LECTURES-1

NETWORK: - A network is a set of devices (often referred to as

nodes) connected by communication links.

NETWORK

NET + WORK

an open-meshed thing
twisted, knotted, or woven
To do something
together at regular
intervals .

COMPUTER NETWORK: -
Computer network’’ to mean a collection of autonomous computers
interconnected by a single technology.
NETWORKING: -
The action or process of interacting with others to exchange information and develop
professional or social contacts.

USES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS:-

1. Business Applications

 resource sharing
 client-server model
 communication medium ……email, electronic mail
 Telephone calls
 Desktop sharing
 e-commerce
 electronic commerce

2. Home Applications

 peer-to-peer
 person-to-person communication
 entertainment: - game playing, movie.
 electronic commerce
3. Mobile Users
  Text messaging or texting
 Smart phones
 GPS (Global Positioning System)
 m-commerce
 NFC (Near Field Communication) .

4. Social Issues: - social, political, and ethical issues.

Example: employee rights versus employer rights, women’s right
etc.

ADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER NETWORKS:-

These are main advantages of Computer Networks:
1. Central Storage of Data.
2. Anyone can connect to a computer network.
3. Faster Problem solving.
4. Reliability.
5. It is highly flexible.
6. Security through Authorization.
7. It boosts storage capacity.
8. Increase Speed

DIS-ADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER NETWORKS:-

These are main disadvantages of Computer Networks:

1. It lacks robustness.
2. It lacks independence.
3. Virus and Malware.
4. Cost of network.
5. Cable Fault
6. Social Issues: - Phishing ATTACK.

Phishing attack:
Phishing: is a type of social engineering
+9
Attack: often used to steal user data, including login credentials and
credit card numbers.
 BOTNET ATTACK: Botnets can be used to perform distributed
denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack), steal data, send spam,
and allows the attacker to access the device and its connection.
CHARACTERSTIC OF DATA COMMUNICATION: -
The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four
fundamental characteristics: delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and
jitter.
I. Delivery: -
The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must
be received by the intended device or user and only by that device
or user.
2. Accuracy: -
The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been
altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.
3. Timeliness: -
The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data
delivered late are useless. This kind of delivery is called real-time
transmission.
4. Jitter: -
It refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven
delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.
For example, let us assume that video packets are sent every 30
microsec. If some of the packets arrive with 30-ms delay and others
with 40-ms delay, an uneven quality in the video is the result.

COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION: -

A data communications system has five components
I. Message
The message is the information (data) to be communicated.
2. Sender
The sender is the device that sends the data message.
3. Receiver
The receiver is the device that receives the message.
4. Transmission medium
The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message
travels from sender to receiver.
5. Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.
DATA REPRESENTATION: -
 Text
 Numbers
 Images
 Audio
 Video

DATA FLOW: - Communication between two devices can be simplex, half-duplex, or

full-duplex.
Simplex :- From one to another.
In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-
way street.
Example- t.v., keyboard and monitor etc.

SENDER
RECIEVER

Half-Duplex:
In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but
not at the
same time. Example: Walkie-talkies, radios etc.

SENDER
RECIEVER

Full-Duplex:
In full-duplex, both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously.
Example: telephone network etc.
.

SENDER
RECIEVER
NETWORK CRITERIA: -
A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria. The
most
important of these are :-
 Performance: Performance can be measured in many ways-

Throughput
Delay
Transmission
Response Time

 Reliability: In addition to accuracy of delivery, network

reliability is measured
by the frequency of failure. The time it takes a link to recover from a
failure, and
the network's robustness in a catastrophe.
 Security: Network security issues include protecting data
from unauthorized
access, protecting data from damage and development, and
implementing
policies and procedures for recovery from breaches and data losses.

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS: -
A network is two or more devices connected to each other through
connecting links.
There are two possible types of connections:
 point-to-point connection
 multipoint connection
Point-to-Point :- A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated
link between
two devices. Example: T.V. and remote etc.

