of draft code IS: 1905,
modification factor = 0.34/0.62 = 0.55 MPa
bricks should be of strength 25 MPa and mortar
should be of grade H1. If brick of this strength are Referring to table 10 and 12 of draft code
not available it would be necessary to introduce IS: 1905, the bricks should be of strength 7.5 MPa
piers under the beams so as to increase the and with shape modification factor equal to 1.1.
supporting area thereby reducing stress in Thus the basic compressive stress required is
masonry. given by
fb = fcb1 / ks = 0.55/1.1 = 0.513 MPa
Cross walls
Masonry of cross wall should be designed for Grade of mortar should be of grade M3. However
maximum compressive stress that is, 0.34 N/mm 2 from the consideration of shear stress, M2 mortar
should be used.
Slenderness ratio is given by:

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 1/Page 9

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Example 2 – DESIGN OF A DIAPHRAGM TYPE FREE STANDING

WALL
Problem Statement:
A brick masonry wall (see Fig. 2.1) is built in mortar of grade M1. Find the maximum safe height for this
wall, when it is subjected to a wind velocity of 47 m/s and is located in a built up urban area. Bricks used
are of size 23 × 11.5 × 7.7 cm.

Figure 2.1: Plan View of a diaphragm wall

Solutions:
Design Data/ Assumptions: Design wind speed, Vz = k1×k2×Vb
Grade of Mortar = M1 = 0.73×0.91×47
Size of Bricks, lb = 0.23 m, = 31.2 m/s
bb = 0.115 m, Wind pressure, pz = 0.6Vz2
tb = 0.077 m = 0.6(31.2)2
Wind Velocity, Vb = 47 m/s = 584.9 N/m2
Risk Coefficient factor, k1 = 0.73
Calculation of Moment of Inertia:
(for boundary wall)
Consider the diaphragm unit of length B and
Terrain & Height factor, k2 = 0.91
height H
Topography factor, k3 = 1.00
Length of diaphragm unit, B = 1.27 m
Permissible tension in masonry with M1 mortar,
Overall width of unit, D = 0.565 m
2
ft = 70000 N/m
Internal length of unit, b = B - bb
Unit weight of masonry, w = 20000 N/m3 =1.155 m
Internal width of unit, d = D -2× bb
Calculation of Wind Pressure:
= 0.335 m
According to IS: 875 (Part 3): 1987,

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 1/Page 10

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Moment of inertia of diaphragm unit is given by: 584.9  1.27  H 2

  371.4  H 2
B  D3 b  d 3 2
I 
12 12 Allowable tension in masonry,
My W My
1.27   0.563 1.16   0.355 
3 3
ft     w H
  I A I
12 12
371.4  H 2  0.282
= 0.015 m4 (Refer to Fig 2.1) 70000   20000  H
0.015
y = D/2 = 0.282 m
= 6982H2 – 20000H
In accordance with the code, permissible tension
in masonry with mortar M1 is Transposing and simplifying,
0.07 N/mm2 = 70000 N/m2 698.2H2 - 2000H - 7000 = 0
and w = 20000 N/m2 H2-2.86H-10=0
Solving the quadratic equation we get
Calculating Height of Wall:
Bending moment, 2.86   2.86 2  4  1  10
H   4.9 m
2 1
pz  B  H 2
M = 5.0 m (say)
2
Hence, the wall can be built to a height of 5 m
with M1 mortar.

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 1/Page 11

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Example 3 – DESIGN A WALL OF A ROOM WITH OPENING

Problem Statement:
Design a wall of a room with opening as shown in Figure 3.1. The wall is of 2 brick thick. The height of
floor to ceiling is 2.8 m and height of plinth is 1.2 m. The clear span of RCC roof slab of 100 mm thick is
3.0 m. Height of parapet of 100 mm thick above roof slab is 0.8 m. Unit weight of masonry and concrete
may be taken as 20kN/m3 and 25 kN/m3 respectively. Assume live load as 1.5 kN/m2.

D
b W a

2 1 0.5 1.0 0.6

0.19 0.19

(All dimensions are in meters)

Figure 3.2: Plan of wall with opening

Solution:
From Figure 3.1 it is observed that portion ‘b’ of Live load, LL= 1.5 kN/m2
wall will have the maximum stress. We will,
Unit weight of lime terrace, γlt = 20 kN/m3
however, for the sake of comparison and
illustration, work out stress at plinth level in Calculation of Loads:
portion ‘a’ of the wall as well. Since there are no
openings below PL, load disperses below plinth Parapet load, Ppt = (0.19+0.03)×0.8×20×103
and corresponding stresses get reduced = 3.5 kN/m
notwithstanding the increase in self-load of
masonry. Roof load:
Roof slab, Psl = 0.1×25×103 = 2.5 kN/m2
Given Data:
Lime terrace of 120 mm thick,
Wall thickness = 0.2 m
Plt = 0.12×20×103 = 2.4 kN/m2
Plinth height = 1.2 m
Total roof load, Pt = 1.5+2.5+2.4 = 6.4 kN/m2
Floor to ceiling height = 2.8 m
Effective Span of slab,
Clear span of RCC slab = 3.0 m
leff  ls  0.1 =3.0+0.1 = 3.1 m
Thickness of slab = 0.1 m
Parapet Details: Roof load on wall,
Height of parapet above roof slab = 0.8 m Prw = 0.5×6.4×3.1 = 9.92 kN/m
Thickness of parapet = 0.1 m Self weight of wall,
Plaster thickness = 0.03 m Psw = (0.19+0.03)×2.8×20×103 = 12.32 kN/m
Unit weight of masonry, γm = 20 kN/m3 Portion “a” of wall:
Unit weight of concrete, γc = 25 kN/m3 Length of wall (up to centre of cross wall)

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 3/Page 12

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

= 0.6+0.5×0.19 = 0.69 m Total weight of wall at plinth level, (taking

opening at the both side into account)
This portion bears additional load on account of
opening on one side, which is 1.0 m in width.  1.0 1.0 
 25.76    0.5    38.64 kN
Calculation of compressive stress  2 2 
Total load on wall, Compressive stress in wall at plinth level,
P = (3.52+9.92+12.32)×(0.69+0.5) 38.64  10 3
  0.45 MPa
= 30.65 kN 0.17  0.5
Since the wall is plastered on both sides, it may be Calculation of Slenderness Ratio
assumed to have raked joints on both sides.
Since the wall is supported by RC slabs both at
Effective thickness = 0.19-0.02 = 0.17 m top and bottom, it can be considered as fully
Effective area of wall, A = 0.17×0.69 = 0.118 m2 restrained along its height.
Compressive stress at plinth level, Total height of wall, H = 4.05 m
P 30.65  10 3
Height of taller openings, Hto=2.0 m
fc    0.26 MPa
A 0.118
Effective height of wall “b” is given by,
Calculation of Slenderness Ratio h  0.75  4.05  0.25  2.0 = 3.54 m
Total height of a wall, h = 1.2+2.8+0.05 = 4.05 m Slenderness ratio in the direction of height is
given by,
Slenderness ratio from consideration of height
0.75  4.05 3.54
  18   21
0.17 0.17
Since the wall (a) is supported by cross wall at Slenderness ratio in the direction of length is
one end and free at other, given by,
Effective length of wall leff = 2×0.69 = 1.38 m 4.05
 8
Slenderness ratio from consideration of length 0.17
1.38
  8.0 (Governs) Determination of grade of mortar:
0.17
As per Draft Code IS: 1905 Table 9, stress
Stress reduction factor, k s  0.95
reduction factor, k sb  0.59
Area reduction factor,
(for slender ratio of 21.0)
k a  0.7  1.5  A  0.7  1.5  0.118  0.88
Area of portion of wall in plan
Shape modification factor = 1.0
= 0.5 × 0.17
Basic compressive stress required for masonry,
f 0.26 = 0.085 m2
fb  c   0.31 MPa
k a k s 0.93  0.88 Area reduction factor,
ka=0.7+1.5A =0.7+1.5×0.085 =0.83
Portion “b” of wall:
Shape modification factor is taken as unity.
Length of wall, lwb  0.5m Basic compressive stress required for masonry,
Length of opening on both sides, lwbo  1.0m 0.45
fb   0.93 MPa
0.59  0.83
Calculation of compressive stress
Obviously stress in Wall ‘b’ will govern the
Since the length of wall being less than 4 times design. So bricks of 10.0 MPa strength are
thickness of wall, it becomes a column. required. For these bricks, from Table 12 of Draft

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 3/Page 13

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Code IS:1905, the shape modification factor is Remarks:

given by kp = 1.1.
It may be mentioned that if there is only a small
Basic compressive stress of required masonry, portion of wall which is carrying high stress, it
f bcb may be possible to effect economy in coast by
fb   0.846MPa using a lower grade masonry for walls which do
kp
not have large openings and to use the masonry
Grade of mortar is M1. we have calculated only for the portion of wall ‘b’
which has openings in both sides. For that
So, the grade of mortar for the masonry to be used purpose stresses on other walls should also be
is M1. calculated and masonry design accordingly. It
should however be kept in view that if in one
storey of a building, bricks and mortar of different
strength/grades are to be used a very close
supervision is required in order to avoid mistakes.

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 3/Page 14

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Example 4 – DESIGN OF UNREINFORCED CROSS WALL FOR

WIND LOAD
Problem Statement:
A 3-storyed building as shown in Figure 4.1 has load bearing cross walls of 230 mm thickness. The building
is subjected to a wind pressure of 1.32 kN/m2. External longitudinal walls are also 230 mm thick while
internal corridor walls are ½ brick thick. All walls are plastered both sides. Design the masonry for cross
walls of first floor. Assume roof and floor loads (RCC slab) to be 7 kN/m2. The building is without any
parapet over the roof. Center to center height of floors is 3 m.

