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Springs: Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Springs are elastic members that deflect under load and recover their original shape when unloaded. The document discusses types of springs including helical and leaf springs. It describes functions of springs such as absorbing shock, storing energy, and controlling motion. Formulas are provided for deflection, stiffness, stress, and strain energy of helical springs under various conditions.

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105 views

Springs: Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Springs are elastic members that deflect under load and recover their original shape when unloaded. The document discusses types of springs including helical and leaf springs. It describes functions of springs such as absorbing shock, storing energy, and controlling motion. Formulas are provided for deflection, stiffness, stress, and strain energy of helical springs under various conditions.

Uploaded by

rit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SPRINGS

An elastic member whose primary function is to deflect or


distort under the action of applied load; it recovers its original
shape when load is released. Springs are energy absorbing
units whose function is to store energy and to restore it slowly
or rapidly depending on the particular application

©Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical


Engineering
Types of Spring
• Helical Spring - They are made of wire coiled into a helical form, the load
being applied along the axis of the helix. In these type of springs the major
stresses is torsional shear stress due to twisting. They are both used in
tension and compression.

• Laminated Spring / Leaf Spring -They are composed of flat bars of varying
lengths clamped together so as to obtain greater efficiency . Leaf springs
may be full elliptic, semi elliptic or cantilever types, In these type of springs
the major stresses which come into picture are tensile & compressive.

©Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical


Engineering
Functions of a Spring
The following are the functions of a Spring:
• To apply forces and to control motions as in brakes and clutches.

• To measure forces as in spring balance.

• To store energy as in clock springs.

• To reduce the effect of shock or impact loading as in carriage springs.

• To change the vibrating characteristics of a member as inflexible mounting


of motors.

©Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical


Engineering
Closely coiled spring subjected to
Axial Load
Consider a closely-coiled helical spring subjected to an axial load
d = Diameter of the spring wire,
R = Mean radius of the spring coil,
n = No. of turns of coils,
C = Modulus of rigidity for the spring
material,
W = Axial load on the spring,
τ = Maximum shear stress induced in the wire
due to twisting,
θ = Angle of twist in the spring wire and
δ = Deflection of the spring, as a result of
axial load.

T = W · R ...(i)
We know that the twisting moment, .......(ii)

©Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical


Engineering
CONTD..

We also know that the length of the wire,


l = Length of one coil × No. of coils
=2πR·n

And, Deflection is

Stiffness of a Spring, k =

Strain Energy, U = = (τ2 /4C)*Vol of spring

©Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical


Engineering
Closely coiled spring subjected to
Axial Twist
Assumption:
• An increase in the number of turns causes a decrease in the radius of curvature
of the spring coil
• Decrease in number of coil tries t increase the curvature

Length of wire = l = 2πR1n1 = 2πR2n2


As number of turn increase from n1 to n2, radius of coil decrease from R1 to R2
Change in curvature = 1/R2 – 1/R1
So from moment equation,
M/EI = 1/R2 – 1/R1= 2πn2/l - 2πn1/l = (2π/l )*(n2-n1)
Angle of bend = Ф = 2π(n2-n1)= ML/EI = (M*2 πRn)/(E* π*d4/64)=128MRn/Ed4
Now, d Ф/dl =M/Ei

©Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical


Engineering
CONTD..

Bending Stress induced in spring wire = σ = M*y/I = 32M/πd3

Strain Energy U = M*Ф/2 = ½ * M*Ml/EI = ½ *(σ*π*d3/32)2 * (L*64/E*π*d4)


U= σ2/8E * volume of Spring

©Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical


Engineering
Spring in Series
• If two springs of different stiffness are joined endon and carry a common
load W, they are said to be connected in series and the combined stiffness
and deflection are given by the following equation
• W1 = W2 = W
• δ= δ1 + δ2
• Now, δ/W = δ1/W1+ δ2/W2
• 1/k = 1/k1+1/k2
Or, k = k1k2/k1+k2

©Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical


Engineering
Spring in parallel
• If the two spring are joined in such a way that they have a common
deflection ; then they are said to be connected in parallel.In this care the
load carried is shared between the two springs and total load W = W1 +
W2
• δ= δ1= δ2
• W1=W2=W
• W/ δ = W1/ δ1+W2/ δ2
Or, k = k1+k2

©Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical


Engineering
Wahl Factor
• Wahl factor , Kw = (4C-1)/(4C-4) + 0.615/C

where, C = D/d = ratio of mean coil dia to wire dia

©Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical


Engineering
Assignment
• Two-close coiled helical springs wound from the same wire, but with
different core radii having equal no. of coils are compressed between rigid
plates at their ends. Calculate the maximum shear stress induced in each
spring, if the wire diameter is 10 mm and the load applied between the
rigid plates is 500 N. The core radii of the springs 100 mm and 75 mm
respectively.
• A closely-coiled helical spring of round steel wire 5 mm in diameter having
12 complete coils of 50 mm mean diameter is subjected to an axial load of
100 N. Find the deflection of the spring and the maximum shearing stress
in the material. Modulus of rigidity (C) = 80 GPa.

©Rituparna Biswas, Faculty of Mechanical


Engineering

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