Multipoint: - Numbers of device share link like highways.

PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY(Types of Network Topology): -
The way in which parts of something are organized, arranged or connected. The
term physical topology refers to the way in which a network is laid
out physically.
“Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more links
form a topology.”
The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the
relationship of all
the links and connecting devices (usually called nodes) to one
another.
There are four basic topologies possible: mesh, star, bus, and
ring

To relationship on the basis are possible as follows:

1. Peer to Peer
2. Primary – Secondary

Peer to Peer:

Peer to Peer is the relationship where the devices shared the link
equality.
Example: Ring and Mesh topology.
Primary- Secondary:

In Primary- Secondary relationship, one devices control and the

other devices have to transmit through it.
Example: Star and Tree topology.

MESH TOPOLOGY:
“For every work station, we have point to point path”.
A mesh topology can be a:
1. full mesh topology
2. partially connected mesh topology.
full mesh topology:
In a full mesh topology, every computer in the network has a
connection to
each of the other computers in that network. The number of
connections in this network can be calculated using the following
formula (n is the number of computers in the network):
= n(n-1)/2

The problem arise is if we want to move from 1 to 2 and network 1

to 2 us fail then we will move 1 to 4 than 4 to 2. This topology is
more reliable for this. We will need link-

partially connected mesh topology:

In a partially connected mesh topology, at least two of the
computers in the
network have connections to multiple other computers in that
network. It is an
inexpensive way to implement redundancy in a network. In the
event that one of the primary computers or connections in the
network fails, the rest of the
network continues to operate normally.
Advantages of a mesh topology:
1. No traffic (because path is dedicated)
2. Robust ((because the failure of any one network does not bring
down the entire network).
3. Privacy and Security (because dedicated link).
4. Fault isolation is easy.
Disadvantages of a mesh topology:
1. Most expensive topology.
2. Installation and reconnection are difficult.
3. The chance of redundant connections is high, which adds to
the high costs and potential for reduced efficiency.

STAR TOPOLOGY:

A star network, star topology is one of the most common

network setups. In this configuration, every node connects to a
central network device, like a hub, switch, or computer.

The central network device acts as a server and the peripheral

devices act as clients. Each computer on a star network
communicate with the central hub that resend the message:

1. Either to all the computer in a brought cost star network.

2. Or only to the destination computer in a switch star
network.

Advantages of star topology

 1. Centralized management of the network, through the use
of the central computer, hub, or switch.
2. Easy to add another computer to the network.
3. If one computer on the network fails, the rest of the
network continues to function normally.
4. The star topology is used in local-area networks (LANs),
High-speed LANs often use a star topology with a central
hub
5. Less expensive then mesh.

Disadvantages of star topology

1. Can have a higher cost to implement, especially when

using a switch or router as the central network device.
2. The central network device determines the performance
and number of nodes the network can handle.
3. If the central computer, hub, or switch fails, the entire
network goes down and all computers are disconnected
from the network.
BUS TOPOLOGY:

A line topology, a bus topology is a network setup in which each

computer and network device are connected to a single cable or
backbone.

The bus topology is usually used when a network installation is

small, simple or temporary. The speed of the bus topology is slow
because only one computer sends a message at a time. A computer
must wait until the bus is free before it can transmit.

Advantages of bus topology:

1) This is a multipoint congregation.

2) Easy installation.
3) The cabling cost is less as the bus topology requires the last
amount of cable to connect the computer.
4) Easy to understand.
5) Easy to expend.

Disadvantages of bus topology:

1) Unidirectional and Traffic increase .

2) Quality of cable decrease after the transmission of data
depending upon no. of times the data is transmitted.
3) It can be difficult to identify the problems if the whole network
goes down.
4) It can be hard to troubleshoot individual device issues.
5) Bus topology is not great for large networks.
6) Terminators are required for both ends of the main cable.
7) If a main cable is damaged, the network fails or splits into two.