Half-brick partition wall

GENERAL PLAN
Center Line of Bays

A A
5.0
2.5

0.22 8.0 2.5 8.0 0.22

TYPICAL PLAN OF CROSS WALL ‘A’

(All dimensions are in meters)
Figure 4.3: General Plan of Building and Cross Wall under Consideration

Solution:
Design Data: Thickness of external wall = 0.23 m
Number of stories = 3 Thickness of internal corridor wall = 0.115 m
Number of bays = 6 Centre to centre height of a wall, h = 3.0 m
Width of building =18.5 m Roof and floor load = 7 kN/m2
Thickness of cross wall = 0.23 m Wind pressure = 1.32 kN/m2

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 4/Page 15

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Unit weight of masonry = 20×103 N/m3 = 2.18×103 kN

Length of cross wall = 8.0 m Area of cross walls in plane per bay assuming
total depth of raking to be 20 mm
Depth of raking = 0.01 m
= 2×8×(0.22-0.02)
Height to Width Ratio of Building:
= 3.2 m2
We will consider the design of atypical cross wall
of first floor marked AA on the plant. Roof and
floor loads borne by the typical cross walls is 10kN
shown shaded on the plan in Figure 4.1
Height to width of the building equals 3.0 m
20kN
3 3
 0.43
 20.5  0.44 
Since the spacing of cross wall spaced 5 meter 3.0 m
apart, (limit is 6.0 meter for 20 cm wall), it is not 20kN
necessary to work out wind stresses. However,
wind stress in the transverse direction has been
calculated in this context for sake of illustration. 3.0 m
10kN
Calculation of Loads:
Assume that roof and floor slabs are 150 m thick. Figure 4.4: Wind forces in one bay
Since the building is only 3 storeyed, we could Direct compressive stress in masonry due to
ignore the live load reduction factor for the sake vertical loads,
of simplicity. As structural system is based on
cross wall construction, slabs are designed for 2.18  10 6
  0.7 MPa
one-way action so that the slab load is supposed 3 .2
to come only on the cross walls. Since walls are
plastered, joints of masonry are assumed to be Calculation of Bending Stress due to Wind
raked. Load:
Roof / floor load per bay per floor, Wind load normal to the main elevation per bay
will be acting as shown in Fig. 4.2
Pr  7  10 3  5  18.5  648 kN
Wind moments at plinth wall of building per bay,
Self weight of cross wall per bay per floor
=10×103×3×3+20×103×3×2+20×103×3
Pcw  2  20  10   0.22  0.03  8  3
3
=270×103 kN
= 240×103 N = 240 kN Total wind moments at plinth wall of building,
Self weight of 2 corridor walls (1/2 brick thick) = 270×103×6
per floor per bay ignoring opeings
= 1620 kNm
= 2×20×103×(0.105+0.03)×3×5= 81 kN
Total wind moments will share by the cross walls
Wind load per bay per floor and walls in the ratios of their respective stiffness.
= 1320×5×3 N = 20 kN Maximum projecting flange length being actual
Wind forces at different floor levels is shown in distance between windows openings and cross
Figure 4.2.S walls or 12 times the thickness of longitudinal
wall or H / 6 ; whichever is less
Calculation of Compressive Stress: (Draft Code IS:1905 Section 4.2.2.5)
Total vertical load on cross walls AA of first floor Distance between the openings and cross wall,
at plinth level,
= 2.5-0.22 = 2.28 m
= 3(24000)+2×64800+2×8100

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 4/Page 16

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

(i) 12 times thickness of wall 1620  10 3  156.1

  242.95 kNm
= 12×0.22 = 2.64 kN 1030
H 3 3 In view of wind/earthquake load, the permissible
(ii)   1.5 m (Governs) stress should be increased by 33% i.e., the load
6 6
level should be reduced to 75%.
Effective flange width of cross wall resisting
bending moment is 1.5+0.22 = 1.72 m Bending stress on cross wall due to wind moment:

Moment of inertia of cross wall AA inclusive of 0.75My

=
flanges, I
0.22  18.5 3 0.22  2.5 3 0.75  242.95 10 3  18.5  0.44 
  =   
12 12 156.1  2 
2
 18.5  0.22  = 0.011 MPa
 2  0.22  1.72   
 2 
Overall compressive stress on cross wall
= 156.1 m4 = 0.7±0.011
Moments of inertia of one end walls: = 0.711 MPa or 0.689 MPa
The projecting flange width is to be limited to 6t Hence, when height/width ratio of a building is
or H/16, whichever is less. small, the bending stress can be neglected and the
(i) 6 times thickness of wall =6×0.22 m = 1.32 m design could base on direct compressive stress
only.
H 3 3
(ii)   0.56 m (Governs)
16 16 Design of Cross wall:
Moments of inertia of one end wall: Slenderness ratio of wall, assuming plinth level is
0.22  18.5 0.22  2.5
3 3 1.0m above top of footing
 
12 12 h 0.75 3.0  1.0 
=   15
 18.5  0.22 
2
t 0.22  0.025
 2  0.22  0.76   
 2  Stress reduction factor, k s  0.76
4
= 125 m
(IS: 1905 Draft Code Table 11)
Total moment of inertia of five cross walls and
two end walls, Shape modification factor, k sh  1

I= 5×156.1+2×125 m4 Basic compressive stress

= 1030 m 4
f c 0.711
=   0.93 MPa
Bending moment borne by one inner cross wall ks 0.76
Referring to Table 10 of IS Code IS:1905, bricks
should be 10 MPa and M1 mortar.

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 4/Page 17

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Example 5 – DESIGN OF UNREINFORCED SHEAR WALL FOR

IN-PLANE FLEXURE AND SHEAR
Problem Statement:
Design the pier 1 of the shear wall of a shopping center shown in Figure 5.1. Pier 1 is subjected to a shear
load from the diaphragm of 10 kN due to wind load and 30 kN due to seismic load, applied at the roof height
of 5.5 m. Assume, compressive strength of masonry, fm = 10  MPa
Control Joints

27.0

1 2 3 4 5
6.0 5.5

4.9 4.9 3.0 5.9 5.9

1.1

10.0 5.0 12.0

(All dimensions are in meters)

Figure 5.1: Shear wall of shopping center

Solution:
Load Combinations: Load Combination 0.75(D+W):
The loading on pier 1 is shown in the figure 5.2. It Assume one brick wall with raked joints to a
is assumed that there is no gravity roof load depth of 1cm on both sides is used with unit
applied to this wall pier. Only two load weight of 20 kN/m3. Nominal thickness of wall is
combinations i.e. (i) 0.75(D+W) and (ii) 200 mm and effective wall thickness is 190 mm.
0.75(D+E) are checked, for illustration.
At the base of wall per meter length:
4.9 Axial load is given by
Seismic= 30 kN P = 0.75×20×6×0.19×4.9 kN = 83.79 kN
Wind = 10 kN Bending moment is given by
Pier 1 M = 0.75×10×5.5 kN = 41.25 kN
6.0
5.5

Check for Tension

Area of wall is given by
A = 4.9×0.19 m2 = 0.931 m2
V
Section modulus is given by
M P
0.19  4.92 2
S= m3= 0.76 m3
6
Figure 5.2: Loading on pier 1
In-plane flexural considerations:

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 4/Page 18

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

P M As no tension is allowed in un-reinforced

Max. tensile stress = 
A S masonry as Draft Code IS: 1905, the design
should be modified. Assume two brick wall with
 83.79 41.25 raked joints to a depth of 10 mm on both sides is
=   0.036 MPa
0.931 0.76 used. Nominal thickness of wall is 40 cm and
(Compression) effective wall thickness is 39 cm.
Therefore, no tensile stresses occur. Area of wall section is given by A = 1.911 m2

Check for Shear Section Modulus given by S = 1.56 m3

Shear force due to wind = 0.75 × 10 kN = 7.5 kN Axial load is given by

Max. shear stress for rectangular section P = 0.75×20×6×0.39×4.9 kN = 172 kN

3 V 3  7.5 103  Bending moment is given by

fv= =  
2 A 2  0.931  M = 0.75×30×5.5 kN = 123.8 kN
In-plane Flexural considerations:
f v =0.012 MPa
P M
Allowable shear stress is given by the least of the Max. tensile stress = 
A S
following:  172 123.8
   0.011 MPa
(i) 0.5 MPa 1.911 1.56
(ii)  0.1  0.2×f d  (Compressive)
 P Since no tension occurs in the section, the design
=  0.1  0.2×  = 0.118 MPa is OK
 A
(iii) 0.125  f m  0.125  10 Check for Shear
= 0.395 MPa Shear force due to earthquake = 0.75 × 30 kN
Allowable shear =0.118 MPa > 0.012 MPa =225 kN
(Draft Code IS: 1905: Sec 6.7.3.1) Max. shear stress for rectangular section
Hence, the design of section is safe in shear. 3V 3  10  103 
fv    
2 A 2  1.911 
Load Combination 0.75(D+E):
f v  0.018 MPa
Assume 1 brick wall with raked joints to a depth
of 10 mm on both sides is used. Nominal Allowable shear stress (Fv) is given by the least of
thickness of wall is 200 mm and effective wall the following:
thickness is 190 mm.
(i) 0.5 MPa
At the base of wall per meter length: (ii) 0.1  0.2  f d MPa
Axial load is given by P
= 0.1  0.2  = 0.129 MPa
P = 0.75×20×6×0.19×4.9 kN = 83.79 kN A
(Governs)
Bending moment is given by
(iii) 0.125  f m  0.125  10
M = 0.75×30×5.5 kN = 123.75 kN = 0.395 MPa

Check for Tension Allowable shear =0.129 MPa > 0.018 MPa
In-plane flexural considerations: (Draft Code IS: 1905: Sec 6.7.3.1)
P M Hence, the design of section is safe in shear.
Max. tensile stress = 
A S
83.79 123.75
   0. 07 MPa
0.931 0.76

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 4/Page 19

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Example 6 – DESIGN OF REINFORCED MASONRY SHEAR

WALL FOR IN-PLANE FLEXURE AND SHEAR
Problem Statement:
Design the shear wall of a hotel building in Seismic Zone V shown in Figure 6.1 for seismic loads using
reinforced single wythe hollow clay masonry units. Roof and floor construction consists 200 mm precast
hollow planks with 50 mm thick normal weight concrete topping.

1 2
0.25
0.25 1.0 6.5 1.0

200 kN
3.0

350 kN 3.0

500 kN
3.0

600 kN
3.5

(All dimensions are in meters)

1 2

Figure 6.1: Shear Wall

Solution:
Design Data/ Assumptions: Width of corridor = 1.2 m
Prism strength of masonry, fm= 15 MPa Dead Load:
Permissible tensile stress of steel bars, Roof load = 4000 N/m2
fs = 230 MPa Corridor Load = 5000 N/m2
Young’s Modulus of steel, Wall Load = 3000 N/m2
Es = 2×105 MPa Live Load:
Width of roof under consideration = 1.2 m Roof Load = 950 N/m2

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 4/Page 20

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Floor Load = 4500 N/m2

Calculation of Loads:

Axial loads
Dead Loads per meter run of the wall: Shear, kN
Roof 4000×1.2 = 4800 N
200
Corridor 5000×1.2 = 6000 N
Wall 3000×3.0 = 9000 N
350
3000×3.5 = 10500 N
Length of roof and corridor,
500
Lr = 6.5+1.0 = 7.5 m
Length of wall, lw = 6.5 m
Total dead load at different floor levels are 600
calculated in Table 6.1
Table 6.1: Calculation of dead load
Figure 6.2: Shear at different floor levels
Elemen Dead Load Cumulative
t (kN) Dead Load
(kN) Moment, kNm
Roof 36.0 36.0
Wall 58.5 94.5 600
4th 45.0 139.5
Wall 58.5 198.0
3rd 45.0 243.0
Wall 58.5 301.5 1650
2nd 45.0 346.5
Wall 68.3 414.8
3150
Live Loads
Roof 950×1.2 = 1.14 kN/m 5250
Floor 4500×1.2 = 5.4 kN/m
Total live load at different floor levels are shown
Figure 6.3: Bending moment at different floor
in Table 6.2
levels
Table 6.2: Calculation of live load
Flexure Consideration:
Elemen Live Load Cumulative
t (kN) Live Load The vertical steel bars are placed at both end of a
(kN) shear wall.
Roof 8.5 8.5 From inspection, load combination 0.75(D+E)
4th 40.5 49.0 controls the design.
3rd 40.5 89.5
2nd 40.5 130.1 First Floor
Lateral loads are as shown in Figure 6.2. P = 0.75D = 0.75×414.8 kN = 311.1 kN
Distribution of shear force and bending moment M = 0.75×5250 kNm = 3938 kNm
over the height of the building is shown in Fig.
6.2 and 6.3 respectively. Let’s use 200 mm thick wall.

