c08VaporPowerSystems.

indd Page 438 7/14/10 7:26:00 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

438 Chapter 8 Vapor Power Systems

cccc EXAMPLE 8.1 c

Analyzing an Ideal Rankine Cycle

Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa and satu-
rated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW.
Determine for the cycle (a) the thermal # efficiency, (b) the back work ratio, (c) the mass flow rate of the steam,
in kg/h, (d) the rate of# heat transfer, Qin , into the working fluid as it passes through the boiler, in MW, (e) the
rate of heat transfer, Qout, from the condensing steam as it passes through the condenser, in MW, (f ) the mass
flow rate of the condenser cooling water, in kg/h, if cooling water enters the condenser at 158C and exits at
358C.

SOLUTION
Known: An ideal Rankine cycle operates with steam as the working fluid. The boiler and condenser pressures
are specified, and the net power output is given.

Find: Determine the thermal efficiency, the back work ratio, the mass flow rate of the steam, in kg/h, the rate
of heat transfer to the working fluid as it passes through the boiler, in MW, the rate of heat transfer from the
condensing steam as it passes through the condenser, in MW, the mass flow rate of the condenser cooling water,
which enters at 158C and exits at 358C.

Schematic and Given Data:

˙ in
Q
p1 =
Boiler 8.0 MPa ˙t
W
Turbine
T
1
Saturated 1
vapor 8.0 MPa
2

Condenser
˙ out
Q
4 0.008 MPa
Pump Cooling
water 3 2
4
s
3
˙p
W Saturated
liquid at 0.008 MPa Fig. E8.1

Engineering Model:
1. Each component of the cycle is analyzed as a control volume at steady state. The control volumes are shown
on the accompanying sketch by dashed lines.
2. All processes of the working fluid are internally reversible.
3. The turbine and pump operate adiabatically.
4. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.
5. Saturated vapor enters the turbine. Condensate exits the condenser as saturated liquid.

➊ Analysis: To begin the analysis, we fix each of the principal states located on the accompanying schematic
and T–s diagrams. Starting at the inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 8.0 MPa and the steam is a saturated
vapor, so from Table A-3, h1 5 2758.0 kJ/kg and s1 5 5.7432 kJ/kg ? K.
c08VaporPowerSystems.indd Page 439 7/12/10 6:59:01 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

8.2 The Rankine Cycle 439

State 2 is fixed by p2 5 0.008 MPa and the fact that the specific entropy is constant for the adiabatic, internally
reversible expansion through the turbine. Using saturated liquid and saturated vapor data from Table A-3, we
find that the quality at state 2 is
s2 2 sf 5.7432 2 0.5926
x2 5 5 5 0.6745
sg 2 sf 7.6361
The enthalpy is then
h2 5 hf 1 x2hfg 5 173.88 1 10.674522403.1
5 1794.8 kJ / kg
State 3 is saturated liquid at 0.008 MPa, so h3 5 173.88 kJ/kg.
State 4 is fixed by the boiler pressure p4 and the specific entropy s4 5 s3. The specific enthalpy h4 can be found
by interpolation in the compressed liquid tables. However, because compressed liquid data are relatively sparse,
it is more convenient to solve Eq. 8.3 for h4, using Eq. 8.7b to approximate the pump work. With this approach
# #
h4 5 h3 1 Wp / m 5 h3 1 y31p4 2 p32
By inserting property values from Table A-3

