1. Identify the specimens A, B, C and D.

Sketch and label giving reasons 12

A – Bryophytes
A. Marchantia- 3 Marks
* The given specimen is identified as “Marchantia polymorpha”. 1 Mark

* The plant body is thalloid which shows three distinct regions i.e. the epidermal region, the
photosynthetic region and the storage region.
*The epidermal region is formed by quadrate cells with few chloroplastids.
*The photosynthetic region is horizontal row full of chloroplastids arise from the floor of the air
chamber.
* The storage region: The ventral tissue lays immediately below the air chambers forms the storage
region. 1 Mark

OR
A.Anthoceros- 3 Marks
* The given specimen is identified as “Anthoceros agrestis”. 1 Mark

* The thallus is comprised of uniform, thin walled parenchymatous cells except the epidermis.
* The thallus is several layers thick in the middle and tapers towards the margins.
*Each cell of the thallus shows one or more discoid or oval chloroplasts containing many
pyrenoids.
*There are no air chambers or pores in the tissue of the thallus. 1 Mark
OR
A. Polytrichum- 3 Marks
* The given specimen is identified as “Polytrichum alpinum”. 1 Mark

*The main plant body is gametophyte.

* The Leaves have broad bases, Upper portion usually green and lower portion brown.
* The stem has epidermis, medulla and cortex.
* The Rhizome is horizontal portion and grows underground. 1 Mark

Sai Sandeep.Y, M.Sc. B.Ed., Dept. of Lifescience, SGT College, Ballari

B – Pteridophyta- 3 Marks
B. Lycopodium
* The given specimen is identified as “Lycopodium clavatum”. 1 Mark

* Commonly called Homospores Fern. Mostly shady habitat.

* Body is sporophyte.
* Plant body is erect, pendant prostrate.
* Stem is delicate, slender and dichotomously branched.
* Leaves are small, simple, sessile, green and thin microphyllous. 1 Mark
OR
B. Selaginella
* The given specimen is identified as “Selaginella rupestris”. 1 Mark

*Commonly known as Heterospores fern.

* It is sporophyte.
* Creeping or erect plant body.
* Stem is dictomously branched later becomes monopodial.
* Leaves are small, simple, sessile, green, thin microphyllous, Unbranched midrib. 1 Mark

OR
B. Equisetum
* The given specimen is identified as “Equisetum fluviatile (River horse tail)”. 1 Mark

*It is commonly known as Horse tail fern.

* It is sporophyte..
* Adventious roots arise from nodes of rhizome.

Sai Sandeep.Y, M.Sc. B.Ed., Dept. of Lifescience, SGT College, Ballari

* Leaves are small, sessile, scally, microphyllous.
* Stem is upright branches. 1 Mark

C – Pteridophyta- 3 Marks
C. Ophioglossum
* The given specimen is identified as “Ophioglossum polyphyllim”. 1 Mark

* It is commonly known as Adder’s tongue fern.

* It is sporophyte.
* Roots are usually infected with mycorrhiza fungi.
*Leaves are spirally arranged with sporangiferous spikes.
* Stem is short and erect. 1 Mark
OR
C. Adiantum
* The given specimen is identified as “Adiantum raddianum”. 1 Mark

*Commonly known as maiden hair fern.

* It is sporophyte.
* Roots are small, adventious and wiry.
* Leaves are pinnately compound and circinately coiled.
* Stem is dictomously branched. 1 Mark
OR
C. Marsilea
* The given specimen is identified as “Marsilea ancyclopoda”. 1 Mark

* It is commonly known as water clover.

*Petioles are upto 11 cm long.
*Leaves are pinnately and palmately arranged.

Sai Sandeep.Y, M.Sc. B.Ed., Dept. of Lifescience, SGT College, Ballari

* Adventious roots.
* Rhizomatous stem. 1 Mark

D – Gymnosperms- 3 Marks.
D. Cycas
* The given specimen is identified as “Cycas rumphii”. 1 Mark

2 Marks
* Branched or Unbranched trunks.
* Foliage (Pinnate) and Scaly (Bi-Pinnate) leaves.
*Tap roots and coralloid roots.
*Stem thick, woody and usually un-branched. 1 Mark
OR
D. Pinus
* The given specimen is identified as “Pinus roxburghii”. 1 Mark

2 Marks
* Leaves are needle like, in fascicles of three.
*The bark is red-brown, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk.
* Roots-Deep tap roots and radial surface roots.
* Cones are ovoid conic.
* It is monoceious. 1 Mark
OR
D. Gnetum
* The given specimen is identified as “Gnetum montanum”. 1 Mark

2 Marks
*Young roots have several layers of starch filled parenchymatous cortex.
* Stem is roughly circular and resembles dicotyledonous stem.
* Leaves also resemble dicotyledons.

