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Virology Influenza Nad Parainfluenza

Orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses are RNA viruses that cause influenza and parainfluenza in humans. Influenza viruses have hemagglutinin and neuraminidase spikes and include subtypes like H1N1, H5N1, and H7N9 that occasionally infect humans. They cause annual epidemics and pandemics through antigenic drift or shift. Paramyxoviruses have spikes containing hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and fusion proteins and include measles, mumps, and parainfluenza viruses. Parainfluenza is a common cause of croup in children and usually causes mild respiratory illness, though it can sometimes lead to serious complications

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100 views4 pages

Virology Influenza Nad Parainfluenza

Orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses are RNA viruses that cause influenza and parainfluenza in humans. Influenza viruses have hemagglutinin and neuraminidase spikes and include subtypes like H1N1, H5N1, and H7N9 that occasionally infect humans. They cause annual epidemics and pandemics through antigenic drift or shift. Paramyxoviruses have spikes containing hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and fusion proteins and include measles, mumps, and parainfluenza viruses. Parainfluenza is a common cause of croup in children and usually causes mild respiratory illness, though it can sometimes lead to serious complications

Uploaded by

Hisham Chomany
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Influenza and Parainfluenza Viruses

ORTHOMYXOVIRUSES
INFLUENZA VIRUSES

They cause both outbreaks ofinfluenza as well as causingdevastatingworldwide Epidemics


(pandemics).

Orthomyxoviruses
 Causes worldwide epidemics (pandemics)
 Composed of a segmented single-stranded RNA genome.
 The virion contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
 The envelope is covered with two different types of spikes

Hemagglutinin (16 types, H1 to H16)


Neuraminidase (9 types, N1 to N9).

It show changes in the antigenicity


1. Antigenic shift?
2. Antigenic drift?

 Influenza viruses have both group-specific and type-specific antigens.


 Influenza virus have 3 main serotypes based on the internal ribonucleoprotein

(Genetic shift of influenza virus)


Pigs may act as an intermediate host for the generation of human–avian reassortant influenza viruses with
pandemic potential.

Pathogenicity
The virus is transmitted by
 Airborne respiratory droplets
 Direct contact.

 Incubation period about 24 to 48 hours


 Immunity to influenza is long lived and subtype specific?
** Infection caused death of respiratory epithelium without systemic spread of the virus.
Its estimated that annual epidemics of seasonal influenza cause 3– 5 million cases of severe illness and
250,000–500,000 deaths worldwide.
Clinical feature
Patient develop suddenly
 Fever
 Myalgias,
 Headache,
 Sore throat,
 Cough.
**Severe myalgias(muscle pains) coupled with respiratory tract symptoms are typical of influenza.

Diagnosis
 Clinically!!
 Serology by ELIZA
 Haemagglutination assay.
 Direct fluorescent antibody
 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
 Viral Isolation !!

Treatment
Oseltamivir(Tamiflu)
Zanamivir(Relenza)

Prevention
 The main mode of prevention is the vaccine.
 There are two main types of influenza vaccine
 killed vaccines?
 live attenuated vaccine?
 Most of the vaccines described above are made in chicken eggs, and anyone who has a
significant allergy to egg proteins should not administer the vaccine. So what will be the
solution?
 Protection lasts only 6 months.... What does it mean?
 Vaccine should be given to... whom?

PARATHOMYXOVIRUSES
1. Measles
2. Mumps
3. Parainfluenza
4. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
5. Human metapneumovirus(human MNV)
Paramyxoviruses
 Composed of non segmented single-stranded RNA genome.
 The virion contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
 The envelope is covered with spikes, which contain
 Hemagglutinin,
 Neuraminidase
 Fusion protein
 Both humans and animals are infected by parainfluenza viruses. What is the
difference in regard with Influenza virus?

There are four types


 Type 1
 Type 2
 Type 3
 Type 4

Pathogenicity
1. The virus is transmitted by
2. Airborne respiratory droplets
3. Direct contact.

 Virus replication appears to be limited to respiratory epithelia


 They are major pathogens of severe respiratory tract disease in infants and young
children.
 Infection is very common, almost all have antibodies to the virus by age 2 years
 These viruses cause upper and lower respiratory tract disease
 Virus continue to shed for 1 week after onset of illness
 After infection with this virus immunity is....

Clinical feature
Ø Infections are mainly subclinical.
Ø Primary infections in young children usually result in rhinitis and pharyngitis. However, It
might cause serious illness, ranging from laryngotracheitis and croup to bronchiolitis and
pneumonia
**The virus is the main cause of croup in children

-Croup is inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and large bronchi (laryngotracheobronchitis).


Inspiratory stridor is the key finding, together with a barking cough and a hoarse voice.
Diagnosis
1. Clinically !!
2. Serology by ELIZA
3. isolating the virus in cell culture
4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Treatment

Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Humans


 H5N1 Influenza Virus
 H7N9 Influenza Virus

Swine Influenza Virus Infection in Humans


 H1N1 Influenza Virus

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