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 4/Page 21

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Effective thickness b = 0.19 m

Area of masonry unit, An  = 0.19 m2
Radius of gyration, r = 0.055 m

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 4/Page 22

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Assume 6 bars of 10 mm dia @150 mm c/c with a Putting the value of k,
cover of 75 mm.
Total compressive force, C  929.5  kN
Area of steel provided, As = 471 mm2
Total tensile force,
T = C-P= 929.5-373.3 = 556.2 kN
Young’s modulus of masonry is given by
150
Figure 6.4: 150bars 150
150 Steel along shear 75
150 wall Em  550  f m  2130 MPa
First Estimate: (Draft Code IS: 1905 Section 3.4.2)
Effective depth of masonry, Modular ratio is given by
d = 6.5-0.45 m = 6.05 m Es
n  24
Assume masonry stresses control. Em
Taking  M about centroid of tension steel as From strain compatibility, stress in steel is given
shown in figure 6.4 by
1  k   n  f b
fs   215.4 MPa (< 230 MPa)
M k
kd
T Hence, masonry stress controls.
P
Effective tensile force is given by
Teff    = 215.4×471N = 101.7 kN
T1  Teff  P = -101.7+311.1 kN = 209.4 kN
d’
C C1  T1  P =209.4+311.1 kN = 520.5 kN
Lw 2  520.5
f b1   2.62 MPa (< fb)
0.19  6.05  0.345
Figure 6.5: Forces acting on the wall < 4.7 MPa

Bending stress in masonry, Since the calculated stress in masonry is less than
the allowable stress, the design is OK for flexure.
f b  1.25  0.25  f m  4.7 MPa
Total compressive force in the section is given by Shear Consideration:
1 1 In the view of 33% increase in the allowable
C  f b bkd   4.7  0.19  k  6.05
2 2 stress level due to wind/earthquake load, we will
reduce the combined load to 75% and use 100%
= 2.7 k
of the permissible stress value.
Since sum of all moments acting on the section is
Shear force, V =0.75×600 kN = 450 kN
zero, i.e., M  0
Shear stress is given by
 kd  L 
C   d    P   w  d   M  0
 3  2  V 450  10 3
fv    0..391 MPa
b  d 0.19  6.05
 6.05  k 
2.7  k   6.05   Providing web shear reinforcement
 3 
 6.5  M
 311 .1  10 3    0.45   3938  10 3  0  1.085 (> 1.0)
 2  V d
(Draft Code IS: 1905 Section 6.7.3.2)

Solving the above equation, we get, k = 0.345 Allowable and maximum shear stress is given by

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 4/Page 23

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Fv  0.125  f m  0.125  15  0.484 MPa

Minimum shear reinforcement area in each
Fv max  0.4 MPa direction shall not be less than 0.07% of gross
cross sectional area.
Hence, allowable shear stress is 0.4 MPa. Since,
(Draft Code IS: 1905 Section 8.2.4.1)
calculated shear stress is less than the allowable
Provide 10 mm dia. bars @500 mm c/c in
shear stress, the design is safe in shear with web
horizontal directions.
reinforcement.
Percentage of steel in horizontal direction
Design of shear reinforcement:
78
  100 = 0.08%
Provide 8 mm dia. steel bars. (say) 500  190
Maximum spacing of bars in both horizontal and Percentage of steel in vertical direction
vertical direction shall be lesser of following:
a) one-third of length of shear wall = 2.2 m 78
  100 = 0.27%
b) one third of height of shear wall = 1.0 m 190  150
c) 1.2 m Sum of percentage of steel in both direction
(Draft Code IS: 1905 Section 8.2.4.1)
=0.08+0.27 = 0.35%
Provide 8 mm dia. bars @1.0 m c/c.
Percentage of shear reinforcement provided As per Sec 8.2.4.1 of draft code IS:1905, sum of
50 reinforcement area in both directions shall be at
  100  0.03  % least 0.2% of gross area. Hence, the design is OK.
1000  190

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 4/Page 24

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Example 7 – DESIGN OF REINFORCED SHEAR WALL FOR

IN-PLANE FLEXURE AND SHEAR
Problem Statement:
Design the shear wall of 6.5 m width using 200 mm hollow concrete masonry units (CMU) for unreinforced
and reinforced option with the following building geometry, material and loading data.
Total height of building: 6.0 m
Roof height: h = 5.5 m
Prism strength of masonry: fm =10 MPa
Grade of steel: HYSD fst = 230 MPa
Grade of mortar: M2
Compressive strength of masonry units: 15 MPa
Unit weight of masonry: 20 kN/m3
Axial load from beam on wall: 48.65 kN
Lateral seismic load causing in-plane flexure in the wall are 55 kN (reinforced option) and 146 kN
(unreinforced option).

Solution :
Unit weight of masonry assuming 50% hollow First Case
area = 20×0.2×0.5 kN/m2 = 2 kN/m2
Axial Load:
Flexural Design Considerations: P1 = 0.67×DL = 0.67×120= 80.5 kN (Governs)
Bending Moment: M1 = 803 kNm
Bending moment at base of wall:
Reinforced option: Second Case
Mcr = Vcr×h = 55 × 5.5 kN = 302.5 kN Axial Load:
Unreinforced option: P2 = 0.75×DL+0.75×LL
= 0.75(120+93.12)= 160 kN
Mcur = Vcur×h = 146 × 5.5 kN = 803 kN
Beam load on wall: DL1 = 48.65 kN Bending Moment: M2 = Mcur = 803 kN
Self weight on wall: Bedded width: bb = 6 cm
DLs = 2 × 6.5×5.5 kN = 71.5 kN Net bedded area: A = bb×b = 0.39 m2
Total dead load: Moment of inertia, I = 1.373 m4
DL = DL1+DLs Computed stresses are given by
= 48.65+71.5 kN = 120.15 kN
 P1 M 1  6.5
Live load: LL = 93.12 kN f1    1.62  MPa (Tension)
A 2 I
In view of wind/earthquake load, permissible
stress level should be increased by 33% which is  P2 M 1  6.5
equivalent to reducing load level to 75% with f2    2.18 MPa (Comp.)
A 2 I
100% permissible stress level.
1.62 MPa
Following load combinations are adopted in this
example.
Load cases:
i) 0.75(0.9DL+1.0E) 2.18 MPa
i.e., 0.67DL+0.75E Figure 7.1: Stress Distribution
ii) 0.75(DL+1.0E+LL)

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 7/Page 25

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

No tension is allowed for in-plane loading by the First Iteration

code for un-reinforced shear wall. Hence, the wall
must be reinforced. b   6 .5 
M p  P1   a   80.4  1 .9 
 2   2 
Reinforced Concrete Masonry:
Mp = 108.7 kNm
Allowable compressive stress in masonry: M1  M p
As 
Fa  0.25  f m 
f s d eff  a 
= 0.25×10 MPa = 2.5 MPa 803  108.7
  0.000686 m2
230 6.3  1.9 
Allowable bending stress in masonry,
 
 P1  As f s  n  80.4  6686  0.230 36
Fb  1.25  2.5 MPa 
0.06 f s 0.06  230  1000
= 3.13 MPa =0.628 m
Allowable tensile stress in steel, fs=230 MPa  2
 2  d eff     
= 0.75 m
Assume steel bars are located in last cells of wall a
3
at both ends. Distance between the center lines of (against 1.9 m)
bars from end of wall, de = 0.20 m Solving above equations by iteration, we get
Effective depth: deff   = 6.5-de= 6.3 m a = 0.682 m, As = 0.000460 m2
Thickness of CMU carrying compression: 6 cm Using 2-20 mm HYSD bars, area of steel
provided = 628 mm2 

Second Case:
M2
 0.797
Figure 7.2: Wall Cross Section P2 d eff

First Case: Distance of axial load from edge of wall

b
M1  de
 1.583 2
P1d eff   0.484
d eff
Elastic modulus of masonry is given by, 2 M1
   0.183  (Region 3
E m  550  f m  5.5  10 3  MPa 3 P1 d eff
Modular ratio is given by, n  36 applies)
Distance of axial load from edge of wall Distance of compression centriod from edge,
b a = 0.70 m (Assumed)
 de
 2 First Iteration
d eff
b   6.5 
6.5 M p  P2   a   160  0.7 
 0.2 2   2 
 2  0.484 = 408.0 kNm
6.3 M1  M p
M1 As 
2
   0.183 
P1 d eff
(Region 3 
f s d eff  a 
3
803  408
applies)   0.00031 m2
230 6.3  0.7 
(Refer to Appendix on P-M interaction curve of
masonry)
 
 P2  As f s  n
Distance of compression centriod from edge, 0.06 f s
a = 1.9 m (Assumed)

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 7/Page 26

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry


160  310  0.230 36  289.55 
=0.668 m   0.6  0.2 
0.06  230  1000  52.64  6.3 
 2

 2  d ef     =0.425 MPa
a (Draft Code IS: 1905 Section 6.7.3.2)
3
a = 0.77 m Since, calculated shear stress is less than the
allowable shear stress, the shear design is OK.
Iterating the above equations, we get a = 0.77 m Providing horizontal web reinforcement of 8mm
Using 2-16mm HYSDbars, area of steel provided, dia, area of steel provided 50 mm2
As = 402 mm2
Maximum spacing of bars in both horizontal and
Shear Design Considerations vertical direction shall be lesser of following:
Actual shear stress is given by 1) one-third of length of shear wall = 2.2 m
V cr 2) one-third of height of shear wall = 2.0 m
fv   0.139 MPa 3) 1.2 m
d eff  0.06 (Draft Code IS: 1905 Section 8.2.4.1)
Providing web shear reinforcement
Provide 8 mm dia. bars @500 mm c/c.
M cr
 0.873 (<1.0)
V cr d eff Percentage of shear reinforcement provided
As per Section 6.7.3.2 of Draft Code IS: 1905, 50
  100  0.05  %
allowable shear stress is given by 500  200
1  M cr 
Fv  4   fm As per Sec 8.2.4.1 of draft Code IS:1905, the
24  Vcr d eff 
minimum shear reinforcement area in each
1  289.55  direction shall not be less than 0.07% of gross
 4 10
24  52.64  6.3 
 cross-sectional area and sum of reinforcement in
both direction should not be less than 0.2% .
=0.412 MPa
Provide 10 mm dia. bars @500 mm c/c.
Maximum allowable shear stress
 M cr  Percentage of reinforcement in horizontal
f vn   0.6  0.2    direction is 0.078% and percentage of steel in
 Vcr d eff
  vertical direction is 0.018%. Since, the sum of
percentage of steel in both direction is more than
2%, the design is OK.

