Marine biodiversity at the SEAFDEC/AQD research

stations in Iloilo and Guimaras, Philippines

Bagarinao, Teodora Uy
Date published: 2015

To cite this document : Bagarinao, T. U. (2015). Marine biodiversity at the SEAFDEC/AQD research
stations in Iloilo and Guimaras, Philippines. In M. R. R. Romana-Eguia, F. D. Parado-Estepa, N. D.
Salayo, &M. J. H. Lebata-Ramos (Eds.), Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture
Practices in Southeast Asia: Challenges in Responsible Production of Aquatic Species:
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable
Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014 (RESA) (pp. 261-281). Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines:
Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.

Keywords : Biological surveys, Fishery institutions, Environmental impact, Biodiversity, Check

lists, Aquaculture, Sustainability, Brackishwater aquaculture, Community composition, Species
diversity, Cage culture, Culture effects, Marine organisms, Marine aquaculture, Species
inventories, Biodiversity, Sustainability, Philippines

To link to this document : http://hdl.handle.net/10862/2782

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Library & Data Banking Services Section | Training & Information Division
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Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021 Philippines | Tel: (63-33) 330 7088, (63-33) 330 7000 loc 1340 | Fax: (63-33) 330 7088
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 PROCEEDINGS | International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014

Marine Biodiversity at the SEAFDEC/AQD Research Stations in Iloilo and

Guimaras, Philippines

Teodora Uy Bagarinao

Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture Department (SEAFDEC/AQD), Tigbauan

5021, Iloilo, Philippines
[email protected]

Abstract
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Species inventories were recently made in and around the research stations of the SEAFDEC
Aquaculture Department to facilitate subsequent monitoring. AQD’s Tigbauan Main Station
(TMS, since 1973) faces the deep open waters of the Panay Gulf and Sulu Sea and is flanked by
densely populated fishing villages operating nearshore fish corrals, gillnets, longlines, and beach
seines. In 2013–2014, sampling at the sand-gravel intertidal and monitoring of the catch of the
various gears showed at least 579 species from 213 families, including 252 species of fishes, 228
mollusks, 48 crustaceans, 12 cnidarians, 9 echinoderms, 16 seaweeds, sea turtles, and sea snakes
inhabiting the nearshore areas off TMS. Any adverse effect of the TMS hatcheries and laboratories
is difficult to discern on top of the continuous intense fishing and habitat disturbance. AQD’s
Igang Marine Station (IMS, since 1980) is in a cove under the rocky cliffs of southern Guimaras,
behind several islands facing the Panay Gulf and Sulu Sea. IMS includes 40 ha of seagrass beds
and sandflats around five rocky islets and two 6–12 m deep basins where broodstock and grow-
out cages are moored. IMS is flanked by many fish corrals operated by fishers who live in villages
in nearby coves. Fishers on outrigger boats also use gillnets and spears, and others glean for
mollusks and echinoderms inside IMS. In 2011–2012, some 786 species in 261 families were
collected or photographed at IMS, including 74 species of fishes, 40 crustaceans, 391 mollusks,
44 echinoderms, 87 cnidarians, 47 poriferans, 24 ascidians, and 12 bryozoans, and sea snakes
living among 48 seaweeds and 4 seagrasses. Biodiversity at IMS seems high despite 35 years of
operation of the fish cages and the continuous fishing, gleaning, and boating by the locals. Several
species of filter-feeding invertebrates grew on the cage nets and platforms but were not found in
the natural habitats. The cages provide additional attachment surfaces for many species; these
biofoulants presumably reduce water flow into the cages but they also remove nutrients and
particulate wastes and help maintain good water quality. Nevertheless, siltation is evident under
the cliffs inside the cove, and the sandflats may be expanding over the seagrass beds. AQD’s 16-
ha Dumangas Brackishwater Station (DBS, since 1998) is flanked by freshwater Talaugis River,
by hundreds of hectares of mangrove-derived fish ponds, and by Pulao Creek and an extensive
mudflat with fringing mangroves at the northeastern end of Iloilo Strait. In 2009–2010, 16 ponds
with water areas from 0.5 to 0.9 ha were sampled during harvest of the experimental crops. At
least 90 species of non-crop fishes lived in the DBS ponds, along with 35 crustaceans, 60 mollusks,
three echinoderms, two cnidarians, and a water snake. The snails Cerithideopsilla spp., Cerithium
coralium, and Batillaria spp. were very abundant in the ponds. Almost all the same species in the
ponds, plus many others, were found in the adjoining fringing mangroves with ~10 species of
trees. The ponds serve as proxy for mangrove lagoons that harbor the young of migratory fishes as
well as all life stages of resident species. Several non-crop species inside the IMS cages and the DBS

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 Contributed Papers

ponds are harvested by the pond workers and contribute to nutrition and income. Aquaculture
farms should be managed for high biodiversity to ensure sustainability. Ways are suggested for
SEAFDEC/AQD to do so at its aquaculture research stations.

