METHODS FOR ASSESSING REPRODUCTIVE

CAPACITY (SERVICE CAPACITY AND LIBIDO)

IN CATTLE AND HORSES

Paola Andrea Ardila Tarazona - 14171102

Sofía Hamon Pinilla - 14171224
Dr. Jaír Perez
Nicolas Moreno Zamora - 14171149
Andrology
Carlos Alberto Vargas - 14171001
Veterinary Medicine
Juan David Medina - 14141001
QUESTIONS

1) Present in detail the tests to evaluate the service capacity and libido for the horse and
the cattle. What is the difference between libido and service capacity?

2) Present the differences between Bos Indicus and Bos taurus with respect to question 1

3) What is the ideal relationship to improve reproductive efficiency in a cattle herd and in
an equine herd? Take into account the different races and productive purposes.

4) How can libido be evaluated in companion animals and clinically its abnormality how it
would be presented, what is its treatment?
 Difference between Libido and Service Capacity

The capacity of service means the

Libido is found as the desire, ability of the animal to find the
impulse, vehemence of the male to female, detect the zeal and perform
ride and test the service of a female. the service one or more times

(Vejaranao, 2005) Recovered from: https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-seis-requisitos-

deben-reunir-toros-para-lidiarse-201810241849_noticia.html
 CATTLE

PHYSICAL EXAM

• Establishment Information
• General Lot or Corral Exam
• Individual Exam
• Cardiocirculatory, respiratory and
digestive system (General examination)
• Reproductive system

(Vejaranao, 2005) Recovered from: https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-seis-requisitos-

deben-reunir-toros-para-lidiarse-201810241849_noticia.html
 Foreskin Penis
Integrity of the mucosa, presence of
General: Shape, size, pendularity, hole
scars, abscesses, bruises, wounds,
and agglutination of prepucial hairs.
papillomatosis, persistent frenulum,
integrity of the urethral orifice, ring of
Palpation: Hole and prepucial cavity in search of hairs (strangulation), level of erection.
possible abscesses, scars or adhesions that can
cause Phimosis or Paraphimosis.

Recovered from: https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-seis-requisitos-

(Vejaranao, 2005) deben-reunir-toros-para-lidiarse-201810241849_noticia.html
Recovered from: Madrid, 2011

Recovered from: Madrid, 2011

 Scrotum

Bos Taurus (minimum EC of 31 cm at 18 months)

Bos Indicus (minimum EC is 27 cm at 24 months)

Bos Indicus have later maturity and the length /

Toamdo de: Madrid, 2011
width ratio of the testicles is different from that
of Bos Taurus

(Páez, 2014)

Recovered from: Madrid, 2011

 Testicles Testicular Tone (TT)

TT. Galloway scale:

Palpation: Size, shape, symmetry, 1. No elasticity (Fibrosis)
position, tone, temperature, reaction 2, 3, 4. Good elasticity (Normal Tone)
and displacement of both testicles, 5. Flaccidity (fluffiness)
Symmetry (10%)
TT. Blockey scale:
Normal position: The greater 1.- Very firm and very elastic.
curvature towards lateral, the most 2.- Firm and elastic.
flattened face towards medial, its 3.- Soft and fluffy.
major axis is vertical and the 4.- Very soft and very spongy
lower horizontal

(Páez, 2014)
Recovered from: https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-seis-
requisitos-deben-reunir-toros-para-lidiarse-
201810241849_noticia.html
 Epididymis Spermatic Cord

General: Size and symmetry of the Examine: Symmetry, tone, size,

epididymis tail, position, tone and sensitivity and temperature
pain reaction.

To do this, the contralateral testicle

to which it is palpated is raised.
Accessory Glands
Explore: (By rectal palpation)
Seminal vesicles, prostate and blisters
of the vas deferens, bulbourethral
glands will be palpated.

Size, shape, consistency, lobulation, and

look for possible adhesions or pain.

(Páez, 2014)
Tomado de: https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-seis-requisitos-deben-reunir-toros-para-lidiarse-201810241849_noticia.html
 Functional Exam

Evaluation of sexual behavior

Female (stillness - main stimulus)
Phase 1- approach
Riding fitness Phase 2 - erection
Phase 3 - ride
Phase 4 - hug
To check the service, Phase 5 - search
extracting a semen sample for Phase 6 - penetration
study. The place where this Phase 7 - kidney stroke
shot is made must have a firm, Phase 8 - disassemble
non-slippery floor (minimum Phase 9 - relaxation
humidity).