Sai Sandeep.Y, M.Sc. B.Ed., Dept. of Lifescience, SGT College, Ballari

* Gnetum is dioceous with cones or strobili. 1 Mark

2. Describe the anatomy of specimen E and F 06

E – Pteridophyte- 3 Marks
E. Anatomy of Equisetum stem internodes
* The given specimen is identified as “T.S. of Equisetum fluviatile (River horse tail)”. 1 Mark

2 Marks
*It is wavy in outline because of the presence of ridges and grooves.
* Outermost layer is the epidermis, cells of which have a deposit of
silica in their outer and lateral walls.
*Due to the presence of silica, the stem appears hard and rough to touch.
*Below the epidermis is present a-well-developed cortex.
*It has “V” shaped Vascular bundle. 1 Mark
OR
E. Anatomy of Selaginella stem
* The given specimen is identified as “T.S. of Selaginella stem”. 1 Mark

2 Marks
*The stem is composed of epidermis, cortex and central stele.
* Epidermis is the outermost layer without stomata.

Sai Sandeep.Y, M.Sc. B.Ed., Dept. of Lifescience, SGT College, Ballari

* Cortex is composed of parenchymatous cells.
* Stele is from monostelic to polystelic condition.
*Each stele is protostelic (Xylem surrounded by phloem with no pith) in nature. 1 Mark
F – Gymnosperm- 3 Marks
F-Pinus needle Anatomy
* The given specimen is identified as “T.S. of Pinus needle”. 1 Mark

2 Marks
*Outermost layer is epidermis, which consists of thick-walled cells. It is covered by a very strong
cuticle.
*Many sunken stomata are present on the epiderm.
*Below the epidermis are present a few layers of thick-walled sclerenchymatous hypodermis. It is
well-developed at ridges.
*In between the hypodermis and endodermis is present the mesophyll tissue.
*Cells of the mesophyll are polygonal and filled with chloroplasts. Many peg-like infoldings of
cellulose also arise from the inner side of the wall of mesophyll cells.
*Endodermis is single-layered with barrel-shaped cells and clear casparian strips.
*Xylem lies towards the angular side and the phloem towards the convex side of the needle. 1 Mark

3. Mount the given specimen G and Identify giving reasons- Pinus pollen grains 05
* The given specimen is identified as “T.S. of Pinus needle”. 1 Mark

2 Marks
*A male cone consists of a large number of microsporophylls arranged spirally on the cone axis.
*A microsporophyll tip is projected upwards and called apophysis.
*Each microspore or pollen grain is a rounded and yellow-coloured, light, uninucleate structure
with two outer coverings, i.e., thick outer exine and thin inner intine.
*The exine protrudes out on two sides in the form of two balloon-shaped wings. Wings help in
floating and dispersal of pollen grains.
*Wings help in floating and dispersal of pollen grains.

Sai Sandeep.Y, M.Sc. B.Ed., Dept. of Lifescience, SGT College, Ballari

 *A few microsporophylls of lower side of cone are sterile. Sporangia are also not present on the
adaxial surface of each microsporophyll of the male cone. 2 Marks

4. Identify the slides H, I, J and K giving reasons 12

H - Bryophyte
H-Polytrichum protonema-3 Marks
* The given slide is identified as “Polytrichum protonema”. 1 Mark
* A protonema is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage (the haploid phase) in
the life cycle of mosses and liverworts.
*Moss spores germinate to form an alga-like filamentous structure called the protonema.
*Protonemata are composed of two cell types: chloronemata, which form upon germination,
and caulonemata, which later differentiate from chloronemata.
* The spores germinate to form protonema.
* Several buds grow on the protonema.
* Each bud by of its apical cell develops into gametophyte.
* These are also called vegetative buds. They are formed on the rhizoids. 2 Marks
OR
H-Marchantia thallus
* The given slide is identified as “Marchantia thallus”. 1 Mark
*The plant body is thalloid which shows three distinct regions i.e. the epidermal region, the
photosynthetic region and the storage region.
*The epidermal region is formed by quadrate cells with few chloroplastids.
*The photosynthetic region is horizontal row full of chloroplastids arise from the floor of the air
chamber.
* The storage region: The ventral tissue lays immediately below the air chambers forms the storage
region. 2 Marks
H-Anthoceros thallus
* The given slide is identified as “Anthoceros thallus”. 1 Mark
*The thallus is comprised of uniform, thin walled parenchymatous cells except the epidermis.
* The thallus is several layers thick in the middle and tapers towards the margins.
*Each cell of the thallus shows one or more discoid or oval chloroplasts containing many
pyrenoids.
*There are no air chambers or pores in the tissue of the thallus. 2 Marks
OR
I – Pteridophyte- 3 Marks
I-Lycopodium stem
* The given slide is identified as “Lycopodium stem”. 1 Mark
* The stem are weak, slender and rhizomatous.
*The stem is differentiated into epidermis, cortex and stele.
*The outermost layer is a uniseriate epidermis, the walls of which are
thick and cuticularised.
*The cortex is highly variable in thickness and structure.
*The stele is protostelic (without pith) in nature. 2 Marks 
OR
I-Lycopodium strobilus
* The given slide is identified as “Lycopodium strobilus”. 1 Mark
* Fertile region is represented by strobili.
*Aggregation of sporophylls is called a strobilus. Each strobilus has a strobilus axis
*On the strobilus axis the sporophylls are arranged spirally.
*On the adaxial side of each sporophyll is present a sporangium.
*The sporangium is reniform, kidney-shaped or sub-spherical, and varies in diameter from 1 to 2.5
mm.
*A sporangium is raised on a short and massive stalk.
*Lycopodium is homosporous, i.e., all spores are of the same type. 2 Marks