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 7/Page 27

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Example 8 – DESIGN OF UNREINFORCED NONLOADBEARING

WALL FOR OUT-OF-PLANE FLEXURE AND SHEAR
Problem Statement:
Design an unreinforced interior non-load-bearing wall of a building located in seismic zone III for out-of-
plane flexure and shear using 200 mm thick hollow concrete masonry units and M2 grade mortar with
following parameters.
Length of wall = 20 m
Overall height of building = 4 m
Roof height of wall = 3 m
Crushing strength of masonry, fm = 10 MPa
Unit weight of masonry = 20 kN/m3

Solution:
Assuming 10 mm depth of raking joint, effective 3
Pax  0.67  2000  1.0  N
thickness of wall = 200-10 = 190 mm 2
Although the wall extends one meter above the = 2.0 kN
joist bearing elevation, this portion is not being Maximum bending moment,
include in calculations to be conservative.
0.75  F p  h 2 0.75  240  3 2
Assuming 50% hollow area of units, unit weight M  
of masonry is given by 8 8
= 0.203 kNm
γm = 20×0.2×0.5 kN/m2
As per IS:1893, the seismic base shear parameters Average shear force,
are as follows: 0.75  F p  h 0.75  240  3
Seismic zone factor, Z = 0.12 V  
Importance factor, I = 1.0 2 2
= 0.27 kN
Out-of-plane flexural considerations:
Assuming face-shell bedding, cross section area
Seismic loading for out of-bending is given by of unit, A = 0.06 m2
 h 
F p  0.5  Z  I  1   m Section modulus of unit, S = 0.00435 m3
 h
where, h  is the floor height under consideration Pax 2.0
Axial stress, f a    0.03 MPa
h is the roof height. A 0.6
 3 M 2.03
F p  0.5  0.12  1.0  1    2000 Bending stress, f b    0.05 MPa
 3 S 0.00435
= 240 N/m2
Maximum shear stress,
Consider one meter length of wall. 1.5  V 1.5  0.27
fv    0.006 MPa
In case of earthquake/wind load, permissible A 0.06
stress level should be increased by 33% which is 0.75  3.0
equivalent to reducing the load level to 75% Slenderness ratio   12
without increasing the permissible stress level. 0.19
Basic compressive stress,
Load combination: 0.75(0.9D+E)
i.e., 0.67D+0.75E Fb = 0.25×fm = 0.25×10 = 2.5 MPa

Axial force at mid-point between the lateral Stress reduction factor, ks = 0.84
support, Allowable axial compressive stress,

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 8/Page 28

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Fa = 2.5×0.84 = 1.67 MPa
Check for combined axial and flexural
Shear Considerations:
compression
fa fb 0.03 0.05 As per Section 6.7.3.1, allowable shear stress (Fv)
    0.033 shall not exceed the least of the following.
Fa 1.25Fa 1.67 1.25  1.67
(i) 0.5 MPa
(<1.0) (ii) 0.1+0.2×0.03 = 0.106 MPa
Hence OK. (iii) 0.125 f m =0.125× 10 =
0.395 MPa
Check for tension:
Allowable shear stress is 0.106 MPa
Net tensile stress at mid-height, ft = fb - fa = 0.05- (>0.006 MPa). Hence, the wall section is safe in
0.03 = 0.02 MPa shear.
Since net tensile stress is less than 0.05 MPa, the
design is safe in ou-of-plane flecure.

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 8/Page 29

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Example 9 – ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM OF ONE-

STOREY UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING
Problem Statement:
A simple four walled 15 m by 12 m building is a part of a warehouse facility located in seismic zone IV.
It is constructed with a flexible timber roof on 3 m high reinforced concrete masonry unit (CMU) bearing
walls in 200 mm thick. All walls are reinforced vertically and horizontally. The average weight of the roof
diaphragm and mounted equipment is 900 N/m2. All connections between walls, roof and foundation are
pinned. The building performance is being analyzed for an earthquake acting parallel to the short dimension.
Disregard all openings in the walls.
(a) Find diaphragm-to-wall shear on line A-C for design of diaphragm-to-wall connection.
(b) Find the maximum chord force on the line C-D and design reinforcement for the chord (bond beam).
(c) Find the horizontal shear stress in wall A-C at a point 1.5 m above the foundation.
(d) Determine whether the wall thickness is adequate

15.0 m
C D

Timber 15.0 m
Diaphragm
~ ~ 12.0 m

200 mm thick ~ ~ Direction of

3.0 m
concrete wall
earthquake
~ ~
A B
PLAN VIEW ELEVATION VIEW

Figure 9.5: Plan and Elevation View of Building

Solution:
Length of wall, L= 15 m Calculation of weight of diaphragm:
Width of wall, B= 12 m The weight being accelerated by the earthquake
consists of the diaphragm weight and a portion of
Prism strength of masonry, fm= 10 MPa
the wall weight. The weight of the diaphragm is
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Wd= 900×15×12 N = 162 kN
Calculation of Base Shear Coefficient: Since the concrete has a density of 25 kN/m3, the
Zone factor, Z = 0.24 (Seismic Zone IV) weight of 1 m2 of a 200 mm thick wall is

Importance Factor, I = 1.0 wc = 0.2×25 kN/m2 = 5.0 kN/m2

Response reduction factor, R = 3.0 For purpose of determining the diaphragm force,
the upper half of the wall perpendicular walls is
Design spectral acceleration, S a  2.5 g used to calculate the wall weight. The remaining
(Assuming it to be a short period structure) seismic force passes directly into the foundation
without being carried by the wall-diaphragm
Base shear coefficient, connection. The weight of half perpendicular
ZIS a 0.24 1.0  2.5 walls is
Ah    0.104
2 Rg 2  3.0 Wpw =5000×2×15×3×0.5 = 225 kN

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 30

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

a) Diaphragm-to-wall Shear: Area of reinforcement required

The roof diaphragm is to be designed to resist a 3.28  10 3
Ast =  14 mm2
portion of floor forces above it, as weighted by 230
the floor weights. The diaphragm force must be Provide 2-10 mm dia. bars in the bond beam.
within the values 0.35ZIWp and 0.75ZIWp. With
the given values of Z and I, the limits of c) Horizontal Shear Stress in wall A-C :
diaphragm force are 0.105Wp and 0.225Wp.
Half the weight of the parallel walls is
This is a simple one-story building with only one
diaphragm, all the inertial load from the Wsw = 5000×2×12×3/2 = 180 kN
accelerating wall and roof masses must be carried
Total weight is W = Wd  W pw  W sw
by the wall-roof connection.
Checking, 01.05<0.104<0.225 = 162+225+180 kN

Fd  Ah  W p  0.104  (162  225)

= 567 kN
The seismic force is
= 40.25 kN
V = 0.104  567 kN = 58.97 kN
Shear per meter length
Since the perpendicular walls have no rigidity, all
40.25  1000 the seismic force is resisted by the two parallel
v= = 1.68 kN/m
2  12 walls. The shear stress is
C c  1.68  12 kN = 20.2 kN 58.97  1000
fv = = 0.012 MPa
b) Design of Chord (bond beam) : 2  0.2  12

Loads on diaphragm and resulting forces in chord d) Determination of Wall Thickness :

(bond beam) at roof level are shown in Figure 9.2. Maximum shear stress is 1.5 times average shear
The distributed shear force across the face of stress.
diaphragm is
Maximum shear stress is
Fd 40.25  10 3
ws = = = 2.68 kN/m fvm = 1.5×fv = 1.5×0.012 Mpa = 0.02 MPa
length 15
As per Draft Code IS: 1905: Sec 6.7.3.1,
Chord force, C is given by allowable shear stress (Fv) is given by the least of
the following:
w s  L2 2.68  15 2
C= = = 3.28 kN (i) 1.33×0.5 MPa = 0.665 MPa
8 B 8  12
(ii) 1.33( 0.1  0.2  f d ) MPa
Chord Tension, T 567  1000
=1.33( 0.1  0.2  )
2  200  12000
= 0.165 MPa (Governs)
(iii)0.133×
Chord Compression, C
0.125  f m  0.133  0.125  10 MPa

= 0.526 MPa
Lateral Loading Allowable shear stress is 0.165 MPa. Since
Figure 9.2: Diaphragm loading and chord calculated shear stress is less than allowable shear
forces stress, the section is safe in shear.
Using HYSD bars,
Allowable tensile stress of bars = 230 MPa

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 31

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Example 10 – LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS OF THREE-STOREY

CMU MASONRY WALL BUIDLING
Problem Statement:
The elevation of a three-storey perforated shear wall is as shown in Figure 10.1. It is assumed to be a
masonry structure which is fully grouted and un-reinforced. The grade of masonry is given as fm = 8 MPa,
wall thickness is 200 mm and steel is used is HYSD bars having allowable tensile stress of 230 MPa. For
this building determine the following.
1. Determine and check vertical compressive stresses, tensile stresses and shear stresses in the masonry
as per IS:1905.
2. Design reinforcement for piers that may require it.

40 kN
5.6 m
DL = 200 kN
1m 1.6 m 1m 1m 1m
LL = 125 kN
0.8 m

40 kN
DL = 250 kN 2.8 m 1.2 m
LL = 125 kN
0.8 m

20 kN
0.2 m
DL = 250 kN
LL = 125 kN 1.0 m 1 2 3

1m 1.6 m 1m 1m 1m

Elevation of the shear wall First Storey wall

Figure 10.1:Details of the Shear Wall

Solution:
Calculation of Geometric Properties: = 3.42  105 mm2

Pier Areas Height of pier 1 = 1.2 m

Area of Pier 1 = (800  190  1000  190) mm2 Height of pier 2 = 1.2 m
= 3.42  105 mm2 Height of pier 3 = 2.8 m

Area of Pier 2 = (1000  190) mm2 Em = 550  8  4400 MPa

= 1.9  105 mm2

Area of Pier 3 = (800  190  1000  190) mm2

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 32

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Moment of Inertia and Stiffness: 800 190 2

( I g )3  [1903   190  800  (320  )
12 2
Pier 1:
190  1000  (500  320) 2 ]
Centroidal distance from left face of wall
2 2
= 3.01  1010 mm4
190 800
800   190  Stiffness = k3
y1  2 2  103  0.32 m
800  190  1000  190 1
 3
Moment of inertia about centroidal axis 2800 2800
( )
12  Em  I g 3 5
800 190 2  190  1000  0.4  Em
( I g )1  [1903   190  800  (320  ) 6
12 2
190  1000  (500  320) 2 ]  4.194  104 N/mm

= 3.01  1010 mm4 k1

 9.53 mm
Em
Stiffness = k1
ki
 3
1 E  87.343 mm
1200 1200 m
( )
12  Em  I g1 5
 190  1000  0.4  Em Distribution of Lateral Shear among Piers
6
As the floor is assumed to be rigid the lateral
 1.855  105 N/mm forces will be distributed in proportion to the pier
k1 ki
 42.15 mm stiffness. Vei  Vb The distribution of shear
Em  ki
force among piers is shown in Table 10-1
Pier 2:
Total base Shear = (40  40  20)  100 kN
Centroidal distance from left face of wall
y1  (1000  1600  500)  10 3  3.1 m
Table 10-1: Distribution of Lateral Shear
Moment of inertia about centroidal axis among Piers

190  10003 ki
( I g )2   1.583  1010 mm4 Pier ki ki Vb
12 No. (kN/m)  ki ki
Stiffness = k2 (kN)
1 1.855 10 5
0.483 48.26
1

12003 1200 2 1.569 105 0.408 40.83
( )
12  Em  I g 2 5
 190  1000  0.4  Em 3 4.194 104 0.109 10.91
6
 1.569  105 N/mm
k2 Distribution of Overturning Moment to Piers
 35.661 mm
Em as Axial Forces

Pier 3: Location of Neutral axis

Centroidal distance from left face of wall 0.2 m

y3  (5600  320)  103  5.28 m 1.0 m

1 2 P
Moment of inertia about centroidal axis
1m 1.6 m 1m 1m 1 =m

9
IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 933
.
4
6
 k
N

3
DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

1 0.342 2.545 2.216 0.03 2.246

Figure 10.2: Piers in the wall 2 0.19 -0.235 0.01 0.016 0.026
3 0.342 -2.415 1.994 0.03 2.024
 0.874 4.296
Table 10-2: Location of Neutral axis
Table 10-4: Distribution of
Pier yi (m) Ai (m2) Ai  yi (m3)
No. Overturning Moment to
1 0.32 0.342 0.109 Piers as Axial Forces
2 3.1 0.19 0.589 Pier ( I NA )i Ai  ( yb )i ( DFm )i ( Pe )i
3 5.28 0.342 1.806 No. (m4) (m3) (m-1) (kN)
 0.874 2.504 1 2.246 0.87 0.203 93.198
2 0.026 -0.045 -0.01 -4.776
yNA 
A  y
i i

2.504
 2.865 m
3 2.024 0.826 -0.192 -88.422
A i 0.874  4.296 0.00 0.00

Distance of the central line of the piers from N.A.