(Páez, 2014)
Recovered from https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-seis-
requisitos-deben-reunir-toros-para-lidiarse-
201810241849_noticia.html
 Service skill

Libido Evaluation

1. In a small pen two females

are held in strains spaced 5
- 7 meters
2. Bulls must observe the
riding of others for ten
minutes in order to be
stimulated.
3. Two bulls are tested and
Score: Low libido (1): scores 0, 1 and 2. Average libido (2):
observed for ten minutes. scores 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. High libido (3): scores 8, 9 and 10.

(Madrid, 2011)
 Apart from the eleven libido categories, four are estimated for
service skill

(Madrid, 2011)
 Service capacity

• 4-6 females (not in heat) are held in individual strains

spaced 4-5 meters. The size of the female should be
approximately 70% smaller than the bulls to be
tested. In the event that there is disproportion of
female - male size, the test will yield false results, or
the succubus will run out quickly.
• A bull / female ratio of 2/1 - 1/1 is used.
• Bulls identified with large numbers must observe the
riding of others for not less than 10 minutes to be
stimulated
• From its first service each bull is left for 20 minutes
and the services (not riding) that it performs are
counted.

Recovered from: https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-seis-

requisitos-deben-reunir-toros-para-lidiarse-
(Madrid, 2011) 201810241849_noticia.html
 According to the amount of services that the bull completes, it is classified
as Baja CS (0 - 1), Medium (2 - 3), High (4 - 6) and very high (+ 7).

Then, taking into account the service capacity (CS) and the scrotal
circumference (CE), the so-called “Entore Potential” (PE) can be determined,
which allows determining the amount of females cycling in 21 days that that
bull can serve obtaining excellent pregnancy results

(Madrid, 2011)
 EVALUATION OF SERVICE CAPACITY AND
LIBIDO IN THE EQUINE
EVALUATION SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND COURTING CAPACITY

The reaction time (interval from the

presentation of the mare to the erection)
and the number of frames per ejaculation
should be recorded (Chenoweth, 2014)

The agility of the stallion is evaluated

subjectively to mount the mare, look for
the vulva or the artificial vagina, push and
dismantle the mare (Chenoweth, 2014)

Recovered from https://www.noticaballos.com/el-celo-o-ciclo-estral-en-

las-yeguas.html
 EVALUATION OF SERVICE CAPACITY
AND LIBIDO IN THE EQUINE

Its reproductive
capacity is maximized testicular weight and
during the seasons in volume increase during
which the spring and summer
photoperiod increases

Increased sperm production, libido and concentrations

of luteinizing hormone (LH) plasma hormone, follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, estrogen,
inhibin in addition to prolactin (Rua, Quirino, Bastos,
Junior, Santoro, da Silva Ribeiro & Barreto, 2015)

Recovered from https://revistamundoequino.com/2018/08/15/la- The spermatogenesis and sexual

crianza-del-caballo-pura-sangre-ingles/ behavior of the stallions depend on the
proper functioning of the gonadal
Leydig cells pituitary-pituitary axis
GnRH LH Testosterone
(testicular
parenchyma)
 EVALUATION OF SERVICE CAPACITY
AND LIBIDO IN THE EQUINE
•
Variables to evaluate the sexual behavior exhibited by the animal:

1. Reaction time (RT): It is the time from the moment the stallion appears to the mare in heat until the
penis is exposed.

2. Assembly time (MT): It is the time from the moment the animal is presented to the mare in heat until the
beginning of the intercourse.

3. Assembly and ejaculation time (MEjT): It is the moment when the stallion begins to assemble, ejaculate
and then disassemble the mare.

4.The frequency of frames without erection (MWEr)

5. Mounts without ejaculation (MWEj), which is when the stallion inserts the penis into the artificial
vagina, does not ejaculate and subsequently dismounts the mare (Rua, Quirino, Bastos, Junior, Santoro, da Silva
Ribeiro & Barreto, 2015)
 EVALUATION OF SERVICE CAPACITY AND
LIBIDO IN THE EQUINE

Recovered from
http://www.mundo-
1 Poor libido (When the stallions show a animal.com/blog/caballo
reaction time (RT) greater than 30 seconds, MT s/comportamiento-
greater than 41s, MEjT greater than 32 s) caballos/la-conducta-
sexual-de-los-caballos/
2: Average libido (when the stallions show an
RT between 11 and 30 s, MT between 21 and 40 s
and MEjT between 20 and 32 s)

