EPMS-HD—Reliable Power Starts with Precision Timing

I 1588
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Power Management in High Definition!

Electrical Power Management Systems (EPMS) provide visibility into complex and
dynamic networks from the electric utility service points and alternate energy
sources all the way to critical loads. In the past, energy costs were the primary focus
of the EPMS. Today, that’s just the beginning.

Energy Metering—Necessary but not Sufficient

EPMS-HD
Energy savings have always been the “tip of the iceberg,” easy to understand, easy
to justify investment in EPMS infrastructure. Large systems may include a hundred
Metering power meters deployed in key locations. But this leaves thousands of unmonitored
points—potential blind spots waiting to cost you time and money.

Monitor Everything—More Data = Better Decisions

Status and Events
Today, the “Internet of Things” has created the expectation that every device should
be networked. Sequence of Events Recorders (SER), with up to 32 high-speed digital
inputs, offer an affordable means to monitor everything, especially points nearest
the loads. For the facilities engineer onsite, this saves the time to traverse the build-
Time Synchronization ing or campus just to find out which breaker(s) tripped, when and why. For those
managing the site remotely, this data is simply a necessity.

Essential elements of High-Def Power Management

Synchronize All Clocks—the Foundation for Meaningful Analysis
EPMS devices must share a common time reference for data to make sense, yet
time synchronization is sometimes overlooked. How fast is fast enough? In today’s
complex electrical networks, state changes can occur in a quarter-cycle or less, and
so 1-msec resolution is the commonly accepted benchmark for meaningful analysis.
Time synchronization must be on an order of magnitude better, or 0.1 msec (100
microseconds). Today, Precision Time Protocol (PTP per IEEE 1588) makes such hi-res
time synchronization over Ethernet simple, affordable and scalable.

UTILITY SOURCES ONSITE SOURCES

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! = Points to Monitor
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

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LOADS LOADS LOADS LOADS LOADS LOADS LOADS LOADS

A commercial/industrial power network branches radially from sources to loads; high definition means visibility at every point, all devices synchronized.

Precision Timing for Reliable Power. Simplified.SM

EPMS-HD—Reliable Power Starts with Precision Timing

STATUS MONITORING Know the Status of Every Point in Your System

 Sequence of Events Recorders (SER) provide high-speed digital inputs to monitor
status of up to 32 points. They complement relays and meters that don’t support
event recording or whose I/O count is not sufficient. Their primary purpose is typi-
cally for breaker monitoring, but they can monitor the status of any discrete contact
(off or on), and so they are used in a variety of applications, as shown at left.

SER typical monitored points:

●● Breaker status: open/closed/tripped
●● Relay trip signal: normal/trip
●● Control switches: open/close commands
MENU ENTER

●● Control scheme status: auto/manual/test

●● Auto-transfer switch (ATS) status:
normal/emergency/test
●● UPS status: normal/transfer/bypass
●● Generator status: stopped/running
Aux. Contact (breaker position) —> Racked IN/OUT (status)
Breaker CLOSE Switch (command)
●● Battery status: normal/alarm Breaker OPEN Switch (command)
Trip Signal (command)
●● TVSS, transformer temperature, fan status Trip Contact —> Tripped (status)
Alarm Contact —> Overcurrent Tripped (status)
and other auxiliary contacts and alarms “b” Contact (normally closed) —> Closed (status)
“a” Contact (normally open) —> Open (status)

The CyTimeTM SER-3200 Event Recorder has 32 high-speed digital inputs; typical
connections are shown (low voltage drawout circuit breaker).

Typical Breaker Monitoring Options

The most economical option is to use one SER-3200 to monitor up to 32 circuit
breakers, each through its auxiliary contact (“a” contact). For breakers with a separate
“trip” (or “alarm”) contact, use 2 inputs per breaker to report open/closed/tripped
status. For status monitoring requiring positive indication of open/close (vs. wiring
defects, control power loss, etc.), use 3 inputs per breaker: “a” contact (open), “b”
contact (normally closed), and “trip” contacts. Other inputs can be used to provide
additional valuable data, such as external trip signal, switch status or other control
scheme data. More data enables better decisions.

