\ BITS, PILANI, GOA CAMPUS, SECOND SEMESTER 2014 — 2015 TEST — 1: SEPARATION PROCESSES - 1 (CLOSED BOOK) COURSE CODE: CHE F244 DATE: 25/02/2015 TIME: 1HR MAX. MARKS: 20 (ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY. MAKE SUITABLE ASSUMPTIONS WHEREVER NECESSARY) Question 1 [4+ 6=10 marks] a. Starting with equation Nx = Na (Pa/P) - (Daw/RT) (dpa/dz) derive an expression for flux Na in terms of mole fraction y, in the case of diffusion of A through non-diffusion B. You are given the definition of log mean mole fraction (1 =ya)in = [= ya2) - A — yaad] / Inf = yao) / Aya b, An open tank, 10 ft in diameter and containing benzene at 25 °C, is exposed to air in such a manner that the surface of the liquid is covered with a stagnant air film estimated to be 0.2 in. thick. If the total pressure is 1 atm and the air temperature is 25"C, what loss of material in kg per day occurs from this tank? The specific gravity of benzene at 60 °F is 0.877. The concentration of benzene at the outside of the film is so low that it may be neglected. For benzene, the vapor pressure at 25 °C is 100 torr, and the diffusivity in air is 0.08 cm*/s. MW of benzene is 78. Take 1m = 3.28 ft. Question 2 [6 marks} a. The film theory gives a linear concentration profile of the solute within the stagnant film. Is there a point within the film at which the gradient of the ‘true concentration profile’ and that of the “theoretical concentration’ profile in the film are the same? b. Identify the 3 quantities that will have influence on the mass transfer coefficient (all 3 to be identified for marks): © Diffusivit © Solubility © Molar flux Hydrodynamics of the system . . of solute Viscosity of the medium Interfacial concentration Gradient Interfacial area of contact c. Consider a thin sheet of naphthalene placed-in a stream of air. If we assume that the mass transfer of naphthalene occurs through a stagnant film, then the thickness of the film on the sheet will be © Greater than the average thickness of the boundary layer «Less than the average thickness of the boundary layer ‘¢ Equal to the average thickness of the boundary layer\ d. A student measured the liquid mass transfer coefficient for absorption of A in water. Applying the film theory he calculated the thickness of the liquid film to be 0.002 mm. If the Diffusivity of A in water is 1.1 x 10° em?/see, what would have been the value of surface renewal rate per second if he had applied the surface renewal theory to this study? e. How would you model the breathing process in your lungs: Diffusion of A through non-diffusing B, Equimolar diffusion or multi-component non-equimolar counter diffusion? £ The molar average velocity of the components in a binary mixture in which there are in equimolar counter diffusion is equal to the mass average velocity (True or False). Explain Question 3 [4 marks] A stream of nitrogen containing 7.5% benzene vapour is scrubbed with a non-volatile absorption oil in a tower at 35 °C and 1.2 bar total pressure. The gas phase mass transfer coefficient is estimated to be 9.8 x 10* kmol/m?.s.bar. The mole fraction of benzene at the gas-liquid interface is yj = 0.01. What is ky, Ke and ky? Sree eee Eee\_ BITS, PILANI, GOA CAMPUS, SECOND SEMESTER 2014 — 2015 TEST - 2: SEPARATION PROCESSES - 1 (CLOSED BOOK) COURSE CODE: CHE F244 DATE: 25/03/2015 TIME: 1HR MAX. MARKS: 20 (ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY. MAKE SUITABLE ASSUMPTIONS WHEREVER NECESSARY) Question 1 [6 marks] In an experimental study of the absorption of ammonia by water in a wetted-wall column, the value of Kg was found to be 2.75 x 10° kmol/m?