Distribution of Direct Axial Compression:
Pier 1: Axial load due to gravity loads are distributed in
proportion to the tributary wall length.
( yb )1  y NA  y1  2.865  0.32  2.545 m
Total dead load =
Pier 2:
Pd  (200  250  250)  700 kN
( yb ) 2  y NA  y2  2.865  3.1  0.235 m
(0.8  1  0.8)
Pier 3: ( Pd )1  700   252.78 kN
7.2
( yb )3  y NA  y3  2.865  5.28  2.415 m
(0.8  1  0.5)
( Pd ) 2  700   223.61 kN
Total Overturning Moment 7.2
 (40  7  40  4  20  1)  460 kNm (0.5  1  0.8)
( Pd )3  700   223.61 kN
Moment of inertia of the whole wall section 7.2

 I NA   ( I NA )i Total live load =

Pl  (3  125)  375 kN
where, ( I NA )i  Ai ( yb )i  ( I g )i
2

(0.8  1  0.8)
Axial load due to overturning moment M ( Pl )1  375   135.42 kN
7.2
 ( Pe )i  ( DFm )i  M (0.8  1  0.5)
( Pl )2  375   119.79 kN
Ai ( yb )i 7.2
where, ( DFm )i  . The calculation is
 I NA ( Pl )3  375 
(0.5  1  0.8)
 119.79 kN
shown in tabular form in Table 10-3 and Table 7.2
10-4
Table 10-3: Geometric properties of the piers
The loads transferred to individual piers are
in north wall
shown in tabular form in Table 10-5.
Pier Ai ( yb )i Ai ( yb )i 2 ( I g )i ( I NA )i
No. (m2) (m) (m4) (m4) (m4)

Table  10-5: Forces in Different piers due to different Loads

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 34

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Pier No. ( Pd )i (kN) ( Pl )i (kN) ( Pe )i (kN) (Ve )i (kN) ( M e )i (kNm)

1 252.78 135.42 93.20 48.26 28.96
2 223.61 119.79 -4.78 40.83 24.50
3 223.61 119.79 -88.42 10.91 15.28
 700.00 375.00 0.00 100.00

hi
Note : As the piers are assumed to be fixed at both ends M ei  Vei  .
2

Load Combinations: f bc  0.25 f m  0.25  8  2 MPa

Three probable load cases have been considered As per clause 6.6.1 (b) of IS: 1905 (draft)
to cause failure and each has some potential
failure mode which will govern the failure in that hi h
Slenderness Ratio  SRi   i
particular load combination. thickness 0.19
Stress reduction factor ( (ks )i ) will be
Table 10-6: Load Combinations corresponding to the corresponding slenderness
ratio as per clause 6.6.2.1 and table 11 of IS:
Load 1905(draft).
Axial Comp. Force Moment Shear
Case
P1i  ( Pd )i  ( Pl )i Area reduction factor ( ka ) will be taken as per
1 clause 6.6.2.2 and table 11 of IS: 1905(draft).
Results in large axial forces.
P 2i  0.75  M 2i  V 2i  Shape modification factor ( k p ) is taken as 1.
(( Pd )i  ( Pl )i  ( Pe )i ) 0.75( M e )i 0.75(Ve )i
2 Allowable compressive stress
Results in large axial and bending force Fai  (k s )i  ka  k p  f bc (clause 6.6.2 of IS:
for lateral force.
P3i  0.75  M 3i  V 3i  1905(draft)) as shown in Table 10-8.
(0.9  ( Pd )i  ( Pe )i ) 0.75( M e )i 0.75(Ve )i Table 10-8: Calculation of allowable
3 compressive stress in different piers in direct
Result in low axial load which causes
compression
low moment capacity.
Pier SRi (k s )i ka kp ( Fa )i
Considering the above combinations we are
No. (MPa)
finding out the final loads on different piers and
that is shown in Table 10-7. 1 6.316 0.992 1.00 1.0 1.984
2 6.316 0.992 0.985 1.0 1.954
Table  10-7: Loads on piers under different
3 14.737 0.762 1.00 1.0 1.524
Load combinations
Pier P1i P 2i P3i M 2i V 3i
No. (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kN) The compressive stress developed in the piers and
1 388.19 361.04 99.46 21.72 36.19 corresponding demand capacity ratio is checked
2 343.40 261.13 146.24 18.37 30.62 in Table 10-9.
3 343.40 323.87 83.50 11.46 8.19

Check for Pier Axial and Flexural Stresses:

Axial and flexural stresses in the piers are Table 10-9: Check of Piers in compression
checked assuming the piers are un-reinforced and under load case 1
un-cracked. Pier P1i f a 1i ( Fa )i f a 1i
No. (kN) (MPa) (MPa) ( Fa )i
Load case 1: (D+L)
1 388.19 1.135 1.984 0.572
Given, fm = 8 MPa 2 343.40 1.807 1.954 0.925
Allowable basic compressive stress 3 343.40 1.004 1.524 0.659

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 35

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

In each of the pier the demand capacity ratio is compression, bending compression and their
less than 1, hence piers are safe in axial combined action under load case 2.
compression under load case 1.
Load case 3: 0.75(0.9D –E)
Load case 2: 0.75(D+L+E)
In this case minimum axial stress is checked
In this case compressive stress due to both direct against allowable tensile stress as shown in Table
compression and bending and their combined 10-13 and 10-14.
action is checked as shown in Table 10-10, 10-11,
Allowable compressive stress in bending
10-12.
 ( Ft )i  0.07 MPa
P1i
Axial component  f a 2i 
Ai Table 10-13: Check of Piers in direct axial
force under load case 3
M 2i
Bending component  f a 2i  Pier P3i f a 3i
( S g )i f a 3i (MPa) ( Fa )i (Mpa)
No. (kN) ( Fa )i
( I g )i 1 99.46 0.29 1.984 0.15
Where, ( S g )i  = section modulus of piers.
( yi ) max 2 146.24 0.77 1.954 0.39
3 83.50 0.24 1.524 0.16
Table 10-10: Check of Piers in direct
compression under load case 2 Considering that moment will cause axial tension
and tensile stress of f b 3i and axial force due to
Pier P 2i f a 2i
f a 2i (MPa) ( Fa )i (MPa) dead load will cause axial compression and their
No. (kN) ( Fa )i resultant will act upon the pier given in the table
1 361.04 1.056 1.984 0.532 below. (+ sign denotes tensile stress)
2 261.13 1.374 1.954 0.703
f 3i  f b 3i  f a 3i
3 323.87 0.947 1.524 0.621
Table 10-14: Check of Piers in axial tension
Allowable compressive stress in bending
under load case 3
 ( Fb )i  1.25  ( Fa )i
( S g )i f 3i
Table 10-11: Check of Piers in bending Pier M 3i f b 3i f 3i
compression under load case 2 No. (m )
3 ( Ft )i
(kNm) (MPa) (MPa)
( S g )i f b 2i 1 0.044 21.72 0.49 0.2 2.86
Pier M 2i f b 2i ( Fb )i
3
No. (m ) (kNm) (MPa) (MPa) ( Fb )i 2 0.032 18.37 0.57 -0.2 -2.86
3 0.044 11.46 0.26 0.02 0.29
1 0.044 21.72 0.49 2.48 0.20
2 0.032 18.37 0.57 2.44 0.23 In each of the pier except the pier 1 the demand
3 0.044 11.46 0.26 1.91 0.14 capacity ratio is less than 1, hence those piers are
safe in axial compression and combined action of
axial compression and tension due to bending
under load case 3.

Table 10-12: Check in combined action So, reinforcement is to be provided in pier 1.

Pier f a 2i f 2 Check for Pier Shear Stresses:

 b i
No. ( Fa )i ( Fb )i The pier shear stresses will be critical under load
1 0.732 case 3 when axial loads are minimum. The shear
stress developed and allowable values for each
2 0.933
pier are shown in Table 10-15.
3 0.761
Assuming piers are un-cracked and un-reinforced.
In each of the pier the demand capacity ratio is
less than 1, hence piers are safe in axial Web area of each pier

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 36

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

 Aweb  0.19  1.0  0.19 m2 E m = 550  8  4400 MPa

Shear stress developed in piers E s = 2  105 MPa
V 3i E s 2  105
 ( f v )i  1.5  n   45.5
( Aweb )i Em 4400
P3i
Stress due to dead load in piers  ( f d )i  k 2  2  n  ( p  a)  k  2  n  ( p  a)  0
Ai
 k 2  0.056  k  0.056  0
Allowable Shear stress  ( Fv )i is minimum of  k  0.21
a) 0.5 MPa  k  0.27
b) 0.1+ 0.2 ( f d )i for k  0.21 kd  186 mm< 190 mm
c) 0.125 f m  0.353 MPa Hence N.A is within flange.
0.19 m
Table 10-15: Check of Piers in shear under
load case 3
Pier V 3i 0.320 m
( f v )i ( f d )i ( Fv )i ( f v )i
No. (kN) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) ( Fv )i
1.0 m
1 36.19 0.29 0.29 0.16 1.81
0.115m
2 30.62 0.24 0.77 0.25 0.96
3 8.19 0.07 0.24 0.15 0.47
In each of the pier except the pier 1 the demand
capacity ratio is less than 1, hence those piers are
1.0 m
safe in shear under load case 3.
So, shear reinforcement is to be provided in
pier 1.

