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Numerical Aperture

The numerical aperture (NA) is a key parameter of optical fibers that indicates the range of angles over which light can enter and propagate down the fiber. It is calculated based on the refractive indices of the fiber core and cladding. A higher NA means a larger acceptance angle of incoming light. The critical angle is the maximum angle at which light can enter the fiber before it is lost, and is determined from the NA. The acceptance angle of a fiber is twice the critical angle.

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218 views

Numerical Aperture

The numerical aperture (NA) is a key parameter of optical fibers that indicates the range of angles over which light can enter and propagate down the fiber. It is calculated based on the refractive indices of the fiber core and cladding. A higher NA means a larger acceptance angle of incoming light. The critical angle is the maximum angle at which light can enter the fiber before it is lost, and is determined from the NA. The acceptance angle of a fiber is twice the critical angle.

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nmpkumar
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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NUMERICAL APERTURE

The figure on the right depicts0 a section of a clad


cylindrical fiber showing the core with refractive
index of N1 and the clad with index of N2. Also
shown is a light ray entering the end of the fiber
at angle (A), reflecting from the interface down
the fiber. However, if angle A becomes too great,
the light will not reflect at the interface, but will
go out the side of the fiber and be lost. This angle,
beyond which light cannot be carried in a fiber, is called the CRITICAL ANGLE and may be
calculated from the two indices of refraction.

To calculate the Critical Angle, first determine the N.A. (Numerical Aperture).The N.A. of any
glass combination may be calculated as follows: (where N1= the index of refraction of the core
glass), and N2=(the index of refraction of the cladding glass):

For example, taking 1.62 for N1 and 1.52 for N2 , we find the
NA to be .56. By calculating the arc sine (sin-1) of .56 ( 34
degrees) we determine THE CRITICAL ANGLE.
As this fiber accepts light up to 34 degrees off axis in any direction, we define the
ACCEPTANCE ANGLE of the fiber as twice the critical angle or in this case, 68 degrees.

Of course, if you'd like to use the related calculator, Click Here. If you already know the N.A and
just need to know the acceptance angle, Click Here.

For your further information, the F/ NUMBER EQUIVALENT of the N.A. is calculated as
follows:

The Numerical Aperture is an important parameter of any optical fiber, but one which is
frequently misunderstood and overemphasized. In the first illustration above, notice that angle A
is shown at both the entrance and exit ends of the fiber. This is because the fiber tends to
preserve the angle of incidence during propagation of the light, causing it to exit the fiber at the
same angle it entered. Now look at the figure below, which is a drawing of a typical light guide
being illuminated by a projector type lamp.
Angle A (29 degrees) is the acceptance angle of a N.A. .25 fiber. Angle B (45 degrees) is the
incident angle from the bulb. Angle C (83 degrees) is the acceptance angle of a N.A. .66 fiber.

Calculating the N.A. for the 45 degree angle (B) of incidence yields .38 (sin(45/2)). Therefore,
fiber with an N.A. of .66 will accept all of the light from the bulb, but the output cone at the
other end will be 45 degrees, not the 83 degrees that you might expect. Conversely, the N.A. .25
fiber is not capable of accepting all the light from the bulb. Any light transmitted through this
fiber will create an output cone of 29 degrees.

Many people believe that using a low N.A. fiber will "focus" the light from a wider N.A. source.
This is not true. As you see, the lower N.A. fiber simply has a lower acceptance angle. While the
resulting output will be projected into a tighter area, the overall light transmitted is less than what
might be transmitted through a higher N.A. fiber. To focus light from a source, a lens assembly
must be used to gather all available light and change the incident angle (and resulting N.A.) to
match, (or be less than) the N.A. of the fiber being used.

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