Sai Sandeep.Y, M.Sc. B.Ed., Dept. of Lifescience, SGT College, Ballari

J – Gymnosperm- 3Marks
J- Cycas leaflet
* The given slide is identified as “Cycas leaflet”. 1 Mark
* It can be differentiated into a swollen midrib portion and two lateral wings.
*The wings are curved downward or revoluted at the margins
*Outermost layer consists of thick-walled epidermis surrounded by a layer of cuticle.
*Upper epidermis is a continuous layer while the continuity of lower epidermis is broken by many
sunken stomata.
*Below the upper epidermis is present the sclerenchymatous hypodermis which is more cells thick
in the midrib region.
*Hypodermis is absent below the lower epidermis, except in the midrib region.
*Mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma
*A single vascular bundle is present in the midrib portion of the leaflet. 2 Marks

K - Fossil - Slide / Impression

K- T.S. of Rhynia stem- 3 Marks
* The given slide is identified as “T.S. of Rhynia stem”. 1 Mark
*T. S. of aerial shoot can be differentiated into three parts: epidermis, cortex and stele
*(a) Epidermis:
It was the outer-most surrounding layer. It was one cell thick and covered by thin cuticle.
In aerial shoots it was interrupted at certain places by stomata but stomata were absent in rhizome.
* (b) Cortex:
Epidermis was followed by cortex. It is differentiated into outer cortex and inner cortex. The outer
cortex was only 1-4 cells thick, thin walled and without intercellular spaces. The inner cortex had
large intercellular spaces and its cells had chloroplast. It is thought that this was the chief
photosynthetic region of the plant. The endodermis and pericycle layers were absent.
*(C) Stele:
The centre of the aerial shoot/rhizome was occupied by stele. The stele was a protostele
(haplostele). The xylem was made up of annular tracheids and there were no sieve plates in
phloem. 2 Marks
OR
K- T.S. of Lepidodendron selaginoides- 3 Marks
* The given slide is identified as “T.S. of Lepidodendron selaginoides”. 1 Mark
* An important species of Palaeozoic plant, characterized by a dichotomous branching, by diamond-
shaped leaf scars, and by large cones.
*T.S. of the permineralised stem shows a pro- tostele or a siphonostele.
*The primary xylem is situated just outside the pith, comprised of metaxylem tracheids.
*The small protoxylem tracheids form vertical ridges at the periphery and leaf traces develop
spirally at the steep angle from these protoxylem ridges.
*The primary cortex is divided into three regions, viz.:
(i) The outer cortex, just outside the secondary cortex, bearing leaf cushion,
(ii) Middle cortex consisting of homogeneous mass of parenchyma cells, interspersed with leaf
traces, and
(iii) The narrowest inner cortex having parenchyma cells. Some of the cells aggregated to form
secretory cells. 2 Marks

Sai Sandeep.Y, M.Sc. B.Ed., Dept. of Lifescience, SGT College, Ballari

 SGT DEGREE COLLEGE, VSKU, Ballari
B. Sc. II Semester External Practical Exam Question Paper
Subject: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Paleobotany & Gymnosperms
Time: 03 Hrs Date: /04/2018 Max Marks: 40
1. Identify the specimens A, B, C and D. Sketch and label giving reasons 12
[A – Bryophytes; B – Pteridophyta; C – Pteridophyta; D – Gymnosperms]
2. Describe the anatomy of specimen E and F. [E – Pteridophyte; F – Gymnosperm] 06
3. Mount the given specimen G and Identify giving reasons - Pinus pollen grains 05
4. Identify the slides H, I, J and K giving reasons 12
[H – Bryophyte; I – Pteridophyte; J – Gymnosperm; K - Fossil - Slide / Impression]
5. Submission and Record 05