Design of vertical reinforcement for Pier 1: Fs / n

Design forces: Cm

V  V 31  36.19 kN fm
Ts
V  h1
M  21.72 kNm
2 Kd = 0.186 m
P  P31  99.46 kN
Assuming that the neutral axis is within the flange
( kd  0.19m ) and tension controls the design. Figure 10.3
b  1000 mm
d  (1  0.115)  0.885 mm By similar triangle,
kd F 186  230
Fs  230 Mpa f m   s 
d  kd n (885  186)  45.5
P 99.46  103
a   4.886  104  1.345 Mpa
b  d  Fs 1000  885  230
f m 1.345
1 no. 12 mm  bar is used, As  113 mm2   0.673 <1
f bc 2.0
As 113
p   1.28  104 Hence tension controls.
b  d 1000  885

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 37

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Cm  0.5  f m  k  d  b  125 kN a)
1  M
4 -  f m  0.392 MPa
24  Vd 
Ts  As  Fs  26 kN  M 
b)  0.6 - 0.2   0.46 MPa
Cm  Ts  99 kN  Vd 

P  99.46 KN So, Fv  0.392 MPa > f v

Hence O.K. Hence O.K.
kd
M CG  Ts  (d  y1 )  Cm  ( y1  ) Check for provision of minimum
3 reinforcement (as per clause 8.2.4.1 of IS:
0.186 1905(draft)):
 26  (1  0.32)  125  (0.32  )
3
78
ph   2.05  103  0.0007
 49.93 kNm 190  200
M 21.72 Hence O.K.
  0.435
M CG 49.93 Area of vertical reinforcement required
Hence O.K. Avert  0.0007  342  103  239.4 mm2
Design of horizontal reinforcement for Pier 1: 239.4
No. of 12 mm  bar required   2.11
Let, 10 mm  bar is used, Av  113 mm2 113

Av  Fs  d So, provide 3 nos. 12 mm  bar one at each end

sv   438 mm at corner.
V
3  113
Providing 10 mm  bar @ 200 mm c/c pv   0.99  103  0.0007
342  10 3

Av  Fs  d 78  230  885
Vs    79.4 kN ph  pv  3.04  103  0.002
sv 200
Hence, O.K.
which is more than the applied shear.
Hence, O.K.
V 36.19  103
fv    0.215 MPa 1.0 m
t  d 190  885 0.115m
M 21.72
  0.678 <1.0
Vd 36.19  0.885
1 no. 12 mm
Hence, allowable shear stress will be minimum of 1.0 m HYSD at each
corner

Figure 10.4: Details of reinforcement in Pier 1

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 38

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Example 11 – SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF TWO-STOREY

REINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING
Problem Statement:
The elevations of a two-story warehouse building located in seismic zone V are shown in Figure 11.1. It is
assumed that the second–story walls and walls in the east-west direction have no openings. The wall
thickness is 230 mm. The reinforced brick masonry building is to be designed to resist the lateral loads
designated by the IS Codes. The grade of masonry is given as fm = 10 MPa and steel is used is HYSD bars
having allowable tensile stress of 230 MPa. In this example, earthquake loads in east-west direction is
considered. This example illustrates the calculations pertaining to the determination of the following:
1. The total lateral force acting at roof and second floor levels.
2. The distribution of the diaphragm shears to the parallel shear walls.
3. The internal distribution to each pier within a wall of the total force brought to that shear wall.
4. The most severe axial load combination in conjunction with the in-plane bending moment and shear
which each pier must be designed to resist.
Top of second floor slab

3m

8m 1.2m 1.1m 1.5m 1.1m 1.8m 1.8m

1.1m 2.4m

1.2m 4
1 2 3 2.1m
Grade

North Wall Elevation

Top of second floor slab

3m
0.75m 4.5m 1.5 m 4.5m 0.75m

8m

5 6 7
4m
3m
Grade

South Wall Elevation

Figure 11.6: Two-Story Warehouse Building Elevation.

Solution:

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 39

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Given data: Seismic weight on roof

Length of building (N-S) L = 18 m  DL  WL2  1080  679.4  1759.4 kN
Breadth of building (E-W) D = 12 m As per cl. 7.3.1 of IS 1893: 2002, imposed load to
Thickness of the walls t = 0.23 m be considered in seismic weight,
50 % of imposed load = 2.5 kPa
Loading data:
Seismic weight on First Floor
Roof  DL  0.5  LL  WL1  1080  0.5  1080  907.4
Slab Dead Load DL2 = 5.0 kPa
 2527.4 kN
Slab Live Load LL2 = 1.5 kPa
Total seismic weight
Floor W   1759.4  2527.4  4286.8 kN
Slab Dead Load DL1 = 5.0 kPa
Calculation of Base Shear
Storage live Load LL1 = 5.0 kPa
Z  0.36 (Seismic zone V)
Wall Weights
I 1 (Occupancy importance factor)
Unit Weight of Masonry = 20 kN/m3
R3 (Response reduction factor)
So, weight of wall per unit area
Hn  7 m (Height of a building)
 0.23  1  1  20  4.6 kN/m2
(Refer to the Figure 11.1)
Calculation of Loads:
The average response acceleration coefficient,
Calculation of total loads  Sa 
   2.5 , assuming the building period to lie in
Roof Dead load DL” = DL2  L  D  g 
the short period range of the design spectrum.
= 1080 kN
Z  I Sa
Roof Live Load RL2 = LL2  L  D VB    W   643 kN
2 R g
= 324 kN
(IS: 1893 (Part 1):2002 Clause 6.4.2)
Wall Load (Upper Storey)
 (1  3)  (12  2  (18  2  0.23)  2)  4.6 Design Lateral Forces at Each Floor Level

 1087.1 kN The distribution of shear force in the vertical

direction is made as per provision of IS: 1893 and
First Floor level loads corresponding calculations are shown in the
DL’ = DL1  L  D = 1080 kN Table 11-1

LL = LL1  L  D = 2160 kN Total height from Ground floor level to roof:

L2  7 m
Calculation of Seismic Weight
Total height from Ground floor level to first floor
Due to Wall Load (Upper Storey) L1  4m
WL2  (1  1.5)  (12  2  (18  2  0.23)  2)  4.6
 679.4 kN
Due to Wall Load (Lower Storey)
WL1  (1.5  2)  [(12  2  (18  2  0.23)  2)
0.1  (1.2  1.5  2.4)  1  (2  4.5)]  4.6
Table 11-5: Lateral Force Distribution
 907.4 kN (cl. 7.7.1 of IS 1893: 2002)

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 40

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Lateral Determination of the Stiffness of the exterior

Wihi2 Wi hi 2 force at
hi Walls:
StoryWi (kN) (x 103)
(m)
kNm2  Wi hi 2level i Em t
(kN) kF 
 H 3 H  for fixed wall or pier
Roof 1759.4 7 86.21 0.68 437.2    3 
 L  L 
1st 2527.4 4 40.44 0.32 205.8
Em t
kC 
∑ 4286.8 126.65 643.0   H 3  H   for cantilever wall
4    3 
  L   L  

3m 437.2 kN The equations above represent the total stiffness

(flexure + shear) of a masonry wall.
4m 643.0 kN Here the piers and walls are assumed to be fixed
at both ends and corresponding stiffness
calculation is shown in the tabular form in
Table 11.2
Figure 11.7: Lateral Force at Floor Levels
Modulus of elasticity Em  550  f m  5.5  103
Distribution of Shears among different walls at MPa
the First Storey Level:
Table 11-6: Calculation of stiffness of piers and
Location of the Center of Gravity walls

Because of symmetrical layout of east and west Pier Length ki

H (m) H/L
wall, the centre of gravity will be located on the No. L (m) (MN/m)
mid line between east and west wall. 1 1.10 2.10 1.91 99.72
2 1.10 1.20 1.09 276.74
Area of north wall as shown in Figure 11.1 3 2.90 1.20 0.41 964.01
An = 8  12-(2.1  1.2+1.5  1.2+2.4  2.1) 4 1.80 2.10 1.17 248.63
5 0.75 3.00 4.00 16.64
= 86.64 m2
6 1.50 3.00 2.00 90.36
Distance of north wall from the mid of north wall 7 0.75 3.00 4.00 16.64
Dn = 0 m East wall 18.00 4.00 0.22 1866.77
West wall 18.00 4.00 0.22 1866.77
Area of a south wall k1  k2  k3  k4
North Wall 12.00 1589.10
As = 8  12-(2  4.5  3) South wall 12.00 k5  k 6  k 7 123.65
2
= 69 m For several piers connected along their tops,
Distance of south wall from the mid of north wall stiffness of the wall is determined as
n

Ds  17.77 m k   ki  k1  k2  ..  kn
i 1

The distance of C.G = Cg from the centre of the Note: Pier stiffness is equal to the force required
north wall is, to produce a unit deflection.
An Dn  As Ds
Cg  Location of the Center of Stiffness:
An  As
Because of symmetrical layout of east and west
80.64  0  69  17.77 wall and symmetrical configuration, the centre of
 = 7.88 m
86.64  17.77 stiffness will be located on the mid line between
east and west wall and hence there will be no
static eccentricity when load is in north-south
direction.

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 41

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

The distance of C.S = Cs from the centre of the When load is in North-South direction design
kn  Dn  k s Ds eccentricity  0.05  12  0.6 m
north wall is Cs 
kn  k s (clause 7.9.2 of IS: 1893: (Part 1) 2002)
1589.10  0  123.65  17.77 So, torsional moment developed due to
 = 1.28 m
1589.10  123.65 eccentricity M T  VB  10.8  643  10.8
Static eccentricity  7.88  1.28  6.6 m  6944.4 kNm
When load is in East-West direction design The calculations for distribution of lateral shear to
the walls are shown in the Table 11-3.
eccentricity  1.5  6.6  0.05  18  10.8 m

1.28 m
C.S.
6m

N 7.88 m

C.G.
17.7 m 6m

Beams @ 6 m spacing

6m

6m 6m

Figure 11.8: Plan view of the building at Ground Floor

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 42

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Table 11-7: Distribution of Translational and Torsional shears at Ground Floor when load is in E-W
direction
Wall Stiffness Dy (m) ki D y ki D y 2 ki ki D V V V
V  VB Vm   MT T m
ki (MN/m) k i  ki D 2
(kN)
(kN) (kN)
North 1589.10 1.28 2034.05 2603.58 596.58 85.33 681.91
South 123.65 16.49 2038.93 33622.00 46.42 85.53 131.95
∑ 1712.75 36225.58 643.00
2
Dx (m) ki Dx ki Dx
East 1866.77 5.89 10985.95 64652.31 0.00 460.89 460.89
West 1866.77 5.89 10985.95 64652.31 0.00 460.89 460.89
∑ 3733.54 129304.62
k D i
2
165530.20

Calculation of Dead and Live Loads: Table 11-8: Geometric properties of the piers
in north wall
For this example purpose only the north wall is
analyzed and dead load and live loads are Pier Length Height Area ci (Ig)i
calculated on the north wall only. No. L (m) (m) (m2) (m) (m4)
Figure 10.9 show that the building has beams in 1 1.10 2.10 0.25 0.55 0.03
the lateral direction at a spacing of 6 m. 2 1.10 1.20 0.25 0.55 0.03
3 2.90 1.20 0.67 1.45 0.47
So, loads from 3  12  36 m2 area will be 4 1.80 2.10 0.41 0.90 0.11
transferred to north and south walls.
Dead load from slabs on these walls Distribution of Lateral Shear among Piers:
 36  (5  5)  360 kN As the floor is assumed to be rigid the lateral
forces will be distributed in proportion to the pier
Considering, a section in north wall at a height of ki
2.1 m from ground. stiffness Vei  Vb . The distribution of shear
 ki
So, dead load from the wall above among piers is shown in the Table 11-5.
 5.9  12  4.6  325.7 kN Total base Shear to the north wall = 681.91 kN
So, total dead load on the North wall Table 11-9: Distribution of Lateral Shear among
 360  325.7  685.7 kN Piers

Live load from slabs on these walls ki

Pier ki ki Vb
 1.5  36  5  36  234 kN No. (kN/m)  ki  ki
(kN)
Calculation of Geometric Properties: 1 1  10
5
0.06 40.91
The geometric property of the piers in the north 2 2.77  105 0.17 115.92
wall are calculated corresponding to the figures 3 9.64  105 0.61 415.97
given in Figure 11.1 and 11.3 and is given in the 4 2.49  105 0.16 109.11
tabular form in Table 11-4. ∑ 15.9  105 1.00 681.91