Operations Counters
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Operations counters are maintained for all 32 channels, with date/time of last reset.
These can be useful for monitoring the number of breaker operations, the number
of battery charge cycles, or any other on/off transition. Each channel can be reset
individually, reflecting the number of operations since last reset.

Remote Control (Model SER-2408 only)

The CyTime model SER-2408 Event Recorder is identical to model SER-3200 except
that it has 24 digital inputs and 8 relay outputs. The 3:1 I/O ratio is ideally suited to
monitoring the three states of an auto-transfer switch (normal/emergency/test), and
the output is used to initiate switching. The 8 relay outputs are controllable remotely
over Ethernet (via Modbus TCP). Like the base model SER-3200, the SER-2408 is fully
configurable via web browser (customized point labels, on/off text descriptions, etc.)
with no custom programming required.

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EPMS-HD—Reliable Power Starts with Precision Timing

EVENT RECORDING SER: The Black-Box Recorder for Power Systems

E Like an airliner’s black box recorder, Sequence of Events Recorders (SERs) record
exactly what happened and when, to 1 msec. Unlike the airliner example, this data
is used again and again.
SER systems record the exact time of the initiating event, as well as the resulting
series of events, all in chronological order. Some events are bad because they cannot
be anticipated, and even worse if they cannot be explained. Other events are de-
signed responses (breaker trips, control system actions, etc.) It is equally important
to verify that these events happened on time—or know if they didn’t and why.

CyTimeTM SER-3200/2408 Event Recorders have a built-in web server for monitoring,
setup and diagnostics. (The Events web page is shown above.)

Elapsed Time Measurement (Stopwatch Function)

∆t By recording the exact time of both the starting event (command) and ending event
(status), the SER-3200/2408 measures elapsed times, such as circuit breaker opening
times—to 1 ms. Breaker opening times vary as a result of many factors, and so it’s
helpful to compare under similar load conditions. By monitoring several start/end
pairs—open, close or trip command (from a relay, PLC or switch)—and the resulting
status change (breaker trip, a or b contacts), the SER-3200/2408 reports opening
times under different loading:
●● No load (initiated by manual control switch)
●● Normal load (initiated by control scheme)
●● Overcurrent trip (initiated by relay trip signal)

Trigger Output for Waveform Capture by a Power Meter

Meter In addition to precise time synchronization via PTP, a second form of synchronization
provides critical data for power system analysis. The SER-3200/2408 can be config-
ured to output a trigger pulse for any detected status change. Typically, this is used
Trigger Output with a compatible power meter to capture voltage and current waveforms associ-
ated with the event, both pre- and post-event.

CyTime SER, with Trigger Output for Waveform Capture Whether the power meters themselves have the benefit of high-res time sync or not,
it is easy to correlate the waveforms with the precise timestamp by the SER device,
making the SER’s I/O a logical extension of the power meter’s own capabilities.

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EPMS-HD—Reliable Power Starts with Precision Timing

TIME SYNCHRONIZATION BENEFITS Time-sync is Essential for High-Def Power Management

Precision timing is essential for modern industrial/commercial power systems. In
complex electrical networks, state changes can occur in a quarter-cycle or less.
System-wide clock synchronization is essential for meaningful analysis. A common
time base is foundational to ensure a “single version of the truth.”

►Understand—Use as a forensics tool to gain knowledge

UNDERSTAND ●● Perform root-cause analysis based on reliable data.
●● View current and voltage waveforms captured with each event.
●● Determine if the initial source was internal or external.

►Respond—Verify that systems operated as designed

●● Evaluate control sequences, timing, and operator actions.
●● Confirm protective device time-current coordination.
●● Restore service quickly if an outage does occur.
PREVENT RESPOND
►Prevent—Implement corrective actions to prevent problems
●● Resolve or mitigate persistent problems.
●● Provide documentation for management, the electric utility, legal, insurance, etc.
●● Identify slow breakers before they can cause an arc flash hazard.