RING TOPOLOGY:
In a ring topology each computer is connected to the next computer
with the last one connected to the first. So, it is a network
configuration in which device connections create a circular data
path.

In a ring network, packets of data travel from one device to the

next until they reach their destination. Ring topologies may be used
in either local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs).
There are two types of ring topology base on direction: -
unidirectional ring network:
Most ring topologies allow packets to travel only in one direction,
called a unidirectional ring network.
bidirectional ring network:
Others permit data to move in either direction, called bidirectional.
Characteristics:
 1. The data is transferred in a sequential manner bit by bit
around the ring.
2. Data is transmitted in the form of packets.
Advantages of ring topology:
1) All data flows in one direction, reducing the chance of packet
collisions.
2) A network server is not needed to control network connectivity
between each workstation.
3) Data can transfer between workstations at high speeds.
4) Additional workstations can be added without impacting
performance of the network.

Disadvantages of ring topology:

1) All data being transferred over the network must pass through
each workstation on the network, which can make it slower than
a star topology.
2) The entire network will be impacted if one workstation shuts
down.
3) The hardware needed to connect each workstation to the network
is more expensive than Ethernet cards and hubs/switches.
4) It is difficult to trouble suit the in the ring.

TREE TOPOLOGY:

Tree topology is a variation of a star, as in a star, nodes in a tree are

linked to a central hub that controls the to a central hub that
controls the traffic to the network. The central hub in the tree is an
active hub. The secondary hubs may be active or passive.

Advantages of tree topology:

 1. It allows more devices to be attached to a single hub and
can therefore increase the distance of a signal that can
travel between devises.
2. It allows the network to isolate and priorities
communication from different computer.

Disadvantages of ring topology:

1) If the centre hub fails the system break down.

2) The cabling cost Is more.

HYBRID TOPOLOGY:

A network can be hybrid. A hybrid topology is a type of network topology

that uses two or more differing network topologies. These topologies can include
a mix of bus topology, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, and tree
topology. For example, we can have a main star topology with each
branch connecting several stations in a bus topology as shown in
Figure.
Types of Hybrid Network Topologies

There are different types of hybrid network topologies depending on the

basic requirement of an organization:

1) Star-Ring Network Topology

2) Star-Bus Network Topology

Advantages of Hybrid Topology:

1) Hybrid network combines the benefits of different types of topologies

2) Can be modified as per requirement
3) It is extremely flexible.
4) It is very reliable.
5) It is easily scalable

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology:

1) It is expensive
2) The design of a hybrid network is complex.
3) Hardware changes are required in order to connect topology to another topology.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BUS, RING AND STAR TOPOLOGY:

Types of Network based on size:

The types of network are classified based upon the size, the area it
covers and
its physical architecture.
The three primary network categories are
1) LAN (Local Ares Network)
2) WAN (Wide Ares Network)
3) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

LAN (Local Area Network) :

 LAN is a network which is design to operate over a small
physical area such as an office, factory or a group of buildings.
 Lan are easy to design and troublesuit.
 Two or more pc's can from a LAN to share files, folders,
printers, applications and other devices.
 Due to short distances, errors and noise are minimum.
 Data transfer rate is 10 to 100 mbps.
Example: A computer lab in a school.

LAN COMPONENTS:
 Work station (single computer)
 File server
 Gateway
 Network interfacing unit
 Lan cable or communication channel
ADVANTAGE:

 Higher reliability
 It is easy to add a new computer easily
 The transmission of data is at a very high rate.
 Saving of peripheral devices such as printer is possible.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):

 It is basically a bigger version of a LAN and normally use

similar technology. It is design to extend over an entire city.
 Networks can be up to 5 to 50 km.
 Owned by organization or individual.
 Data transfer rate is low compare to LAN.
Example: Organization with different branches located in the city.
ADVANTAGE:

 The performance is better.

WAN (Wide Area Network) :

 Are country and worldwide network.

  Contains multiple LAN's and MAN's.
 Distinguished in terms of geographical range.
 Uses satellites and microwave relays.
 Data transfer rate depends upon the ISP provider and varies
over the location.
 Best example is the internet.