Keywords: species inventories, biodiversity, sustainability

Introduction even belatedly, species inventories were

conducted at the three research stations of
Marine resources and ecosystems must the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department
be adequately studied and known to be in Tigbauan and Dumangas, Iloilo, and in
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sustainably used. Such knowledge has been Igang, Guimaras.

generally taken for granted or overlooked
by aquaculture practitioners and even Materials and Methods
research institutions. Partly as a result
of such historical oversight, aquaculture Species inventory at Tigbauan Main Station
has been chastised both in the scientific
literature and by the media for a wide SEAFDEC/AQD’s Tigbauan Main
range of environmental and social impacts, Station (TMS, since 1973) in Buyuan,
including (i) pollution (uneaten feeds, Tigbauan, Iloilo, faces the deep open
excreta, silt, pathogens, debris, nitrogen waters of the Panay Gulf and further to
and phosphorus); (ii) the fish meal trap; the west and south, the Sulu Sea (Figure
(iii) loss of biodiversity; and (iv) poor 1) and is flanked by densely populated
people becoming poorer (Primavera, 1993; fishing villages. The TMS beach front is
Phillips, 1995; Naylor et al., 1998, 2000; ~540 m long, with black sand and gravel,
Holmer et al., 2002). the high tide debris line ~5–10 m from
the water line at lowest low tide, the beach
Loss of biodiversity due to aquaculture slope ~30–40° (Figure 2). In 2013, the
has been widely assumed but not much sand-gravel intertidal fronting TMS and
documented in the Philippines, except eastward to Buyuan Creek was surveyed
the reduction of the mangrove area from several times during daytime negative low
418,000 ha to 117,000 ha as pond area tides and all attached species (e.g. seaweeds,
increased from 73,000 ha to 261,000 ha sea anemones) and stranded species (e.g.,
between 1950 and 1995 (Bagarinao, 1998, seaweeds, opisthobranchs, jellyfish) were
1999). Indeed, that species have been and photographed and recorded, and the
are lost due to aquaculture? For many unfamiliar specimens preserved in formalin.
aquaculture areas, the baseline species Buried species were not included (not
composition in nearby natural aquatic dug out). Empty but intact mollusk shells
habitats has not been studied, and the and echinoderm testa found at the beach
later (current) species composition has were included and considered as those of
yet to be studied. To address such neglect Tigbauan resident species.

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 PROCEEDINGS | International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014

Figure 1. Google Earth view of the three

aquaculture research stations of the
SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department in
Panay and Guimaras Islands in Central
Philippines: TMS, Tigbauan Main
Station; DBS, Dumangas Brackishwater
Station; IMS, Igang Marine Station. Panay
Gulf opens into the Sulu Sea to the west
and south.
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Figure 2. SEAFDEC/AQD’s Tigbauan Main Station. A. Aerial view circa 1996, showing the seawall
jetties traversing the beach and the effluent pipes emptying onto the beach as creeks and puddles;
B. Some of the hatcheries and two seawater reservoirs, circa 1996; C. View of the TMS beach
and nearshore area in 2014. Visible in all three photos are the nearshore fish corrals, the current
versions of which were sampled in 2013-2014.

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 Contributed Papers

In March–April 2013 and February– behind several islands facing the Panay Gulf
March 2014, the catch of two fish corrals and the northern Sulu Sea (Figure 1). Cages
(locally known as ‘punot’ and ‘tangkop’), for milkfish were set up at a marine cove in
3–4 gill nets (‘pukot’), 2–3 beach seines Igang about 1980 and a 50 ha marine cove
(‘sahid’), 1–2 longlines (‘labay’), and a big with islets was reserved for SEAFDEC about
fish basket (‘bubo’) operated nearshore 1986. IMS includes 40 ha of seagrass beds
off Buyuan village were monitored in and sandflats around five rocky islets and
the early morning and sometimes in two 6–12 m deep basins where broodstock
the late afternoon when the catch was and grow-out cages are moored (Figure 3).
landed. All species landed were examined In 2003, the Igang Mariculture Park (IMP)
and photographed and specimens of was established to anchor commercial
the unwanted species were preserved in marine cages of private operators. IMS is
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formalin. The species caught by fishing flanked by many fish corrals operated by
gears were wide-ranging but entered fishers who live in villages in nearby coves.
Tigbauan and TMS waters presumably in Fishers on outrigger boats also use gill nets
the course of foraging and migration. and spears inside IMS, and gleaners walk
around the seagrass beds exposed during
Species inventory at Igang Marine Station negative low tides. Motorized outrigger
boats carrying IMS personnel and goods,
SEAFDEC/AQD’s Igang Marine Station and now also tourists, traverse the IMS
(IMS, since 1980) is in a cove surrounded habitats every day.
by the rocky cliffs of southern Guimaras,

Figure.3. SEAFDEC/AQD’s Igang

Marine Station. A. Google Earth view
taken in February 2015, showing the
five rocky islets, the seagrass bed, the
sandflat, coral bed, and the 6–12 m deep
basins for broodstock cages near Islet 9,
and growout cages near Islet 6; B. Aerial
view looking south, circa 2000, showing
the different habitats and the cage basins
looking much the same as today. Both
photos show some of the 50 or so fish
corrals that local fishers operate within
200 m of IMS.

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 PROCEEDINGS | International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014

Several visits were made to IMS during Species inventory at Dumangas

the northeast monsoon months between Brackishwater Station
September and June in 2010–2012 when
the calm weather and the daytime negative SEAFDEC/AQD’s 16-ha Dumangas
low tides allowed field work around the Brackishwater Station (DBS, since 1998)
station, particularly the intertidal around is flanked west by the freshwater Talaugis
the five rocky islets and the connecting River, north and south by hundreds of
seagrass beds, sand flats, and silty coves. All hectares of mangrove-derived fish ponds,
attached marine plants and invertebrates and east by Pulao Creek and an extensive
and all species living among them were mudflat with fringing mangroves at the
examined closely and photographed. northern end of Iloilo Strait (Figure 1,
Buried species were not dug out. All empty Figure 4). The 16 DBS ponds (with water
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but intact mollusk shells and echinoderm areas from 0.5 to 0.9 ha) are used in
testa found inside IMS were considered as technology verification experiments and
those of resident species. The aquaculture production runs (Baliao et al., 1998; Coniza
platforms and nets were examined for et al., 2010; Jamerlan and Coloso, 2010;
attached species, and the fishes inside and Madrones-Ladja et al., 2012; Jamerlan et
outside the fish cages were recorded and al., 2014). In 2009–2010, all ponds were
photographed during harvest of farmed sampled during harvest of the experimental
milkfish and seabass under AQD-approved crops when the ponds were totally drained.
projects. Whenever gillnetters, spear Bycatch species were collected, identified,
fishers, and gleaners were found operating and enumerated fully.
inside IMS, their catch was also recorded
and photographed.