106 N/ m2 1 kJ
h4 5 173.88 kJ/ kg 1 11.0084 3 1023 m3/ kg218.0 2 0.0082MPa ` ` ` 3 `
1 MPa 10 N ? m
5 173.88 1 8.06 5 181.94 kJ/ kg
(a) The net power developed by the cycle is
# # #
Wcycle 5 Wt 2 Wp
Mass and energy rate balances for control volumes around the turbine and pump give, respectively,
# #
Wt Wp
# 5 h1 2 h2     and     # 5 h4 2 h3
m m
#
where m is the mass flow rate of the steam. The rate of heat transfer to the working fluid as it passes through
the boiler is determined using mass and energy rate balances as
#
Qin
# 5 h1 2 h4
m
The thermal efficiency is then
# #
Wt 2 Wp 1h1 2 h22 2 1h4 2 h32
h5 # 5
Qin h1 2 h4
312758.0 2 1794.82 2 1181.94 2 173.8824 kJ/ kg
5
12758.0 2 181.942 kJ/ kg
5 0.371 137.1%2
(b) The back work ratio is
#
Wp h4 2 h3 1181.94 2 173.882 kJ/ kg
➋ bwr 5 # 5 5
Wt h1 2 h2 12758.0 2 1794.82 kJ/ kg
8.06
5 5 8.37 3 1023 10.84%2
963.2
(c) The mass flow rate of the steam can be obtained from the expression for the net power given in part (a). Thus
#
# Wcycle
m5
1h1 2 h22 2 1h4 2 h32
1100 MW2Z103 kW/ MWZZ3600 s/ hZ
5
1963.2 2 8.062 kJ/ kg
5 3.77 3 105 kg/ h
c08VaporPowerSystems.indd Page 440 7/12/10 6:59:04 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

440 Chapter 8 Vapor Power Systems

#
(d) With the expression for Qin from part (a) and previously determined specific enthalpy values
# #
Qin 5 m1h1 2 h42
13.77 3 105 kg/ h212758.0 2 181.942 kJ/ kg
5
Z3600 s/ hZ Z103 kW/ MWZ
5 269.77 MW
(e) Mass and energy rate balances applied to a control volume enclosing the steam side of the condenser give
# #
Qout 5 m1h2 2 h32
13.77 3 105 kg/ h211794.8 2 173.882 kJ/ kg
5
Z3600 s/ hZ Z103 kW/ MWZ
5 169.75 MW
# #
➌ Note that the ratio
# of Qout to Qin is 0.629 (62.9%).
Alternatively, Qout can be determined from an energy rate balance on the overall vapor power plant. At steady
state, the net power developed equals the net rate of heat transfer to the plant
# # #
Wcycle 5 Qin 2 Qout
Rearranging this expression and inserting values
# # #
Qout 5 Qin 2 Wcycle 5 269.77 MW 2 100 MW 5 169.77 MW
The slight difference from the above value is due to round-off.
(f) Taking a control volume around the condenser, the mass and energy rate balances give at steady state
#0 # 0 # #
0 5 Qcv 2 Wcv 1 mcw1hcw, in 2 hcw, out2 1 m1h2 2 h32
# #
where mcw is the mass flow rate of the cooling water. Solving for mcw
#
# m 1h2 2 h32
mcw 5
1hcw, out 2 hcw,in2
The numerator in this expression is evaluated in part (e). For the cooling water, h < hf1T2, so with saturated
liquid enthalpy values from Table A-2 at the entering and exiting temperatures of the cooling water
1169.75 MW2 0103 kW/ MW 0 03600 s / h 0
5 7.3 3 106 kg/ h
#
mcw 5
1146.68 2 62.992 kJ/ kg

➊ Note that a slightly revised problem-solving methodology is used in this

example problem: We begin with a systematic evaluation of the specific ✓ Skills Developed
enthalpy at each numbered state. Ability to…
➋ Note that the back work ratio is relatively low for the Rankine cycle. In the ❑ sketch the T–s diagram of
present case, the work required to operate the pump is less than 1% of the the basic Rankine cycle.
turbine output. ❑ fix each of the principal
states and retrieve
➌ In this example, 62.9% of the energy added to the working fluid by heat necessary property data.
transfer is subsequently discharged to the cooling water. Although consider-
❑ apply mass and energy
able energy is carried away by the cooling water, its exergy is small because balances.
the water exits at a temperature only a few degrees greater than that of the
❑ calculate performance
surroundings. See Sec. 8.6 for further discussion. parameters for the cycle.

If the mass flow rate of steam were 150 kg/s, what would be the
net power, in MW, and the thermal efficiency? Ans. 143.2 MW, 37.1%.