- s - kPa. At one point in the column, the composition of the gas and liquid phases were 8.0 and 0.115 mol % NH, respectively. The temperature was 300 K and the total pressure was 1 atm. Eighty five percent of the total resistance to mass transfer was found to be in the gas phase. At 300 K, ammonia-water solutions follow Henry's law up to 5 mol% ammonia in the liquid, with m = 1.64 when the total pressure is 1 atm. Calculate the individual film coefficients and the interfacial concentrations. What is the ammonia flux based on conditions in the liquid phase? Question 2 [4 marks] A solution with oxygen dissolved in water containing 0.5 mg O2/ 100 g of H-O is brought in contact with a large volume of atmospheric air at 283 K and a total pressure of 1 aim. The Henry's law constant for the oxygen-water system at 283 K equals 3.27 x 10° atm / mole fraction (a) Will the solution gain or lose oxygen? (b) What will be the concentration of oxygen in the final equilibrium solution based on 1 litre of solution? Question 3 [5 marks] The solubility of a gaseous substance A (Mol, Wt. 26) in water is given by Henry's Law pa = 10°Xa, Pa in mm Hg. Convert the equilibrium relation to the following forms: © Ya= MX * Pa=m'Cqwhere Ca is in gmolltre Also write down the equilbirum relation using the mole ratio unit. Assume that the solution is dilute and has a density equal to that of water = 1000 kg/m’? Question 4 [5 marks] Jasmine is a high value product used in perfumery and cosmetic industries. A suspension of jasmine flowers in water is contacted with an organic solvent to recover the compound. During extraction the ‘compound diffuses from the aqueous phase to the dispersed organic phase. The individual mass transfer coefficients are 3.5 x 10™ cm/s (Organic phase: k,) and 2.7 x 10° cm/s (aqueous phase: k,). The solute is 175 times more soluble in the organic phase (y = 175x), where y is the mole fraction of the solute in the organic phase. The aqueous solution is dilute and the total molar concentration of the organic phase is 10 kmol/m’. Calculate the overall mass transfer coefficient K,. Which phase resistance controls? SSereererren reeBITS, PILAN|, GOA CAMPUS, SECOND SEMESTER 2014 - 2015, DATE: 14/05/15 COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION: SEPARATION PROCESS ~ 1 (CLOSED BOOK), COURSE CODE: CHE F244 TIME: 3 HRS MAX. MARKS: 40 ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY. MAKE SUITABLE ASSUMPTIONS WHEREVER NECESSARY. DO NOT CHANGE ORDER OF QUESTIONS WHILE ANSWERING Important instructions (to be followed by students) All questions are compulsory. There will be no negative marking. Paper to be answered in 2 parts: Part A and Part B respectively Part A to be answered first in approximately 1 hr 30 mins. and submitted before ‘starting Part — B (earliest submission: 1 hr 15 minutes) The invigilators will distribute Part - B only after collecting the answer sheets related to Part A. Students are to ensure that they neither write nor mark anything on the question Papers given to them. Any such writing or marking is prohibited and will be considered a malpractice. 6. Students are to ensure that they DO NOT CHANGE THE ORDER OF QUESTIONS WHILE ANSWERING. In case a student wants to solve a particular question later, he ‘or she may leave space for that question and move ahead and address it later. 7. If the order of questions is changed while answering, no marks will be awarded for that question. 8. For multiple choice questions, write the alphabet corresponding to the choice. For e.g. 1. b, 3.b... 9. Itis mandatory to show calculations wherever mentioned 10.Do not indulge in any malpractice whatsoever during the examination. PRs i; * PARTA Ammonia (component 1) is evaporating from a partially filed bottle into the surrounding air (component 2). The liquid level in the bottie and the concentration of ammonia at the top of the bottle are maintained constant. N; is the molar flux relative to a fixed location in space and J; is the molar flux with respect to the average molar velocity of the constituent species in the gas phase. Assume that the air in the bottle is stagnant, which one of the choices is correct? (1 mark) a. N;=constant,N2=0,J;+J2=0 b. Ni+N2=0, J; +: c. N,+N2=0,J;= constant, J,=0 d. N; = constant, N. = 0, J; = constant, J2=0 2. According to the penetration theory of mass transfer, the mass transfer coefficient k varies with diffusion coefficient Dofthe diffusion species asa.D, b.D™, ¢.D", d.D™ (1 mark) 3. The ratio of the liquid to gas flowrate in a counter current gas absorption column is increased at otherwise identical conditions. Is it true that in this case the operating line will shift