3: Good libido (when they demonstrate an RT Recovered from

less than 10 s, MT less than 20 s and MEjT less http://manejorepr
than 19 s) oductivoequino.b
(Rua, Quirino, Bastos, Junior, Santoro, da Silva logspot.com/201
Ribeiro & Barreto, 2015) 5/03/reproduccio
n-y-foal-heat.html
 EVALUATION OF SERVICE CAPACITY
AND LIBIDO IN THE EQUINE

The copulatory behavior of the stallions includes assembly, insertion, thrust, ejaculation and disassembly. Given
that most stallions ejaculate after 6 to 8 pelvic thrusts (McDonnell, 1986)

(McDonnell, 1986)

Recovered from http://www.robertogarrudo.com/blog/el-

apareamiento-en-los-caballos/
 STALLION REPRODUCTIVE
BEHAVIOR
Stallions show characteristic responses to urine and feces, which are
apparently related to the formation and maintenance of the harem
(McDonnell, 1986)

Research includes handling and sniffing, followed by the performance of the

Flehmen response.

It can facilitate the transfer of fluids from the female, such as

surina and vaginal mucus, to the male's vomeronasal organ,
improving the olfactory perception of the stallion

(Mc Donnell y Haviland, 1995)

(McDonnell, 1986)
EVALUATION OF SERVICE CAPACITY
AND LIBIDO IN THE EQUINE

In the equine, the

flehmen consists of
curving the upper lip
upwards, dragging air
and liquid slowly
through the enlarged
teeth and nostrils, and
extending the head and
neck upwards

(Mc Donnell y
Haviland, 1995)

Recovered from http://www2.univet.hu/users/knagy/books/Equine%20Behavior.pdf

 STALLION REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR

Courtship reveals components of libido, such as: Recovered

from
• -Flehmen reflex
http://acaballo
• -Snorting ecuador.com/2
017/05/11/el-
• -Attack and hit the female's hindquarters and continue towards porque-del-
the neck. resoplido-y-el-
relincho-del-
• -Linkage and approximation of both
caballo/
• -False mounts that present the true (Mc Donnell, 2016)

Recovered In the days before estrus, the stallion can repeatedly

from show interest in the mare. Usually, these early
http://unamira courtship interactions are aggressive in nature.
dadesdeotros
ojos.blogspot. The mare can show a combination of kicks,
com/2013/03/l threatening postures, pinches or bites and squeals,
a-respuesta- with the tail firmly pressed against the perineum
flehmen.html (McDonnell, 1986).
 STALLION REPRODUCTIVE
BEHAVIOR

Precopulatory behavior

Sniff, caress, lick and nibble or pinch the head, shoulder,

axillary regions, abdomen, flank, mare's inguinal and
perineal areas

Oronasal contact with urine, feces or vaginal fluids is often

followed by a flehmen response

Before riding, the stallion almost always caresses or

lightly bites the side and / or hocks (Mc Donnell,1986)

Based on Mc Donnell (1986). During the olfactory

Recovered from https://es.123rf.com/photo_15408622_caballo-
marr%C3%B3n-en-broma-morder-a-otro-caballo- investigation phase of the precopulatory interaction, the
detr%C3%A1s.html erection progresses gradually. The penis falls from the foreskin
and gradually becomes firm.
STALLION REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR

Copulatory event

The copulatory assembly with erection is usually preceded by

one or two short assemblies without erection, indicating
confirmation of receptivity before intercourse (McDonnell,
2016)

In all horses, intercourse usually involves only one assembly

with insertion, which generally lasts about 20 seconds from insertion
to ejaculation and less than 45 seconds from assembly to disassembly
(McDonnell, 2016)
Recovered from
http://www.aricaacaballo.cl/ebook/arica_a_caballo/
cabalgatas1_00000d.htm
Ejaculation occurs after several deeper
intravaginal thrusts
(McDonnell, 2016)
STALLION REPRODUCTIVE
BEHAVIOR

According to Mc
Ejaculation
Donnell (2016). As
indications include:
the ejaculation
-Rhythmic contraction
begins, the stallion
of the muscles in the
relaxes and remains
hind legs
mounted for
-Increased respiratory
several seconds
rate
-Head loss against the
mane or mare.