Figure 4. SEAFDEC/AQD’s Dumangas

Brackishwater Station, Google Earth
views taken 2014. A. DBS (in the white
rectangle) lies in the midst of large tracts
of fishponds derived from mangrove
land, with Talauguis River at the west
end and Pulao Creek to the northeast;
B. The 16 experimental ponds (several
subdivided for replicates), with the
mangrove greenbelt at the east end.

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 Contributed Papers

DBS has a mangrove greenbelt (30 m Results and Discussion

wide x 180 m long) fronting, but separated
by a high concrete dike from Pulao Creek, Biodiversity nearshore off Tigbauan Main
and subdivided into one large and six small Station
compartments by concrete fences for a past
experiment. The mangroves and mollusks The TMS shore and the adjoining
in the DBS greenbelt were documented in Buyuan shore (about 1 km long) is
October 2009. In addition, a local fisher was depauperate in intertidal flora and fauna,
hired to set a tidal enclosure net (‘pahubas’)compared to Igang Marine Station
outside the DBS greenbelt in October 2010, and Dumangas Brackishwater Station.
and all the fishes and crustaceans that were No seagrasses, no corals, no attached
caught were photographed and identified. invertebrates, but seasonal seaweeds, and
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seasonal strandings of sea hares, jellyfishes,

Identification of species salps, and other pelagic invertebrates.
This is mainly because the seabed off
For identification of the commercially TMS is unconsolidated gravel and
important fishes, crustaceans, and mollusks, sand and provides limited and unstable
the main reference was the six-volume FAO habitat surfaces and crevices for flora and
Species Identification Guide for Fishery fauna. Also, the rough weather during
Purposes, West Central Pacific (Carpenter the southwest monsoon overturns the
and Niem, 1998a, 1998b; 1999a, 1999b; seabed and disrupts life cycles. However,
2001a, 2001b). Other taxonomic references the intensive fishing during the northeast
include Masuda et al. (1984), Kuiter (1992), monsoon brings to shore so many species
Rainboth (1996), Kimura and Matsuura of fishes, cephalopods, and crustaceans.
(2003), Matsuura and Kimura (2005), In 2013–2014, some 579 species from
Yoshida et al. (2013) for fishes; Springsteen 213 families in major marine taxa were
and Leobrera (1986), Okutani (2004), collected, photographed, and inventoried,
and Poppe (2008a, 2008b; 2010, 2011) for including 252 species of fishes, 228 species
mollusks; Schoppe (2000) for echinoderms; of mollusks, and 48 species of crustaceans
Colin and Arneson (1995), Richmond (Table 1). More species could be expected
(1997) for invertebrates; Trono (1997), with continued sampling at other times of
Calumpong and Menez (1997) for seaweeds; the year; if the infauna were included; if the
and Primavera et al. (2004) for mangroves. microscopic species were sampled; and if
Also useful were pictorial accounts of the subtidal was surveyed underwater.
marine biodiversity in the Philippines and
the South China Sea (Chou and Alino, 1996; This study is the first documentation
Allen, 1998, 2000; White, 2001). Many of the marine biodiversity off Tigbauan,
species of sponges, bryozoans, and tunicates Iloilo in southern Panay, Philippines. This
could not be identified to scientific names. southern coast has had many notable
Marine botanist Lawrence Liao identified megafauna visitors, many of which have
the unfamiliar seaweeds, carcinologist been documented by SEAFDEC FishWorld
Jose Christopher Mendoza identified the since 2000: five species of sea turtles
unfamiliar crabs, and ichthyologist Helen (Bagarinao et al., 2010; Bagarinao, 2011),
Larson provided advice with the unfamiliar the sunfish Mola mola, the whale shark
gobies.

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 PROCEEDINGS | International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014

Table 1. Biodiversity in the nearshore areas fronting the Tigbauan Main Station, Iloilo, Philippines, 2013–2014.

Phylum Class/Order Families Species Representative species

Chordata Selachei 3 3 Rhincodon typus, Odontaspis ferox

Batoidei 2 3 Mobula kuhli, Pteroplatytrygon violacea

Osteichthyes 80 246 Carangoides spp., Lutjanus spp., Nemipterus

spp., Upeneus spp., Arothron spp., Mola
mola
Reptilia 2 7 Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata,
Lepidochelys olivacea, Hydrophis spp.
Urochordata 2 3 Thalia, Doliolum, Tethys
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Ascidiacea 1 1 Pyrosoma

Crustaceans Penaeidea 2 7 Acetes spp., Penaeus spp.

Brachyura 13 28 Portunus spp., Calappa spp.

Anomura 3 3 Coenobita violascens

Palinura 1 3 Panulirus versicolor, P. ornatus

Stomatopoda 1 1 Harpiosquilla harpax

Thalassinidea 1 1 Thalassina anomala

Cirripedia 4 4 Balanus amphitrite, Tetraclita squamosal

Isopoda 1 1 Ligia exotica

Mollusks Gastropoda 38 122 Harpa major, Aplysia spp., Cypraea spp.

Bivalvia 23 96 Placuna placenta, Alectryonella plicatula

Cephalopoda 6 10 Octopus spp., Sepia spp., Photololigo spp.