The Breakthrough Technology: Precision Time Protocol (PTP)

Today, Precision Time Protocol (PTP) defined in IEEE Std. 1588TM makes precision time

I 1588
SM synchronization over Ethernet simple, affordable and scalable. The key difference is
the ability of the special 1588 Ethernet interface itself to timestamp messages (to
very high precision) eliminating the uncertainty normally associated with Ethernet
communications (non-deterministic) and device operating systems.

PRECISION TIME PROTOCOL (PTP) PTP (IEEE 1588) Changes Everything

Precision Time Protocol (PTP) takes advantage of special Ethernet hardware-assisted
timestamping to eliminate device operating system delays and adjust for network
PTP latency. The resulting time synchronization accuracy is expressed in microseconds,
MASTER
even over an Ethernet network. The IEEE 1588 standard is intended to be flexible
enough to support a range of applications. For interoperability, specific choices of
Switch
attributes and setting ranges must be defined for each application, called a profile.
Switch Network delay
correction The Power Profile—Not for Everyone
Ethernet
A second IEEE standard (IEEE C37.238) proposes a unique subset of attributes and
Switch settings (“Power Profile”) optimized for certain power system applications. However,
the name is unfortunate, because it is mainly intended for applications that require
1-µsec accuracy, such as synchrophasors for electric utility substation automation.
PHY By contrast, in commercial/industrial power applications, where 100-µsec accuracy
1588 is sufficient to achieve meaningful 1-msec timestamp resolution, the Power Profile’s
PTP PTP
(direct link) hardware- strict rules add unnecessary cost, making it unsuitable.
SLAVE
assisted
O/S time-stamp The Simple PTP Profile—Just Right
Application 1588 The Power Profile requires all Ethernet switches to be 1588-compliant to serve as
“transparent clocks” and adjust PTP packets “on the fly.” This is required to achieve
1-µsec accuracy but unnecessary for less-demanding applications such as Sequence
PTP uses 1588 hardware-assisted timestamping in the
of Events Recording (SER). For these, Cyber Sciences proposes the “Simple PTP”
Ethernet physical layer (PHY) for high precision
(SPTP) Profile, based on the IEEE 1588 Default Profile. This “Goldilocks solution” is
just right for commercial/industrial EPMS, ensuring the required accuracy without
imposing unnecessary restrictions or changes to the Ethernet data network.
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EPMS-HD—Reliable Power Starts with Precision Timing

TIME SYNCHRONIZATION DESIGN Time Synchronization as Easy as 1-2-3

Time synchronization requires a time source and a means to distribute this time
reference to all devices. For precision time sync, devices don’t just “snap” to the new
time value at each update; they learn to “beat in rhythm” with the master clock,
maintaining precise synchronization at all times. CyTimeTM SER-3200/2408-PTP Event
Recorders accept a variety of time-source options, and sync with each other auto-
matically over Ethernet, using PTP. In addition, an SER can serve as a “time sync hub”
for devices that do not yet support PTP. Simple, building-block options are shown

1 2 3
below. Technical details are provided in Tech Note TN-101, SER System Design Guide.

TIME EPMS TIME EPMS TIME EPMS

SOURCE GPS server SOURCE GPS server SOURCE GPS server
clock NTP NTP NTP
clock clock

Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet

PTP PTP PTP

MASTER MASTER MASTER
CLOCK CLOCK CLOCK

SER-3200-PTP SER-3200-PTP SER-3200-PTP

(or SER-2408-PTP) (or SER-2408-PTP) (or SER-2408-PTP)

PTP PTP PTP

EPMS EPMS EPMS
device device device
IRIG-B or
(up to 200 PTP slaves) (up to 200 PTP slaves) (up to 200 PTP slaves) DCF77 or
PTP SER-3200-PTP SER-3200-PTP PTP SER-3200-PTP SER-3200-PTP PTP SER-3200-PTP SER-3200-PTP 1per10 or
(or SER-2408-PTP) (or SER-2408-PTP) (or SER-2408-PTP) (or SER-2408-PTP) (or SER-2408-PTP) (or SER-2408-PTP) ASCII
SLAVES SLAVES SLAVES