Distribution of Overturning Moment to Piers

as Axial Forces:
Location of Neutral axis

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 43

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Table 11-10: Location of Neutral axis Vertical distribution of lateral force will be
according to the same distribution factor as in
Pier yi (m) Ai (m2) Ai  yi (m3) case of the whole building.
No.
Lateral force applied at the roof level
1 0.55 0.25 0.14
2 2.85 0.25 0.72  0.68  681.91  463.70 kN
3 6.35 0.67 4.24 and at first floor level
4 11.1 0.41 4.60
 0.32  681.91  218.21 kN
 1.58 9.69
Total Overturning Moment

yNA 
A y
i i

9.69
 6.11 m  (463.70  7  218.21  4)  4118.74 kNm
A i 1.58
Moment of inertia of the whole wall section
Distance of the central line of the piers from N.A.
 I NA   ( I NA )i
Pier 1:
where, ( I NA )i  Ai ( yb )i  ( I g )i
2
( yb )1  y NA  y1  6.11  0.55  5.56 m
Pier 2: Axial load due to overturning moment M

( yb ) 2  y NA  y2  6.11  2.85  3.26 m  ( Pe )i  ( DFm )i  M

Pier 3: Ai ( yb )i
where, ( DFm )i 
( yb )3  y NA  y3  6.11  6.35  0.24 m
 I NA
The calculations are shown in the tabular form in
Pier 4:
Table 11-7.
( yb ) 4  y NA  y4  6.11  11.1  4.99 m

Table 11-11: Distribution of Overturning Moment to Piers as Axial Forces

Pier Ai ( yb )i Ai ( yb )i 2 ( I g )i ( I NA )i Ai  ( yb )i ( DFm )i ( Pe )i
No. (m2) (m) (m4) (m )4
(m4) (m3) (m-1) (kN)
1 0.25 5.56 7.82 0.03 7.85 1.41 0.07 288.31
2 0.25 3.26 2.69 0.03 2.71 0.82 0.04 164.75
3 0.67 -0.24 0.04 0.47 0.51 -0.16 -0.01 -41.18
4 0.41 -4.99 10.31 0.11 10.42 -2.07 -0.10 -411.88
 1.59 20.86 0.63 21.49 0.00 0.00 0.00

Distribution of Direct Axial Compression (0.75  2.9  1.2)

( Pd )3  685.7   277.14 kN
Axial load due to gravity loads are distributed in 12
proportion to the tributary wall length. (1.2  1.8)
( Pd ) 4  685.7   171.42 kN
Total dead load = Pd  685.7 kN 12
(1.1  0.6) Total live load =
( Pd )1  685.7   97.14 kN
12 Pl  234 kN
(0.6  1.1  0.75) (1.1  0.6)
( Pd ) 2  685.7   140.0 kN ( Pl )1  234   33.15 kN
12 12

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 44

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

(0.6  1.1  0.75)

( Pl ) 2  234   47.78 kN
12
Summary of Pier Forces
(0.75  2.9  1.2)
( Pl )3  234   94.57 kN The loads transferred to individual piers are
12 shown in tabular form in Table 11-8.
(1.2  1.8)
( Pl ) 4  234   58.5 kN
12
Table 11-12: Forces in Different piers due to different Loads
Pier No. ( Pd )i (kN) ( Pl )i (kN) ( Pe )i (kN) (Ve )i (kN) ( M e )i (kNm)
1 97.14 33.15 288.31 40.91 42.96
2 140.00 47.78 164.75 115.92 69.55
3 277.14 94.57 -41.18 415.97 249.58
4 171.42 58.50 -411.88 109.11 114.57
 685.7 234.00 0.00 681.91

hi
Note : As the piers are assumed to be fixed at both ends M ei  Vei  .
2

Load Combinations (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kN)

Three probable load cases have been considered 1 130.3 313.9 -151.1 33.2 30.7
to cause failure and each has some potential 2 187.8 264.4 -29.8 52.2 86.9
failure mode which will govern the failure in that 3 371.7 309.7 154.8 187.2 312.0
particular load combination. 4 229.9 418.4 -194.1 85.9 81.8

Table 11-13: Load Combinations Check for Pier Axial and Flexural Stresses
Load Axial Comp. Axial and flexural stresses in the piers are
Moment Shear
Case Force checked assuming the piers are un-reinforced and
P1i  ( Pd )i  ( Pl )i un-cracked.
1
Results in large axial forces.
P 2i  0.75  M 2i  V 2i 
Load case 1: (D+L)
(( Pd )i  ( Pl )i  ( Pe )i )0.75( M e )i 0.75(Ve )i Given, fm = 10 MPa
2
Results in large axial and bending force Allowable basic compressive stress
for lateral force.
f bc  0.25 f m  0.25  10  2.5 MPa
P3i  0.75  M 3i  V 3i 
(0.9  ( Pd )i  ( Pe )i ) 0.75( M e )i 0.75(Ve )i As per clause 6.6.1 (b) of IS: 1905 (draft)
3
Result in low axial load which causes hi h
Slenderness Ratio  SRi   i
low moment capacity. thickness 0.23
Considering the above combinations we are
finding out the final loads on different piers and
that is shown in Table 11-10. Stress reduction factor ( (ks )i ) will be
corresponding to the corresponding slenderness
ratio as per clause 6.6.2.1 and Table 11 of IS:
1905(draft).
Table 11-14: Loads on piers under different Area reduction factor ( ka ) will be taken as per
Load combinations clause 6.6.2.2 and table 11 of IS: 1905(draft).
Pier P1i P 2i P3i M 2i V 3i Shape modification factor ( k p ) is taken as 1.
No.

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 45

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Allowable compressive stress 1 313.9 1.26 2.30 0.55

Fai  (k s )i  ka  k p  f bc 2 264.4 1.06 2.50 0.42
(clause 6.6.2 of IS: 1905(draft))as shown in 3 309.7 0.46 2.50 0.19
Table 11-11. 4 418.4 1.17 2.30 0.51
M 2i
Bending component  f a 2i 
Table 11-15: Calculation of allowable ( S g )i
compressive stress in different
( I g )i
piers in direct compression Where, ( S g )i  =section modulus of pier
( yi ) max
Pier SRi (k s )i ka kp ( Fa )i (MPa)
No. Allowable compressive stress in bending
1 9.13 0.92 1.00 1.00 2.30  ( Fb )i  1.25  ( Fa )i
2 5.22 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.50 Table 11-18: Check of Piers in bending
3 5.22 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.50 compression under load case 2
4 9.13 0.92 1.00 1.00 2.30
( S g )i
Pier M 2i f b 2i ( Fb )i f b 2i
The compressive stress developed in the piers and 3
corresponding demand capacity ratio is checked No. (m ) (kNm) (MPa) (MPa) ( Fb )i
in Table 11-12
1 0.046 33.2 0.70 2.88 0.24
2 0.046 52.2 1.13 3.13 0.36
Table 11-16: Check of Piers in compression 3 0.322 187.2 0.58 3.13 0.19
under load case 1 4 0.124 85.9 0.67 2.88 0.23

f a 1i The Moment causes both of compression and

Pier P1i f a 1i ( Fa )i
tension in the piers but here only compressive
No. (kN) (MPa) (MPa) ( Fa )i value is checked in this load case as the effect of
1 130.3 0.51 2.30 0.22 tension will be more in the load case 3. So here in
2 187.8 0.74 2.50 0.30 Table 11-15 we are checking for simultaneous
3 371.7 0.56 2.50 0.22 action of compressive force due to direct axial
4 229.9 0.56 2.30 0.24 force and bending action.
In each of the pier the demand capacity ratio is Table 11-19: Check in combined action
less than 1, hence piers are safe in axial f a 2i f 2
compression under load case 1. Pier  b i
No. ( Fa )i ( Fb )i
Load case 2: 0.75(D+L+E) 1 0.79
In this case compressive stress due to both direct 2 0.78
compression and bending and their combined 3 0.38
action is checked as shown in Table 11-13, 11-14 4 0.74
and 11-15. In each of the pier the demand capacity ratio is
P1i less than 1, hence piers are safe in axial
Axial component  f a 2i  compression, bending compression and their
Ai
combined action under load case 2.

Load case 3: 0.75(0.9D –E)

In this case minimum axial stress is checked
against allowable tensile stress as shown in
Table 11-17: Check of Piers in direct Table 11-16 and 11-17.
compression under load case 2

Pier P 2i f a 2i (MPa ( Fa )i f a 2i Allowable compressive stress in bending

No. (kN) ) (MPa) ( Fa )i
 Fti  0.07 MPa

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 46

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Table 11-20: Check of Piers in direct axial Table 11-21: Check of Piers in axial tension
force under load case 3 under load case 3

Pier P3i f a 3i ( Fa )i f a 3i Sgi

Pier M 2i f b 3i f 3i f 3i
No. (kN) (MPa) (Mpa) ( Fa )i (m3)
No. (kNm) (MPa) (MPa) ( Ft )i
1 -151.1 -0.60 -0.07 8.57
2 -29.8 -0.12 -0.07 1.71 1 0.046 33.2 0.70 1.30 18.57
3 154.8 0.23 2.50 0.09 2 0.046 52.2 1.13 1.25 17.86
4 -194.1 -0.47 -0.07 6.71 3 0.322 187.2 0.58 0.35 5.00
4 0.124 85.9 0.67 1.16 16.57

Considering that moment will cause axial tension

and tensile stress of f b 3i and axial force due to In each of the pier the demand capacity ratio is
more than 1, hence piers are not safe in axial
dead load will cause axial compression and their
action and combined action of axial action and
resultant will act upon the pier given in the table
tension due to bending under load case 3.
below. (+ Sign denotes tensile stress)
So, reinforcement is to be provided in all piers.
f 3i  f b 3i  f a 3i
This 3rd loading combination gives the highest
value of demand capacity ratio among all the
potential cases which may cause failure to the
piers.

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 47

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Example 12 – SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CONCRETE

MASONRY SHEAR WALL BUILDING
Problem Statement:
One story masonry building with wood framed roofs and masonry shear walls is shown in Figure 12.1 and
12.2. Concrete masonry units of 400×200×200 mm size are used.

A B C D

1
2.5

6 10
. Column
0
2 3
.
0
6 200 mm thick 10
. CMU wall
0
2.5
3 0

10 10 10
30

(All dimensions are in meter)

FLOOR PLAN
N

Figure 12.10: Plan of masonry building

This example will illustrate the following parts of the design process.
1. Design base shear coefficient.
2. Base shear in the transverse direction.
3. Shear in wall on line A.
4. Design 200 mm shear wall on line A for out-of-plane seismic forces.
5. Design 200 mm shear wall on line A for in-plane seismic forces.
6. Design 200 mm shear wall on line A for flexure and in-plane forces.
7. Chord (bond beam at roof level) design.