Cnidarians Anthozoa 4 6 Stichodactyla haddoni, Aiptasia diaphana

Scyphozoa 5 5 Aurelia aurita, Cassiopea medusa

Hydrozoa 1 1 Plumaria sp.

Annelids Polychaeta 2 2 Marphysa sp., Eunice sp.

Sipuncula 1 1 Chloeosiphon aspergillus

Echinoderms Asteroidea 3 3 Astropecten monacanthus

Echinoidea 3 3 Astropyga radiate

Holothuroidea 1 1 Opheodesoma serpentine

Ophiuroidea 2 2 Ophionereis sp., Ophiactis sp.

Plantae Chlorophyceae 3 10 Ulva=Enteromorpha spp., Acetabularia sp.

Phaeophyceae 4 5 Dictyota ceylanica, Rosenvingea intricate

Rhodophyceae 1 1 Hypnea spinella

All 213 579

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 Contributed Papers

Rhincodon typus, the tiger shark Galeocerdo consumed by corresponding swarms of

cuvier, and the dwarf sperm whale Kogia sea hares (Aplysia spp., Bursatella leachii,
sima (Bagarinao, unpublished data). The etc., collectively called by the local term
fishing gears also brought in small deep- ‘kalamputay’) that leave behind a huge
sea fishes: the lanternfish Benthosema volume of egg masses. Biological pollution
pterotum, the barracudina Lestidium, and by TMS is undeniable, but the current level
the snaggletooth Astronesthes lucifer. The of enrichment seems to be within carrying
lionfishes Pterois spp., the puffers Arothron capacity, and adds to the food supply
spp., and the sea anemone Stichodactyla without diminishing the oxygen supply.
haddoni and its commensal Amphiprion It is fortunate that TMS is located on an
polymnus were quite common nearshore off open coast with relatively steep slope and
TMS. strong tidal currents from the Panay Gulf
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and the Sulu Sea. The pollutants from TMS

Above all, the commercial fishes apparently are quickly diluted and broken
were very diverse in species, sizes, and down.
value—sharks, rays, eels, sardines, mullets,
needlefishes, groupers, snappers, threadfins, TMS broodstock tanks, plankton
slipmouths, jacks, round scads, goatfishes, tanks, and hatcheries have increased over
barracudas, mackerels, and the occasional the years and have multiplied in seawater
sailfish Istiophorus platypterus and milkfish requirements. All this sea water passes
Chanos chanos. Cephalopods, crabs, through sand filters and is stripped of
and large shrimps made up a small part particulates including the larvae and
of the catch, but included many species. juveniles of countless marine species. The
Moreover, the TMS and Buyuan beaches sand filters are effective (except during
had a high complement of gastropod and the stormy months) and very few marine
bivalve shells, many of them intact and species (sea anemone Aiptasia diaphana,
indicative of live animals nearshore. green seaweeds Ulva spp.) can be found in
the drain canals inside TMS. Many species
The TMS tanks discharge large volumes (barnacles, sponges, crabs, hydrozoans, even
of seawater laden with uneaten plankton, the black coral Antipathes sp., etc.) grow on
wasted feeds, as well as feces and other the screens of the seawater intake pipes and
metabolites of the hatchery species (and have to be regularly removed.
rarely, bacteria and viruses from diseased
stocks). This polluted sea water goes Any adverse effect of the TMS
through a maze of drain pipes and canals hatcheries and laboratories is difficult to
onto the TMS beach. The AQD laboratories, discern on top of the continuous intense
restrooms, and housing complex also fishing and habitat disturbance. So many
discharge large volumes of fresh water nearshore species are harvested every
laden with various chemicals and sewage day from the water column and from the
into drain canals that mostly open onto bottom by various and numerous fishing
the beach as well. Seasonal blooms of gears. It is estimated that the resident
the green seaweeds Ulva=Enteromorpha fishers in Buyuan harvest from the 1 km
and Chaetomorpha occur at the TMS and coast an average of ~500 kg of fishery
Buyuan beaches during the calm water products every day during the northeast
months, but these have been rapidly monsoon period (October–May), but a lot

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 PROCEEDINGS | International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014

less during the southwest monsoon when corals, sponges, sea squirts, and oysters lived
the fish corrals can not operate. Such a variety of mobile echinoderms, snails,
high level of extraction of fishes, shrimps, jellyfish, small fishes, and sea snakes—in
and cephalopods is detrimental to the a colorful albeit often turbid aquatic forest
marine ecosystem. Nearshore fishing only a few meters deep. Larger fishes come
gears use fine-mesh nets to catch the small in with the high tides, and the sunfish Mola
sergested shrimps Acetes spp. (‘hipon’ or mola, the sea turtles Chelonia mydas and
‘alamang’) and anchovy Stolephorus spp. Eretmochelys imbricata, and the dugong
larvae (‘lobolobo’), but they also catch Dugong dugon occasionally strayed into the
large amounts of other small animals of no IMS cove. Artificially reseeded giant clams
commercial value but of great ecological Tridacna gigas have grown large in the IMS
importance (e.g., as prey for complex sandflat.
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food webs). Several species of small crabs