SGT DEGREE COLLEGE, VSKU, Ballari

B. Sc. II Semester External Practical Exam Question Paper
Subject: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Paleobotany & Gymnosperms
Time: 03 Hrs Date: /04/2018 Max Marks: 40
1. Identify the specimens A, B, C and D. Sketch and label giving reasons 12
[A – Bryophytes; B – Pteridophyta; C – Pteridophyta; D – Gymnosperms]
2. Describe the anatomy of specimen E and F. [E – Pteridophyte; F – Gymnosperm] 06
3. Mount the given specimen G and Identify giving reasons - Pinus pollen grains 05
4. Identify the slides H, I, J and K giving reasons 12
[H – Bryophyte; I – Pteridophyte; J – Gymnosperm; K - Fossil - Slide / Impression]
5. Submission and Record 05

SGT DEGREE COLLEGE, VSKU, Ballari

B. Sc. II Semester External Practical Exam Question Paper
Subject: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Paleobotany & Gymnosperms
Time: 03 Hrs Date: /04/2018 Max Marks: 40
1. Identify the specimens A, B, C and D. Sketch and label giving reasons 12
[A – Bryophytes; B – Pteridophyta; C – Pteridophyta; D – Gymnosperms]
2. Describe the anatomy of specimen E and F. [E – Pteridophyte; F – Gymnosperm] 06
3. Mount the given specimen G and Identify giving reasons - Pinus pollen grains 05
4. Identify the slides H, I, J and K giving reasons 12
[H – Bryophyte; I – Pteridophyte; J – Gymnosperm; K - Fossil - Slide / Impression]
5. Submission and Record 05

SGT DEGREE COLLEGE, VSKU, Ballari

B. Sc. II Semester External Practical Exam Question Paper
Subject: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Paleobotany & Gymnosperms
Time: 03 Hrs Date: /04/2018 Max Marks: 40
1. Identify the specimens A, B, C and D. Sketch and label giving reasons 12
[A – Bryophytes; B – Pteridophyta; C – Pteridophyta; D – Gymnosperms]

Sai Sandeep.Y, M.Sc. B.Ed., Dept. of Lifescience, SGT College, Ballari

2. Describe the anatomy of specimen E and F. [E – Pteridophyte; F – Gymnosperm] 06
3. Mount the given specimen G and Identify giving reasons - Pinus pollen grains 05
4. Identify the slides H, I, J and K giving reasons 12
[H – Bryophyte; I – Pteridophyte; J – Gymnosperm; K - Fossil - Slide / Impression]
5. Submission and Record 05

SGT DEGREE COLLEGE, VSKU, Ballari

B. Sc. II Semester External Practical Exam Question Paper
Subject: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Paleobotany & Gymnosperms
Time: 03 Hrs Date: /04/2018 Max Marks: 40
1. Identify the specimens A, B, C and D. Sketch and label giving reasons 12
A – Bryophytes-
B – Pteridophyta-
C – Pteridophyta-
D – Gymnosperms-
2. Describe the anatomy of specimen E and F 06
E – Pteridophyte-
F – Gymnosperm-
3. Mount the given specimen G and Identify giving reasons- Pinus pollen grains 05
4. Identify the slides H, I, J and K giving reasons 12
H - Bryophyte
I - Pteridophyte
J - Gymnosperm
K - Fossil - Slide / Impression-
5. Submission and Record 05

SGT DEGREE COLLEGE, VSKU, Ballari

B. Sc. II Semester External Practical Exam Question Paper
Subject: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Paleobotany & Gymnosperms
Time: 03 Hrs Date: /04/2018 Max Marks: 40
1. Identify the specimens A, B, C and D. Sketch and label giving reasons 12
A – Bryophytes-
B – Pteridophyta-
C – Pteridophyta-
D – Gymnosperms-
2. Describe the anatomy of specimen E and F 06
E – Pteridophyte-
F – Gymnosperm-
3. Mount the given specimen G and Identify giving reasons- Pinus pollen grains 05
4. Identify the slides H, I, J and K giving reasons 12
H - Bryophyte
I - Pteridophyte
J - Gymnosperm
K - Fossil - Slide / Impression-
5. Submission and Record 05

Sai Sandeep.Y, M.Sc. B.Ed., Dept. of Lifescience, SGT College, Ballari

Sai Sandeep.Y, M.Sc. B.Ed., Dept. of Lifescience, SGT College, Ballari