Choose a Time Source Sync all SERs with Each Other (PTP) Sync Other EPMS Devices
Set the first SER’s time from a web browser, Configure the first SER to output PTP (PTP Sync SERs with other EPMS devices using PTP
EPMS software or NTP server. Optionally, add master); all other SERs on the same Ethernet over Ethernet, all within 100 µsec. No PTP? No
a GPS antenna/receiver to provide an external network sync with each other automati- problem! For devices that do not yet support
time reference traceable to UTC (Coordinated cally (within 100 µsec). No special Ethernet PTP, an SER-3200/2408-PTP can serve as a
Universal Time), to compare data from other switches. No additional setup. Set other EPMS “PTP time-sync hub” and output the legacy
sites or organizations (e.g., electric utilities). devices to use SPTP and they’ll sync too. protocol needed (IRIG-B, DCF77, ASCII, etc.).

PTP PROFILE COMPARISON

IEEE 1588 (All Profiles) “Simple PTP” Profile (SPTP) * Power Profile (C37.238)

GENERAL SIMPLE STRICT

Target accuracy: nanoseconds Target accuracy: 100 µs Target accuracy: 1 µs

All clock types Master and Slave-only All clock types except boundary

Unicast or Multicast Multicast Multicast

802.3 (layer 2), UDP/IPv4, UDP/IPv6 UDP/IPv4 802.3 only (layer 2)

PTP-compliant switches No special Ethernet switches required PTP-compliant switches required

End-to-end or Peer-to-peer End-to-end (E2E) only Peer-to-peer (P2P) only

1-step or 2-step 2-step 1-step or 2-step

Variable delay requests 32 seconds Variable delay requests (typically 1 second)

Does not address max no. of slaves Designed to support 200+ PTP slaves Does not address max no. of slaves (< 40?)

* Simple PTP (SPTP) is based on the PTP Delay Request-Response Default PTP profile (also called End-to-End), defined in IEEE 1588-2008, Annex J.
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EPMS-HD—Reliable Power Starts with Precision Timing

VISUALIZATION OPTIONS Embedded Web Server in Every SER

CyTime Sequence of Events Recorders feature an embedded web server, enabling
setup and monitoring over an Ethernet network using a standard web browser. Fast
and simple access to status, events and diagnostics make commissioning easier
and normal operation straight-forward. Configurable text for device name, channel
names and even off/on text ensure the flexibility for any application. When part of a
complete EPMS system, the web interface complements advanced analysis in EPMS
monitoring software.

Easy Integration into EPMS Software or Other Monitoring

For system-wide visualization, native drivers for CyTime SER-3200/2408 are available
for most EPMS software. Integration is easy via Modbus TCP and web technologies.
A standard (pre-defined) register list is documented in the CyTime Reference Guide.
Monitoring software simply reads real-time data using standard Modbus function
codes and loads event log records as needed with new events. Multiple masters are
supported, and technical support is available to facilitate development on request.

High-Def Power Management—Design for the Future!

You can’t manage what you don’t know. SERs provide an economical way to gain

SIMPLE.
visibility of multiple points, so you know the status of every point in the system, from
the sources to the loads.
EPMS devices must share a common time reference for data to make sense, accurate
AFFORDABLE. to 1-msec. Precision Time Protocol (PTP per IEEE 1588) makes this precision time sync
over Ethernet simple, affordable and scalable.

SCALABLE. Expect more from your investment in EPMS: know what happened and when to one
millisecond, and manage your power system—in high definition.

The service marks, “Precision Timing for Reliable Power. Simplified.” and “I-Heart-1588”,
CyTime, and the Cyber Sciences stylized logo are trademarks of Cyber Sciences.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Pb I 1588
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229 Castlewood Drive, Suite E (supersedes doc. dated Nov-2016)
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