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 48

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

1.0

`
1.0

3.0

2.5 6.0 3.0 6.0 2.5

(All dimensions are in meter)

Figure 12.11: ELEVATION OF WALL ON LINE A

Solution:
Given Data: Seismic and site data:
Building dimensions: Zone factor Z = 0.36 (Seismic Zone V)
Length along EW direction: L = 30 m Importance factor I = 1.0
Length along NS direction: B = 20 m Response reduction factor R = 4.0
Overall height of wall, H = 5.0 m (Special reinforced masonry wall)
Roof Height, h = 4.0 m Sa
Design spectral acceleration,  2.5
Roof weights: g
Roofing 360 N/m2
Design Base Shear Coefficient
12.5mm plywood 70 N/m2
As per IS: 1893, base shear coefficient is given
Roof framing 200 N/m2 by
Mechanical/electrical 70 N/m2 Z  I  S a 0.36  1.0  2.5
Ah    0.113
Insulation 70 N/m2 2Rg 2  4 .0

Total Dead load 800 N/m2 Base Shear in Transverse Direction

Roof live load 950 N/m2 The building has a flexible roof diaphragm and
Exterior 200 mm CMU walls heavy CMU walls. The diaphragm spans as a
simple beam between resisting perimeter walls in
(Fully grouted, light-weight masonry)
both directions and will transfer 50 percent of the
Unit weight of masonry of 200 mm thick, diaphragm shear to each resisting wall. The
building weight calculation is separated in three
ww = 20000×0.2=4000 N/m2
portions: the roof, longitudinal walls, and
Crushing Strength of masonry, fm=15 MPa transverse walls for ease of application at a larger
Permissible tensile stress of HYSD steel, stage in the calculations. The reason to separate
the CMU wall masses is because masonry walls
f s  230 MPa
that resist ground motion parallel to their in-plane

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 49

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

direction resist their own seismic inertia without The shear wall 200 mm thick on line A is a
transferring seismic forces into the roof bearing wall and must support gravity loads. It
diaphragm. must be capable of supporting both gravity and
out-of-plane seismic loads, and gravity plus
Weight of roof is, W roof  360  30  20  216 seismic forces at different instants of time
kN depending on the direction of seismic ground
For longitudinal wall weights (out-of-plane motion.
walls), the upper half of the wall weight is
tributary to the roof diaphragm. Neglecting the Calculation of Vertical Loads
openings in the top half of walls, weight of Gravity loads from roof framing tributary to the
longitudinal walls is shear wall at line A is given by
4  30 20
Wwe  2  4000  30    1  720 kN Pgdl  200    10 kN
2  3 2 2
For forces in the transverse direction, seismic Wall load on 3 m wall at mid height,
inertial forces from the transverse walls (lines A  4
and D) do not transfer through the roof Pwdl  4000  3  1    36  kN
 2
diaphragm.
Dead load from lintels,
Therefore, the effective diaphragm weight in the
6
north-south direction is Pldl  4000   5  3   24  kN
2
Wtd  Wroof  Wwe  216  750  936  kN
Total dead load, Pdl  Pgdl  Pwdl  2  Pldl
The transverse seismic inertial force (shear force),
which is generated in the roof diaphragm is 30 20
Total live load, Pll  950    47.5  
calculated as follows: 23 2
kN
Vtd  Ah  Wtd  0.113  966  105.3  kN
 10  36  2  24  94  kN
Seismic inertial force (shear force), which is
generated in the transverse walls (in-plane walls) Calculation of Seismic Loads
is calculated using full weight (and height) of the
walls (with openings ignored for simplicity) Out-of-plane seismic forces are calculated as the
average of the wall element coefficients at the
Vtw  2  0.113  4000  5  20  90  kN base of the wall and the top of the wall.
Design base shear in the transverse direction is Seismic load at base (hxb = 0)
the sum of the shears from the roof diaphragm
shear and the masonry walls in-plane forces.  h 
F pb  0.5  Z  I  1  xb   w w
 h 
Vtrans  Vtd  V w  108.7  90  195.3  kN
 0
 0.5  0.36  1.0  1    4000  720  
Shear wall on line A  4
2
The seismic shear tributary to the wall on line A N/m
comes from the roof diaphragm (transferred at the Seismic load at roof (hxr = 4.0 m)
top of the wall) and the in-plane wall inertia
forces:  h 
F pr  0.5  Z  I  1  xr   w w
Vtd  Vtw 108.7  90  h 
Va    97.65 kN
2 2  4
 0.5  0.36  1.0  1    4000  1440
 4
Design 200 mm shear wall on line A for out-of- 2
plane seismic forces N/m

Length of shear wall, lsa= 3.0 m Average seismic load,

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 50

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

Fpr  Fpb 720  1440 On account of 33% in allowable stress level, the
Fp    1080 N/m2 load level is reduced to 75%.
2 2
Mout = 0.75×5.74 kNm =4.31 kN
Calculations of wall moments due to out-of-plane
forces are done using standard beam formula for a Axial stress is given by
propped cantilever.
0.75 Pdl 0.75  94  10 3
fa    3.92 MPa
Area 2  3.0  (0.003)
Allowable axial stress is given by
1m Fa  0.25  15  3.75 MPa
R2 Allowable bending stress of masonry is
W1 1m
Fb  1.25  Fa  1.25  3.75  4.69 MPa

Provide 10 mm bars at the center of wall section.

3m Effective depth, d = 200/2 = 100 mm
W2
Assume, j = 0.9
Area of steel required,
R1
Figure 12.12: Propped cantilever loading M out 4.31  10 6
As    mm2
diagram fs  j  d 230  09  100

Tributary width of wall considered = 157 mm2

9 Number of bars, n = 157/78 = 2.1

Provide 4 bars of 10 mm.
Area of steel provided, As= 314 mm2
2
Spacing of bars, s = 333 mm

3 Calculate Effective Width

Lintel beam As Sec 6.7.1 Draft Code IS: 1905, the effective
resists out-of- width is given by the least of the following
plane forces
3 i. c/c spacing of bars = 333 mm (Governs)
3 3
ii.6 times wall thickness = 6×200 = 1200 mm
All dimensions are in meter
Check for Stresses
Design moment, Mout= 4.31 kNm
Figure 12.13: Tributary width of wall for out
of plane seismic inertial force calculation Young’s modulus of steel, Es = 2×105 MPa
Young’s modulus of masonry,
Figure 12.3 shows the loading diagram for wall Em = 550×fm= 550×15 = 8.25×103 MPa
out-of-plane loading and figure 12.4 for tributary
widths walls used to determine the loading Es 2  10 5
n   24
diagram. E m 8.25  10 3
 6.0  Percentage of steel is given by
W1    2  3.0   1080  9.72 kN/m
 2  314
  0.001
3.0  100
W2   3.0   1080  3.24 kN/m
Solving for actual value of ‘k’
Maximum bending moment, M out  5.74 kNm
k2  2 k n  2 n  0

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 51

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

k = 0.205 Vd = kr2×Va = 0.42×97.65 kN = 41.04 kN

j = 1- k/3 = 1-0.205/3 = 0.93 Shear stress is given by fv=0.06 MPa
Allowable tension flexural stress limit on moment In view of 33% increase in allowable stress level
is given by due to wind/earthquake load, the load level is
reduced to 75%.
Mt =As×j×d×fs
Bending moment is given by
= 314×0.93×230×100
M=0.75×Vd×lsa/2
= 6.72 kNm (> 4.31 kNm)
= 0.75×41.04×3.0/2 = 46.24 kNm
Allowable compression flexural stress limit on
moment is given by M1 46.24  106
  0.375 (<1.0)
Mc =0.5×lsa×j×k×d2×Fb Vs  lsa 41.04  3000
= 0.5×3000×0.93×0.205×1002×4.69 Allowable shear stress is given by
= 13.43 kNm (> 5.74 kNm) (OK)
1  M1 
Fv   4    0.151 MPa
Design the Shear Wall on Line a for In-Plane 24  Vs  l sa 
Seismic Forces
Maximum allowable shear stress is given by
Shear Force Distribution  0.2  M 1 
Fvm   0.6    0.525 MPa
The shear force on line A must be distributed to
 Vs  l sa 
three shear wall piers (2.5 m, 3.0 m, and 2.5 m
width respectively) in proportion to their relative Since the calculated shear is less than the
rigidities. This can be accomplished by assuming allowable shear, the wall section is safe in shear.
that the walls are fixed at the tops 3 m deep lintel.
The relative rigidities of the piers are calculated Design the Shear Wall on Line A for
as follows: Combined Axial and In-Plane Bending Forces.
D 1= 2.5 m; D2 = 3.0 m; D3 = 2.5 m Following load combinations are adopted in this
H1= H2= H3=5.0 m section with 100% permissible stress values
which is equivalent of 33% increase in
Thickness of masonry units resisting shear, permissible stress values for wind/earthquake load
tu=0.003 m combinations.

1  H 
3
H  i) 0.75(D+L+E) (floor live load = 0)
i   i   3  i ; ki  1 ii) 0.75(0.9D+E) i.e., 0.67D-0.75E
E m tu  Di  Di  i
 
(i) Load Case 1
ki
k ri  Axial load,
k i
P1=0.75×Pdl=0.75×94 kN = 70.5 kN
The details of calculation of relative rigidity is
Bending moment is given by
shown in table 12-1
M1= 0.75×Vs×lsa/2
Table 12-1: Calculation of relative rigidity
= 0.75×41.04×3.0/2 = 46.24 kNm
Pie Width Shear Stiffness , Relative
r of pier deflection, ki Rigidity, Assume 2 bars are provided at end section.
(m) ∆I (mm) (1/mm) kri Effective depth is given by
1 2.5 57 1.77 0.29 de= 3.0-0.2= 2.8 m
2 3.0 39 2.57 0.42 M1/P1de=0.234
3 2.5 57 1.77 0.29
Distance of axial load from edge of section,
Design shear force for pier 2 is given by,

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 52

DRAFT Explanatory Examples for Structural Use of Masonry

3000 M1/P1de=0.195
 200
 2  0.464 Distance of axial load from edge of section,
2800
3000
2 2  200
    0.464  0.202 (<M1/P1de)  2  0.464
3 3 2800
Hence, region 3 of P-M interaction curve applies. 2 2
(Refer to appendix on P-M interaction curve of     0.464  0.202 (>M1/P1de)
3 3
masonry)
Hence, region 2 of P-M interaction curve applies.
Iteration Method:
Assume, a = 500 mm 2  P2 2 
M w  P2 (1   )d 
fs= 230 MPa 3  1.25Fa d 

l  = 96.9 kNm (OK)
M p  P1   sa  a 
 2  Hence, the section is satisfactory
 3000  Design of Chords
 70.5    500 
 2  Analysis of transverse roof diaphragm chords is
= 70.5 kNm determined by calculation of the diaphragm
simple span moment by the diaphragm depth.
M p  M1 70.5  46.24
As   Vtd  Vtw 108.7  90
fs   d  a  230   2800  500  wdt    6.51 kNm
L 30
= 45.87 mm2 Diaphragm bending moment,
 P1  As f s  n  1.08 w dt  L2 6.51  30 2
   m M diaph  
f sb 8 8
= 732.38 kNm
 2  2 d  
a  534 mm (>500 mm) Axial force in the chords (Figure 12.5),
3
Iterating in similar manner, we get a = 532 mm Tu=Mdiaph/B=745.0/20 = 36.62 kN

Provide 1- 8 mm HYSD bar. Area of reinforcement required,

As=Tu/fs=36.62×103/230×1.33=159 mm2
Area of steel provided is 50 mm2
Provide 2-10 mm dia. bars to resist chord forces.
(ii) Load Case 2 Place the chord bars close to roof diaphragm.

Axial load,
P2=0.67×Pdl=0.67×94 kN = 63 kN T
Wall
Bending moment is given by
Shear
M2= 0.75×Vs×lsa/2
= 0.75×41.82×3.0/2 = 47.04 kNm C

Assume 2 bars are provided at end section.

Effective depth is given by Loading
de= 3.0-0.2 = 2.8 m Figure 12.5: Diaphragm with loading

IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V1.0 Example 9/Page 53