as well as swarming sea hares were not Table 2 includes only those that were
eaten but thrown out of the water to readily seen when walking around the
prevent entanglement in fishing nets and station during daytime low tides, and none
interference in seining. Yet, the fisheries of the microscopic species, nor the infauna,
sector has not been sufficiently criticized nor the subtidal coral terrace. Presumably
or regulated for this wanton waste of missing in the inventory were the species
biodiversity. that came into the station only during high
tides, or at night, or during the southwest
Biodiversity in the seagrass beds, rocky islets, monsoon months between June and
and sandflat at Igang Marine Station September. Certainly more species could be
found at IMS if sampling is continued. The
In 2011–2012, some 786 species in 261 IMS species inventory adds information on
families were collected or photographed the marine biodiversity in Guimaras, which
at IMS, including 74 species of fishes, 40 has been studied in part by the University of
crustaceans, 391 mollusks, 44 echinoderms, the Philippines-Visayas. IMS has many of
87 cnidarians, 47 poriferans, and 24 the same species photographed in the wild
ascidians (Table 2). Different species by Kuiter (1992), Colin and Arneson (1995),
combinations were found in the varied Allen (1998, 2000), and White (2001), but
habitats — seagrass beds, rocky bases of the IMS specimens did not look as clean
the islets, sand flats, silty-muddy inner and healthy.
cove, cage netting, and cage platforms
(plastic drums floats, bamboo frames). Biological pollution by IMS —from
Most invertebrates and seaweeds growing fish excreta, uneaten feeds, and occasional
on the net cages and platforms were also diseases— is undeniable. The fish cages
found in the natural habitats, but some also probably impede water flow around
were not. IMS has a very different species the seagrass beds and sandflat and into the
composition than TMS although some inner cove from Islet 5. The seagrass beds
species occurred in both stations. More are heavily silted and turbid, the sandflat
benthic species occurred at IMS because may have expanded, and the inner cove and
of the protected cove environment, varied cliff sides are deep in mud. Still, the IMS
habitat types, and the stable substrates. species count (Table 2) seems high despite
Among the attached seaweeds, seagrasses, 35 years of operation of the aquaculture

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 Contributed Papers

Table 2. Biodiversity in the seagrass beds, sandflats, and rocky islets at Igang Marine Station, Guimaras,
Philippines, 2011–2012.
Phylum Class Families Species Representative species
Chordata Osteichthyes 37 74 Pterois spp., Canthigaster spp., Siganus spp., Apogon
spp., Aeoliscus strigatus, Mola mola
Reptilia 2 3 Chelonibia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, Hydrophis
cyanocinctus
Mammalia 1 1 Dugong dugon
Ascidiacea 7 24 Oxycorynia fascicularis, Didemnum spp.
Porifera Demospongiae 25 47 Spheciospongia vagabundus, Xestospongia exigua, Adocia
viola, Theonella, Haliclona
Cnidarians Anthozoa 27 75 Dendronephthya spp., Sarcophyton spp., Cerianthus
spp., Heteractis crispa, Acropora spp., Goniopora spp.,
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Fungia spp.
Scyphozoa 4 5 Versuriga anadyomene; Cassiopea andromeda
Hydrozoa 5 7 Millepora spp., Plumularia sp.
Annelida Polychaeta 6 7 Sabella spp., Reteterrebella sp.
Platyhelminthes Turbellaria 1 2 Pseudoceros sp., Pseudobiceros sp.
Crustaceans Penaeidea 1 2 Penaeus semisulcatus
Stenopodidea 1 1 Stenopus hispidus
Caridea 2 6 Lysmata amboinensis, Alphaeus spp.
Brachyura 9 16 Pilumnus vespertilio, Lissocarcinus orbicularis
Anomura 1 8 Diogenes megistos, Calcinus laevimanus
Palinura 1 1 Panulirus ornatus
Stomatopoda 1 1 Nanosquilla sp.
Cirripedia 5 5 Balanus amphitrite, Tetraclita squamosa
Mollusca Bivalvia 27 140 Tridacna gigas, Malleus malleus, Atrina vexillum,
Trachycardium rugosum
Gastropoda 50 244 Conus spp., Cypraea spp., Cymatium spp., Nassarius
spp., Cerithium spp., Morula spp.
Cephalopoda 2 5 Octopus spp., Sepioteuthis lessoniana
Polyplacophora 1 2 Acanthopleura spinosa, A. gemmata
Echinodermata Asteroidea 5 10 Protoreaster nodosus, Culcita novaeguineae
Echinoidea 7 16 Toxopneustes pileolus, Diadema setosum
Holothuroidea 2 10 Pearsonothuria graeffei
Crinoidea 1 6 Comanthus alternans
Ophiuroidea 1 2 Ophiocoma scolopendrina
Bryozoa 8 12 Schizoporella serialis, Stylopoma, Zoobotryon
Hemichordata Enteropneusta 1 1 Balanoglossus sp.
Plantae Chlorophyceae 8 23 Caulerpa spp., Halimeda spp., Codium spp.,
Ulva=Enteromorpha spp., Neomeris vanbossae
Phaeophyceae 3 9 Padina spp., Dictyota spp., Turbinaria spp., Sargassum
spp., Colpomenia sinuosa
Rhodophyceae 6 16 Gracilaria spp., Halymenia spp., Acanthophora spp.,
Amphiroa spp., Sporolithon spp.
Angiospermae 3 5 Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides, Halophila
ovalis, Rhizophora mucronata
All 261 786

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 PROCEEDINGS | International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014