towards the equilibrium curve? Does the concentration of the absorbed species increase in the exit liquid stream? (1 mark) 4, Ina counter current absorber, both the operating and equilibrium relations are linear. The inlet liquid composition and the exit gas composition are maintained constant. The Absorption factor can be increased by: (1 mark) a. Decreasing the liquid flowrate b. Increasing the gas flowrate —_c._Increasing the slope of the equilibrium lined. Decreasing the slope of the equilibrium line 5. Adistillation column at a pilot plant is scaled up by 3 times for industrial use at steady state. After scaling up, (mark)10. "1 12 13, 14, 15. 16. \ a. Number of theoretical trays increases by 3 times _b. Minimum Reflux ratio is increased by 3 times c. Feed flow-rates and product flow-rates are increased by 3 times d. Feed and product composition increases 3 times For turbulent fiow past a flat plate with no form drag, the friction factor f and the Chilton Colburn factor jo are related as a. Cannot be related b.Theyareequal c.f>jo d.f> 1 b.<<1¢.=1 and d. None of these (1 mark)BITS, PILANI, GOA CAMPUS, SECOND SEMESTER 2014 ~ 2015, DATE: 14/05/15 COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION: SEPARATION PROCESS ~ 1 (CLOSED BOOK), COURSE CODE: CHE F244 TIME: 3 HRS MAX. MARKS: 40 ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY. MAKE SUITABLE ASSUMPTIONS WHEREVER NECESSARY. DO NOT CHANGE ORDER OF QUESTIONS WHILE ANSWERING PARTB. 1. For laminar flow over a fiat plate of length L, the local mass transfer coefficient at a distance L from the leading ‘edge is Kc m/s. Then the average mass transfer coefficient for the plate is a. the same b. ke / 2 mis c. 2 kc 1.3 ke (1 mark) 2. Under what conditions are the mass average velocity and mole average velocity of the components of a mixture equal? (1 mark) 3. The molar average velocity of the components in a binary mixture in which they are in equimolar counter diffusion is a. equal to the mass average velocity b. zero c. Always negative. Always positive (1 mark) 4. Gas A diffuses through non-diffusing B from point 1 to point 2 given P = 2 atm, yar =0.1, Yag=0, then what is the ratio of [(dPas / dz); / (dPa; / dz)z]? Show calculations. You are given Nx = (Na+ Ns) (Pa! P) — (Das / RT) (dpa! dz). Show calculations. (2 marks) <3. The species A diffuses in a gaseous A-B binary from point z = 0, ya= Yao to z= L and ya=ya_ at temperature T and pressure P. The total pressure is now doubied, but the mole fractions of A at the 2 locations and the temperature of the medium remain the same as before. What would be the fractional increase in the flux of A? a. It will be doubled b. It willbe halved c. It will remain unchanged (1 mark) 6. Fora fixed number of ideal stages in a distilation column as the reflux ratio is increased, the difference in composition between the product streams a. increases b. decreases c. remains unchanged d. passes through @ maximum (1 mark) 7. In a particular distillation operation, the feed is to be changed from saturated vapors to saturated liquid (composition unchanged), the number of plates /trays required in enriching section would a. decrease b. remain me c. increase d. none of these (1 mark) 8. In distillation, under minimum reflux conditions, number of theoretical stages would a. 1b. > 1 c. infinite d. none of these (1 mark) 9. By increasing the feed rate to a fractionating column, separating a binary mixture at a fixed reflux ratio and separation, the required number of ideal stages remains unaltered (True / False) (1 mark) 10. If the mass transfer flux is expressed in terms of a mass transfer coefficient, the driving force should be a. the concentration gradient at the interface b. The concentration gradient between the interface and the bulk c. The interfacial concentration (1 mark) 11. How does an increase in the gas flowrate affect the gas phase mass transfer coefficient in a packed tower? Will it increase, decrease or remain unchanged? (1 mark) 12. Ammonia (A) is being absorbed in water from a mixture with Nitrogen (B), The partial pressure of the solute in the bulk gas is 40 mm Hg and that at the gas