(Mc Donnell, 1986) They include sniffing and flehmen's

Post-copulatory response to spilled ejaculation or
behavior urovaginal secretions of the mare
The stallion dismounts
(McDonnell, 1986)
within 15 seconds after
ejaculation
 BOS INDICUS AND BOS TAURUS
DIFFERENCES

• In Cebu breeds, the size and shape of the

foreskin deserve an especial attention for
more complex changes (Taveira.2005).
• The Cebu animals show a slower sexual
behavior, It´s recommended to make the
libido test at a barnyard of (200- 300 𝑚" )
with 3 females in heat for 5
minutes (Taveira. 2005).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Noyp6XVkvs
(Taveira.2005).
 The assessment of sexual
performance in young Bos taurus
and Bos indicus beef bulls
( Chenoweth et. al, 2000)

- Libido score: investigatory approach, flehmen,

licking, chin resting, incomplete mount, complete
mount and service.
- The number of services achieved by each bull was
recorded separately as well as times to first mount
and service, while sexual inactivity was represented
as the number of complete minutes in which none
of the nominated sexual behaviors was observed.
 IDEAL RELATIONSHIP TO IMPROVE REPRODUCTIVE
EFFICIENCY IN A CATTLE HERD

• According to Palmer (2016): “A

common recommendation is 1 bull to
25 or 30 females for bulls 2 years old
or older and 1 bull to 15 or 20
females for bulls younger than 2.”

Why the difference between ages?

 • Infantile (0-8 weeks):
ü There is a low secretion of gonadotropins and
testosterone.
• Prepubertal (8-20 weeks):
ü Increased secretion of gonadotropins and a concomitant
increase in testosterone.
ü The concentrations of LH and FSH increase from 4 to 5
weeks, have a peak of week 12-16 and then decrease,
reaching a lower point at week 25 due to the increase in
testosterone production. (Thundathil, Dance & Kastelic,
2016)
Puberty in bulls is defined as an ejaculate with greater than
or equal to 50x 10% sperm with greater tan 10% motility.
In addition, bulls must have adequate libido and penile
developmnet to copulate and ejaculate.

These findings suggest that older bulls become more

(Thundathil, Dance & Kastelic , "efficient" in service capacity tests by reducing the time spent
2016)
on any detection and courtship behavior (Petherick, 2005)
• Bulls growth is different for each breed as shown in the following table:

(Eenennaam, 2013). As an
example, we have Angus and
Hereford bulls that take longer
to reach puberty.
 OTHER RATIOS…

• Ratios as low as 1:60 probably will not have a negative effect on conception rates, however, this may
be applicable only in specific situations:
• High libido bulls
• A correct sexual ability
ü Service Capability Tests
ü Sperm motility
ü Sperm morphology
 B. INDICUS AND B. TAURUS

• The behavior of Bos indicus cattle in various tests of libido and service
capacity can be quite different from B. taurus cattle, with B. indicus normally
considered as less efficient breeders. (Sereno, Bezerra, Silva, Mougenot, 2002)

<
 IDEAL RELATIONSHIP TO IMPROVE
REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY IN A
HORSE HERD

• Natural service, hand-breeding service and artificial

insemination.
• Stallions in natural service or hand-breeding situations cover
fewer mares per year than those managed in an artificial
insemination (AI) program.
• Suggested guidelines of the frequency of service and number of
mares that can be booked to the stallion have ranged from 2-5
services per week and 15-50 mares per season for immature
stallions, to 3-12 services per week and 30-120 mares per
season for mature stallion.
• •Natural service: 1:40
• •Hand-breeding service: 80-120 mares (Beaver, 2019)
 LIBIDO IN COMPANION ANIMALS

• Canine: to evidence correctly the libido, the

concentrations of blood testosterone must
be optimal (Chenoweth, 2014).
• The intercourse begins with the detection
of the female by sniffing and licking of the
vaginal urinary tract, the male subsequently
must dominate, riding, penis exposure,
penetration and, finally, ejaculation (Jimenez,
2019).

https://soyunperro.com/como-se-reproducen-
los-perros/
 ENDOGEN AND EXOGEN VARIABLES

Absence of correct stimulation: boredom, lack of presentation before of the

female, low levels of Methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate (pheromone produced
during oestrus) (Chenoweth, 2014).

Negative experience: wounds in the penis, sexual exhaustion, riding with

aggressive or dominant females (Chenoweth, 2014).

Anxiety: affect libido in an abnormal way. Tto: Dog appeasin pheromone

(produced from sebaceous glands of the lactating female) (Chenoweth,
2014).