cages, and despite continuous fishing and observed. The biofoulants impede water
gleaning by the local villagers since long flow into the cages but they also help
before IMS. But most species occurred in maintain good water quality. Before the
low densities, and many were found singly nets are fouled, small fishes continually go
or just once. Some species occasionally in and out of the cages and partake of the
or seasonally became abundant—e.g., the feeds given to the crop species. Some of
horned sea star Protoreaster nodosus, the these fish stay and grow in the cages with
black sea urchin Diadema setosum, and the the farm crop.
edible sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (which
was avidly harvested). Such population Cages that are kept in the water
explosions may have been responses to sea- long enough often yield a wide variety
grass and seaweed blooms due to nutrient of extraneous species, most of them
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enrichment from the cages, or just natural small, many of them edible, many others
fluctuations. ornamental, and all of them contributors to
farm sustainability and ecosystem balance.
Several species of sponges, barnacles, Some of the extraneous fishes are harvested
bryozoans, ascidians, and oysters not with the farmed fishes, and are in effect
found in the natural habitats were found cage bycatch. Some bycatch are eaten by
growing on the net cages and platforms the cage workers, but many are too small
as biofoulants. Cage structures evidently or toxic and just left to die when nets are
provided additional surfaces for settlement removed from the water. In addition, all
of seaweed spores and planktonic larvae of attached species die when cages, floats, and
many invertebrates that otherwise could associated structures are taken out of the
not find space or food in the adjoining water as part of farm management. This
natural habitats. Cage aquaculture adds practice can be changed. For cage farms
structural substrate, food items, and refuge to contribute to biodiversity, extraneous
for a variety of species, and can enhance species (if not big enough for eating)
biodiversity in the marine habitats it should not be left high and dry to die.
occupies. Eggs and larvae of all sorts of Instead they can be thrown alive overboard
organisms are always in the water ready or scraped off fresh and deposited onto
to get into the cages and attach to the nets denuded sandflats, seagrass beds, rocky
and supporting structures. Over time, these shores, or mudflats, where they may
extraneous organisms grow, go through reattach and survive.
community succession, and interact with
the farmed species in various ways. The On top of the biological pollution and
seaweeds that grow on the cages absorb siltation, gross carelessness by fishers,
nitrogen and phosphorus from the fish gleaners, and boatmen has seriously
feeds and wastes, and provide food for damaged the IMS habitats. Local fishers
grazing snails and crabs. The biofoulant including IMS personnel walk on the
filter-feeding invertebrates remove the seagrass beds during negative low tide to
particulates (feeds, feces, plankton) from harvest edible bivalves, gastropods, and
the cage. The older the cages, greater sea urchins. Seagrasses and seaweeds are
fouling is noted. The greater the biodiversity trampled, corals and sponges are broken,
there is and the more effective the biological sediment is dug up, rocks are turned over,
recycling, the less outward pollution is and the resident flora and fauna displaced

).(
 Contributed Papers

and driven to a marginal existence in turbid The DBS ponds also harbored 6 species
water. Every day, the IMS service boat of penaeid shrimps, 4 palaemonids, 6
and several tourist boats traverse the IMS portunid crabs, and 4 grapsids (Table 3).
seagrass beds, sandflat, and coral beds, Only the smaller Macrobrachium species
causing further damage. Thirty-five years were found at DBS, and no M. rosenbergii.
on, it is time for the IMS habitats to be Some volume of Varuna litterata was
rehabilitated or protected in some way. obtained as bycatch from nearly all ponds,
and a surprising crop of naturally seeded
Biodiversity in the ponds and mangroves at Portunus pelagicus was harvested from one
Dumangas Brackishwater Station pond. The small shrimp Acetes erythraeus
and the mysid Prosopodopsis orientalis were
At least 312 species in 117 families were sometimes very abundant in some ponds.
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found at DBS, 210 species in the ponds plus Burrowing crabs like Neosarmatium spp.
102 more in the mangrove greenbelt (Table weaken earthen dikes. Many other small
3). Some 90 species of fishes and 35 species crabs (Episesarma spp., Uca spp., etc.)
of crustaceans lived in the ponds along with were common in the main canals and the
60 mollusks, only 10 of these crop species mangrove greenbelt, but rare inside the
and the others naturally seeded by the tides. ponds.
Sixteen species of mangrove gobies and
sleepers resided in the ponds. Three gobies Mollusks in the DBS ponds included
often became very abundant: Acentrogobius 38 species of bivalves and 22 species
viganensis, Pseudogobius javanicus, and of gastropods (Table 3). The oysters
Mugilogobius cavifrons, collectively called Saccostrea spp. and Crassostrea spp. were
in the local dialect as ‘dalodalo’. Two others a voluminous edible bycatch, and the
were common: Acentrogobius janthinopterus snails Cerithidea cingulata, Cerithium
and the almost transparent Gobiopterus coralium, and Batillaria multiformis were
panayensis. The ‘bagtis’ or Glossogobius very abundant and considered pests. In the
aureus was not abundant but grew larger mangrove greenbelt were found several
and was prized as food by the pond workers. mollusks not found in the ponds. On
Another mangrove resident, the larva-like both tree trunks and concrete walls clung
priapiumfish Neostethus amaricola was the holed oyster Enigmonia aenigmatica,
found in some fish ponds in small schools. the coffee murex Chicoreus capucinus,
The pond bycatch also included juveniles of the delicate Cerithidea quadrata, the
several species of commercial fishes (Elops black-blotched Nerita planospira, and
hawaiiensis, Eleutheronema tetradactylum, the pulmonates Cassidula mustelina,
mullets, jacks, slipmouths, mojarras), forage Onchidium sp., and Peronia sp. On
species (Ambassis spp.), and the large eels the leaves were glued the periwinkles
Muraenesox cinereus and Pisodonophis Littoraria spp., and in the mud and on
cancrivorus. The tilapia Oreochromis the roots crawled the orange bead snail
mossambicus and the mosquitofish Sphaerassiminea minuta.
Gambusia affinis were found in the ponds
but not in the mangroves outside.

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 PROCEEDINGS | International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014

Table 3. Biodiversity in the ponds and mangroves at Dumangas Brackishwater Station, Iloilo,
Philippines, 2009–2010.

Phylum Class/Order Families Species Representative species

Chordata Osteichthyes 43+7 90+34 Elops hawaiiensis, Acentrogobius spp.,
Gobiopterus panayensis, Neostethus
amaricola
Reptilia 1 1 Cerberus rhynchops

Crustacea Penaeidea 2 7 Penaeus spp., Metapeneus spp., Acetes

erythraeus
Caridea 2 6 Macrobrachium spp., Nematopalaemon
tenuipes
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Brachyura 3+1 10+16 Thalamita crenata, Varuna litterata, Uca

spp.
Anomura 1 3 Clibanarius spp.