liquid interface is negligibly small, Diffusion occurs through a stagnant film of thickness 1 mm. The total pressure is 1 atm. The temperature is 25 °C. Diffusivity of ammonia in Nitrogen is 0.23 cm* /'s, Calculate the absorption flux of ammonia (Show calculations) (3 marks) 413. In the previous problem, what are the values of ke, ky and Ke? Show calculations (2 marks) 144, Benzene in an air — benzene mixture is to be reduced from 5.2 mol% in the feed to 0.5 mol% by contacting with wash oil in a multi stage counter current gas absorber. The inlet flowrate of air benzene mixture is 10 mol/s while benzene free wash oil comes in at 9.5 mols. If the equilibrium curve is given as Y* = X where Y* and X are equilibrium mole ratios of benzene in air and benzene in oil, Show calculations. What is the number of 6equilibrium Stages required to achieve the above separation? Your given the following formula for Number of stages: (3 marks) N® Yur Ys / (¥;—™ Xo) 15. A binary distillation column separates 100 mol/hr of feed mixture into distillate D and residue W. The McCabe Thiele diagram for this process is given below. The relative volatility for the binary system is constant at 2.4 Answer the following: Show calculations D=484W= 516 b. D = 51.6 W = 48.4 * The distillate and residue flow rates in movhr are a. ©. D=54.7W=45.3 d.D=45.3W=54.7 (3 marks) * The ratio of liquid to molar flow rates in the recycling section is a. 0.64 b.1 ¢.1.65 d. 1.80 (2 marks) ' 0.9) os | 07 os} | ros| oa os el ded oy ° 0.2 s (0.98.0) Tr ul © 01 02 03 04 05 06 OF 08 09 (0.05,0.05) x is y = 2.5x. if the equilibrium relation is expressed in the form Y = @ (X), 16. The equilibrium relation for a syster rium line at X = 0 and at X = 0.1? Show calculations (2 marks) What would be the slope of the equi 17. The solute C is transferred from phase A (lighter) to phase B (heavier) in a counter current packed tower. The flow rates of the phases (solute free basis) are A, = 70 kmol/hr and B, = 50 kmol/hr. The equilibrium relationship is linear, i.e. Y = 0.6X (where X and Y are in the mole ratio unit). The phase A entering the bottom has 0.1 mol C per mol C-free A and phase B entering at the top is solute free. The overall driving force at the top of the column on the A-phase basis is (AY)op = Y2 — Yz = 0.001. What is the driving force at the bottom, i.e. (AY)sottom = Y2—Y2? Show calculations (3 marks) 18. What is the physical significance of the Absorption factor A? (1 mark) ‘a. It is the ratio of the slopes of the equilibrium line and operating Ii b. It is the ratio of the individual gas-phase and liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients c. It is the fractional absorption of the feed gas 19. A larger Absorption factor means (1 mark) re b, os An increased driving force for absorption An increased rate of flow of liquid An increased packed height for the same degree of separation 20. The point P represents the partial pressure of solute in the bulk gas (Pas) and the molar concentration in the bulk liquid (Cx) at a section of a column. The point M represents the interfacial composition (See Figure). The other relevant quantities and the equilibrium line are also shown. What is the slope of the line PM? Explain (1 mark) whey BK) Ke 6. Ke! kyCy 21, Ina distillation column the McCabe Thiele procedure is inadequate and the Ponchon Savarit procedure is used when saturated feed is not used. (True / False) (1 mark) 22. For distillation of an equimolar binary mixture of A and B, the equations of the operating lines are: Rectifying section: y = 0.663x + 0.32 Stripping section: y = 1.329x — 0.01317 ~ What is the condition of the feed? Show calculations (3 marks) 23. A component of gas mixture absorbed in a solvent is usually desorbed to reuse the solvent, An Engineer suggests a pressure reduction or temperature reduction as 2 methods to do this? Do you agree with this thought. (Yes / No). Explain (1 mark) 24, If the equilibrium curve is concave upward, then the minimum liquid gas ratio for absorption corresponds to an exit liquid concentration in equilibrium with the leaving gas. Is this True? If not, make the correction. (2 marks)