Pain: in the ride or ejaculation, for prostate, spinal cord or limb

disease(Chenoweth, 2014).
 Inappropriate environment for
copulation: not known places, lack of
security, males couldn´t dominate Preference: depends on the male
the female, environment that the and his preference of
female is aggressive, presence of breed (Chenoweth, 2014).
another male and stressful
factors (Chenoweth, 2014).

Abnormalities in sexual
Age: old males loss interest of
differentiation: hermaphroditism,
copulation and young males have
pseudo-hermaphroditism, persistent
lack of experience and sexual
Müllerian duct, segmental epididymal
immaturity (Chenoweth, 2014).
aplasia (Chenoweth, 2014).
Hormonal influence: mating in inadequate moments of the estral
cycle and when some male's loss the olfactory
capacity (Chenoweth, 2014).

Declination of serum testosterone: disfunction in the thyroids,

testicular tumors, administration of drugs that affect the
synthesis (Chenoweth, 2014).

Administration of exogen testosterone: disruption in the

pulsatile release of testosterone ---> negative feedback on the
pituitary ---> inhibition of LH ---> inhibition of testosterone
secretion (Chenoweth, 2014).

Medicines: Cimetidine, glucocorticoids, estrogens, androgens,

anabolic steroids, progestogens, ketoconazole, spironolactone,
anticholinergics, propranolol, digoxin, chlorpromazine,
barbiturates, diazepam, thiazide diuretics (Johnson, 2006).
 Hyperplasia prostatic benign:
alteration in the estrogen-
androgen relation.
Signs: tenesmus, bloody
urethral discharge and increase
in prostate size (Johnston,
2001).

Osaterone acetate: generating a

Cyproterone acetate, attaches lock in the passage of Finasteride: inhibator of the
Tto: orchiectomy, generating to the receptors of testosterone to the fifth reductase wich allows the
Flutamide, decreases the serum
involution in the dihidrotestosterone and testosterone (Johnston, 2001). prostate and inhibiting the passage of testosterone to
prostate (Johnston, 2001). atrophy the glandular competition for the attachment dihidrotestosterone (Johnston,
epitelium (Johnston, 2001). of dihidrotestosterone in the 2001).
receptors (Johnston, 2001).
 Hypothyroidism: alterations in the pituitary-
hypothalmus axis. Tto;
glucocorticoids (decrease the fertility
Autoimmune phenomena: for the breaking reversibly), testosterone, anabolic androgens,
off the hematotesticular barrier or injuries, estrogens or prostagens doing a (-) feedback
causing spermatic granulomas or on the liberations of gonadottophins to
spermatoceles (Johnston, 2001). decrease the spermatogenesis and the leves
of intratesticular testosterone (Johnston,
2001).
 FELINES

• There are few investigations about the libido but is

related to the capacity of the male to induce
ovulation in the female (Johnston, 2001).
• For the copulation, the female and male make a
game with the final purpose of show interest
between them, the female reject the male in
the beginning, then rise her back legs, the male
ride and immobilize her, penetrate, ejaculate,
induce ovulation and finally they fall apart and
https://redmidia.com/mascotas/celo-
apareo-gatos/ clean themselves
 ABNORMALITIES

Negative experiences: wounds in the penis during

copulation (Chenoweth, 2014).

Pain: in the moment of ejaculation or ride, for the presence of

hair rings in the penis and orthopedic injuries, it it not
common the prostatic pain (Chenoweth, 2014).

Inappropiate environment: out of the territory and share

dominant male/female (Chenoweth, 2014).

Age: old animales loss the interest or lack of development and

havent reach puberty in young animals (Chenoweth, 2014).
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Beaver, B. V. (2019). Equine Reproductive Behavior. Equine Behavioral Medicine, 151–198. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812106-1.00006-
1
• Bejarano, O. A., Sanabria, R. D., & Trujillo, G. A. (2014). Diagnosis of the reproductive capacity of bulls in livestock farms in three
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• Chenoweth, P. J. (2016). Libido and mating behavior in bulls, boars and rams. A review. Theriogenology, 16(2), 155-177.
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review. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 69(4), 247-259.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Johnson, C. (2006). Current concepts on fertility in the dog. Waltham, 16 (2). Recuperado del enlace:
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• Johnston, R. (2001). Canine and feline theriogenology. USA: W.B Saunders company.
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• McDonnell, S. M. (2000). Reproductive behavior of stallions and mares: comparison of free-running and domestic in-hand breeding. Animal Reproduction Science, 60-61, 211–
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• McDonnell, S. M. (2016). Revisiting clinical stallion sexual behavior: Applying ethology in the breeding shed. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 43, S18-S22.
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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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