Stomatopoda 1 3 Chloridopsis scorpio, Oratosquilla

gravieri
Thalassinidea 1 1 Thalassina anomala

Mysida 1 1 Mesopodopsis orientalis

Cirripedia 3 4 Balanus Amphitrite

Mollusca Bivalvia 14+5 38+31 Crassostrea belcheri, Saccostrea

cucculata, Enigmonia aenigmatica,
Isognomon spp.
Gastropoda 7+6 22+21 Cerithidea spp., Cerithium coralium,
Telescopium telescopium, Littoraria spp.,
Chicoreus capucinus, Sphaerassiminea
minuta, Nerita planospira
Cnidaria Scyphozoa 2 2 Cassiopea medusa

Annelidae Polychaeta 2 3 Capitella capitata

Brachiopoda 1 1 Lingula ungguis

Echinodermata Holothuroidea 1 1 Holothuria coluber

Echinoidea 2 2 Diadema setosum

Plantae Angiospermae 8 10 Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba,

Rhizophora spp.
Chlorophyceae 1 3 Enteromorpha=Ulva, Chaetomorpha

Rhodophyceae 2 2 Gracilaria spp., Catenella caespitosa

All 97+20 210+102

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 Contributed Papers

Thus, the DBS ponds and mangroves stations cum aquaculture farms full of life,
are still biodiverse systems, despite non-destructive, and sustainable.
intended monoculture for many years and
in contrast to the general perception that SEAFDEC/AQD does not know
aquaculture causes loss of biodiversity. what biodiversity has been lost due to its
Herre and Mendoza (1929) recorded aquaculture operations because there had
40 species of fishes, 20 crustaceans, and been no species inventories done at its
several snakes and birds in milkfish research stations before 2009. Now we have
ponds in the Philippines in the 1920s. a good idea of the present biodiversity, and
Brackishwater ponds are evidently leaky, we have baseline species inventories as of
even the better ones like those at DBS, 2008–2014 on which future monitoring
and the young of many mangrove animals can be compared. The main difficulty
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find their way into ponds, survive, with biodiversity monitoring is the fact
and grow despite net screens, liming, that TMS, IMS, and DBS, as well as other
ammonium sulfate or teaseed treatment, aquaculture farms, are sited in multi-use
and chlorination. Despite the absence of water bodies and the effect of aquaculture
mangrove trees, and as long as tidal water on biodiversity is difficult to discern over
flow is maintained, ponds act as proxy the effects of fisheries, boating, settlements,
mangrove lagoons that harbor the young of and other uses.
migratory fishes as well as all life stages of
resident species. Next steps

Several bycatch species were eaten 1. Voucher specimens of the species from
or sold by the pond workers, but the TMS, IMS, and DBS should be properly
small and abundant gobies were often documented and deposited in the AQD
used to feed crabs and carnivorous fishes Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity. If
stocked in the ponds. Indeed, ways should physical specimens can not be obtained,
be developed to manage gate screens, then at least good photographs.
water supply, soil preparation, and crop
species to maintain a biologically diverse, 2. A permanent exhibit of the marine
balanced, healthy pond environment, biodiversity at TMS, IMS, and
produce an extra crop of bycatch species, DBS should be set up at SEAFDEC
and improve farm economics. FishWorld for the science and
environment education of the Filipino
Conclusion and recommendations (Sambayanang Pilipino)

As part of the implementation of the 3. The TMS, IMS, and DBS species
SEAFDEC-sponsored Regional Code inventories and photographs should be
of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, published as hardcopy books, digital
greater conscious effort must be applied books, and online databases. These
towards managing aquaculture farms for books will serve three purposes:
high biodiversity and low pollution. This
study provides some of the biodiversity • For SEAFDEC/AQD to use in
information needed to formulate strategies monitoring biodiversity at its
to keep the SEAFDEC/AQD research aquaculture stations in the future;

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 PROCEEDINGS | International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014

• For farmers and government TMS comes from the intensive collective
regulators (Bureau of Fisheries fisheries off Buyuan. SEAFDEC/AQD
and Aquatic Resources) to use as cannot regulate fishing, but it can protect
species identification guides to the nearshore habitats right in front of TMS,
baseline-survey and monitor other to prevent the operation of the beach seine,
aquaculture sites in the Philippines and allow seaweeds and benthic animals
(and Southeast Asia); and to settle and stabilize (before and after the
• To add to the marine biodiversity monsoon waves and storms). Beach seines
literature for students, teachers, stir up the subtidal and intertidal sediment;
and researchers to use as general overturn gravel where seaweeds grow and
taxonomic guide for marine habitats animals hide and feed; and catch the small
in the Philippines (and Southeast animals and larvae concentrated by the
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Asia). waves and currents at the surf zone. Many

