HEDINGHAM SCHOOL Biology 9B Plant Growth KNOWLEDGE MAP

9Ba Reactions in Plants 9Bb Plant Adaptations 9Bd Growing Crops

Photosynthesis: Roots are branched and spread out. Fertilisers contain mineral salts e.g. potassium,
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen phosphate, nitrates.
Root hair cells have a large surface area.
reactants products
Pesticides kill pests. Insecticides kill insect pests.
Xylem vessels are hollow tubes for carrying water and
Chlorophyll inside chloroplasts in plant cells Fungicides kill fungi that cause plant diseases.
dissolved mineral ions.
trap light energy for photosynthesis. Herbicides kill weeds.
Water is needed for photosynthesis, keeping leaves cool and
Limiting factors are variables that slow down
stopping the plant from wilting. Selective herbicides kill weeds but not crop plants.
the rate of a reaction.
Stomata are opened and closed by guard cells. A variety is a group of plants that have been bred to
Limiting factors of photosynthesis are light,
carbon dioxide and temperature. Stomata allow gaseous exchange. They open when it is light have certain characteristics.
so that carbon dioxide can enter the leaf by diffusion. Cross-breeding is breeding different varieties to
Aerobic respiration:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water Leaves are thin so there is a shorter distance for diffusion. produce offspring with characteristics of both
reactants products breeds.
Leaves are broad and have a large surface area.
Phloem vessels carry the glucose made by Selective breeding is when only plants with certain
photosynthesis as a sugar solution to all parts The waxy cuticle reduces water loss from the leaf. characteristics are used to breed.
of the plant. Palisade cells contain many chloroplasts. 9Be Farming Problems
Waterlogged soil lacks oxygen and can cause
9Bc Plant Products Fertilisers can wash into rivers and lakes causing
roots to die.
Lipids (fats and oils) are found in the leaf cuticle, cell algae to grow quickly.
membranes and as an energy store in seeds and some fruits. Decomposers break down the dead algae and
plants, using up oxygen.
Glucose is stored as starch or made into other carbohydrates
such as cellulose. Insecticides can kill useful insects.
Iodine solution turns blue-black in the presence of starch. Some insecticides are persistent and build up in
food chains.
Proteins are made of amino acids. Plants need nitrates to
make amino acids. Selective weedkillers can kill broad leaved plants in
hedges.
Enzymes are proteins.
Deforestation and burning fossil fuels increases the
Seeds store proteins. amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,
causing increased global warming.
For a seed to germinate, water and oxygen must enter.
Planting a single crop variety reduces biodiversity.
 HEDINGHAM SCHOOL Chemistry 9F Reactivity KNOWLEDGE MAP

9Fa Types of Explosion 9Fb Reactivity 9Fd Displacement

Explosions can be caused by physical changes In a displacement reaction, the more reactive
or chemical reactions. metal takes the place of the less reactive
metal.
In explosions there is a sudden increase in
volume and a huge transfer of energy. The thermite reaction is an example of a
displacement reaction:
In physical changes there are no new aluminium + iron oxide → aluminum oxide +
substances made. iron
In chemical reactions there are new substances
formed. 9Fe Extracting Metals
Atoms of the reactants are rearranged to form Very unreactive metals such as gold are found
new products. in their native state in the Earth’s crust.
Pressure in gases is caused by the particles More reactive metals are found as
hitting the walls of the container. compounds.
Gas pressure can be increased by increasing the An ore is a rock which contains enough of a
number of gas particles, decreasing the size of metal or metal compound to be worth mining.
the container, increasing the temperature.
Reactive metals need to be chemically
extracted from their ores.
9Fc Energy and Reactions
Iron is extracted from iron oxide by heating it
Oxidising agents release oxygen for chemical metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen with carbon. The carbon acts as a reducing
reactions. agent.
metal + acid → salt + hydrogen
Increasing the surface area increases the iron oxide + carbon → iron + carbon dioxide
reaction speed. Hydrochloric acid forms chloride salt.
Sulfuric acid forms sulfate salts.
Exothermic reactions transfer energy from the Nitric acid forms nitrate salts. Oxidation is the addition of oxygen. Reduction
reactants to the surroundings. is the removal of oxygen.
metal + oxygen → metal oxide.
Endothermic reactions transfer energy from the This is an oxidation reaction. Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide
surroundings to the reactants. by electrolysis.
Iron and steel rust when they are in contact with water and air.
Many exothermic reactions need an initial input Salt speeds up rusting. Electrolysis is a more expensive process as it
of energy to break some of the bonds of the requires a lot of electricity. It is only used for
reactants. Rusting can be prevented by a physical barrier such as paint or extraction of metals the are more reactive
oil, or sacrificial protection using a more reactive metal. than carbon.
 HEDINGHAM SCHOOL Physics 9I Forces and Motion KNOWLEDGE MAP

9Ia Forces and Movement 9Ib Energy for Movement 9Id Turning Forces
Friction is the force between two objects that Kinetic energy is energy stored in moving objects. A lever is a long bar that turns around a pivot or
are touching. fulcrum.
Gravitational potential energy is energy stored in raised
Air resistance and water resistance are drag objects.
forces.
Elastic potential energy (or strain energy) is energy stored in
Drag forces slow down objects moving elastic materials when they are deformed (change shape).
through fluids.
Internal (or thermal) energy is the energy stored in the
The size of the drag force increases as the movement of particles.
A lever acts as a force multiplier if the effort
speed of the object increases.
Wind, moving water or solar energy are renewable resources. distance is greater than the load distance.
If the forces acting on a moving object are
Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources. A lever acts as a distance multiplier when a large
balanced, the object will move at a constant
effort force moves a small distance and the load
speed. The law of conservation of energy states that energy is never moves a greater distance.
If the forces acting on an object are created or destroyed, only transferred.
unbalanced, the difference between the two Efficiency of energy transfer compares the useful energy The turning effect of a force is called a moment.
forces is the resultant force. transferred to the total energy transferred.
Moment of the force = force x distance from pivot
The top speed of a moving object depends on Wasted energy such as sound or heating is dissipated (spread Nm N m
the maximum force that can move it forwards out)
and the friction or drag acting to slow it down. If the clockwise moment balanced the anticlockwise
9Ic Speed moment, the lever is in equilibrium.
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 9Ie More Machines
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
Units of speed depend on the measurements you take. Levers are simple machines that help us use a
mph (miles per hour) smaller force to move an object.
km/h (kiliometres per hour) Ramps are simple machines that help us to push an
m/s (metres per second) object up a slope.
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = Pulleys ae simple machines to help us move things.
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐽
Displacement is the distance, in a straight line, between and
= 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑁 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 (𝑚)
object and its starting point.
Relative speed is the speed of one object compared to
another.