of these small animals are left to die on the
4. A training-workshop on biodiversity beach, and even when eaten are really a
survey and species identification should waste of marine life.
be offered to BFAR and Department of
Environment and Natural Resources Although the effect of TMS on
(DENR) technicians assigned to nearshore biodiversity is not noticeably
environmental monitoring. The adverse, AQD now has good opportunity
training should be done on site at TMS, to protect the habitat and possibly maintain
IMS, and DBS. or increase biodiversity. AQD can do the
following:
5. Monitoring of biodiversity at TMS,
IMS, and DBS should be continued • Request the Tigbauan local
as a regular program or standard government unit (LGU) to designate
operating procedure of AQD, with the the TMS intertidal and subtidal area
Stations Heads as Head Monitors. The (~500 m long, 20 m seaward of
monitoring program should eventually the jetties, within 10 m deep) as a
include subtidal surveys, infaunal marine protected area (MPA), not
sampling, quantitative analysis, and because it is high in biodiversity but
other protocols not carried out in so that it can be so;
2009–2014. • Construct and install large heavy
rocks or concrete multi-faceted
6. Institute strategic interventions to protect modules in this MPA to add
biodiversity at TMS, IMS, and DBS topographic relief and stable habitat
over the long term. Some strategic surfaces for shore animals and
interventions are described below. plants. The species that recruit and
mature inside the MPA can serve
Protect the nearshore habitats off TMS: as broodstock to seed the adjacent
declare an MPA nearshore waters; and
• Monitor the biodiversity in the MPA
More than the biological pollution over the years.
caused by AQD effluents, the serious threat
to nearshore habitats and biodiversity off

).,
 Contributed Papers

Rest and rehabilitate the IMS habitats: Build the town road leading to Barangay
a road and bridge and discontinue boats Dolores. Make the case that this
feeder road brings goods and
More than the biological pollution services to the people in Humaraon;
and siltation due to the IMS fish cages, eliminates the dangers of boat travel
gross carelessness by fishers, gleaners, and and increases tourist visits to IMS
boatmen has seriously damaged the IMS and tourism income to Guimaras;
habitats. In particular, every day over the eases the transport of harvested fish
last 35 years, the IMS service boat has from the mariculture park to the
traversed the seagrass beds, sandflat, and Guimaras markets; and facilitates
coral beds around the station. During low the transport of personnel and
tides, the outriggers, hull, and propellers materials to and from IMS;
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hit and break coral heads and sponges, • Construct a wooden bridge from the
entangle seaweeds and seagrasses, churn feeder road over Humaraon Cove
up the sediment, the damage obvious but to the IMS house on Islet 5. This
undocumented. In recent years, several bridge can be like the one between
tourist boats a day traverse IMS to visit Islets 6, 7, 8, and 9, and can use
the fish broodstocks in cages. IMS guards wooden planks from the mahogany
have not been able to keep local boatmen, trees in Tigbauan. Another bridge
fishers, and gleaners off IMS, but AQD can could be built over the sandflat from
otherwise manage the resources at IMS. Islet 5 to Islet 9 where the lab and
AQD can discontinue the use of the IMS growout cages are located;
service boat and disallow the use of tourist • Discontinue the use of the IMS
boats in order to rehabilitate the damaged service boat for routine transport
seagrass beds, sandflat, and coral terrace. (but standby for emergencies or
urgencies). Arrange for a Dolores
After 35 years, it is time to build a jeep to shuttle IMS personnel to and
road and bridge to IMS from the main from Humaraon Cove;
road going to Barangay Dolores. At the • Disallow tourist boats from IMS
nearest road junction, the distance from but let tourists visit via the road and
the town road to Humaraon Cove is about bridge. Manage the tourists and
600 m (shorter than the feeder road going disallow food, drinks, and wastes at
to Landasan Cove), and the bridge over IMS; and
Humaraon Cove to IMS would be about 500 • Monitor the status of the IMS
m long. From Igang bridge, it is about 3 km habitats over the years.
to this proposed junction. Dolores is served
by many public jeepneys to and from Jordan Green up DBS: Integrate BMP into SOP
pier. Guimaras is now in a road-building
mania and the provincial government might SEAFDEC/AQD advocates
fund and build a feeder road leading to IMS. responsible aquaculture and has done
AQD can do the following: several experiments to develop various
best management practices (BMP) for
• Lobby the Guimaras LGU to build brackishwater ponds. However, these
a feeder road to Humaraon Cove BMPs are hardly in evidence at DBS
(directly opposite IMS Islet 5) from now. There is no trace of the much-

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 PROCEEDINGS | International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014

touted aquasilviculture, and none of the the concrete dike facing Pulao
recommended effluent treatment through Creek and the mudflat to remove
arrays of oysters, mussels, and seaweeds. particulates from the influent water
To maintain credibility, as well as get good before it enters the main gate;
results, DBS should integrate BMPs into • Monitor, measure, and record the
SOP in the ponds, and not just do them as pond bycatch from all experiments
a project. Since brackishwater ponds serve and production runs. Such data
as proxy mangrove lagoons and nursery should be analyzed for trends and
habitats for a variety of species, BMPs economic value;
should be developed to allow ponds to be’ • Collect the bycatch and feed it
leaky’, maintain a biodiverse and healthy to carnivorous farmed species to
pond environment, and produce an extra reduce feed costs and pollution.
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crop of bycatch species. Bycatch may also be given away to

pond workers; and
AQD can institutionalize BMP-SOP for • The small gobies that are not to be
a greener DBS. The BMP-SOP can include collected should be released alive
the following: from ponds back into the mangroves
and mudflats during draining and
• Use hatchery-reared postlarvae or harvest (as a simple restocking
juveniles or ‘fry’ (better nourished, scheme).
no predators and competitors);
• Rear fry to a larger size in a nursery References
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 Contributed Papers

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 PROCEEDINGS | International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014

(Labridae to Latimeriidae), Estuarine Manual 46. SEAFDEC Aquaculture

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Yoshida T, Motomura H, Musikasinthorn

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Motoh H. 1980. Field Guide for the

Edible Crustacea of the Philippines.
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Roberts CM, Mclean CJ, Veron JEN,

Hawkins JP, Allen GR, McAllister DE,
Mittermeier CG, Schueler FW, Spalding
M, Wells F, Vynne C and Werner TB.
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and conservation priorities for tropical
reefs. Science 295: 1280-1284.

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