ADVANTAGE:

 It is cheaper

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LAN, MAN AND WAN:

TRANSMISSION MEDIUM:

A transmission medium can be broadly defined as anything that

can carry
information from a source to a destination.

Classes of transmission media:

Guided Media:

Guided media, which are those that provide a medium from one
device to another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and
fiber-optic cable.

Twisted-Pair Cable:

A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each

with its own plastic insulation, twisted together (By twisting the pair
the balance is maintain). One of the wires is used to carry signals to
the receiver, and the other is used only as a ground
reference.

Types of twisted pair cable:

1. Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable

2. Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable:

The most common twisted-pair cable used in communications is

referred to as
unshielded twisted-pair (UTP). The UTP Cable are very cheap and
easy to install. But they are badly affected by the noise inference.

Shielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable:

STP cable has a metal foil or braided mesh covering that encases
each pair of insulated conductors. This is the known as the mettle
shield. It reduces the interference of the noise but makes the cable
bulky and expensive. So, practically UTP is more use than STP.

Frequency range of twisted pair:

100 Hz 5
megaHz(MHz)

Applications:

1. Twisted-pair cables are used in telephone lines to provide

voice and data channels.
2. Local-area networks, such as l0Base-T and l00Base-T, also use
twisted-pair cables.

Advantages of twisted pair:

1. Trained man power for repair and service is easily available.

2. Signal can travel several kilometers without amplification.
3. Can be used for both analog and digital transmission.
4. it is least expensive media of transmission for short distance.

Dis-advantages of twisted pair:

1. Easily pickup noise signal which result in higher error

rate.
2. They are easily breakable.
3. It is also affected by temperature pressure and magnetic
field.

Coaxial Cable:

Coaxial cable (or coax) carries signals of higher frequency ranges

than those in
twisted pair cable. In part because the two media are constructed
quite differently instead of having two wire-
“coax has a central core conductor of solid or stranded wire (usually
copper) enclosed in an insulating sheath, which is, in turn, encased
in an outer conductor of metal foil, braid, or a combination of the
two wires (usually copper). The outer metallic wrapping serves both
as a shield against noise and as the second conductor, which
completes the circuit. This outer conductor is also enclosed in an
insulating sheath, and the whole cable is protected by a plastic
cover.”

Frequency range of Coaxial Cable:

54 MHz 500
megaHz(MHz)

Types of coaxial cable:

1. Base
Band
2. Broad
Band
Base Band:

It is a 50-
ohm cable which is commonly used for digit transmission and the
entire band width is utilize for a single channel. This is use in
Telephone Network.

Frequency:

0 Hz 4 KHz.

Broad Band:
It is a 75-ohm cable, commonly used for analog transmission in
cable T.V. transmission. The band width its separated into sub
channel of equal frequency range that can be treated as separate
medium.

Frequency: Above 4 KHz.

Applications:

1. Analog telephone network (could carry 10,000 signals).

2. Digital telephone network (up to 600 mbps).
3. Cable T.V.
4. Traditional Ethernet LANs.
5. Digital Transmission.
6. Thick and thin Ethernet.

Advantages of twisted pair:

1) It has a better shielding.

2) Easy to install.
3) It can be used for longer distance at higher data rate.
4) It has a higher bandwidth and noise immunity.
5) It is relatively in expensive as compare to fiber optic cable.
6) It does not support cross talk problem.
7) It can be used for both analog and digital transmission.

Optical Fiber Cable (Fiber-Optic):

Fiber optic cable transits of in a glass core surrounded by a glass
cladding. Which has a lower reflective index. Digital signal is
transmitted in the form of intensity modulated light. Signal
which is trapped in the glass core. Light travels in a straight line
as long as it is moving through a single uniform substance. Light is
launched into fiber using a light source such as Light Emitting
Diode (LED) or laser. It is detector such as photo transistor.
 If a ray of light traveling
through one substance suddenly enters another substance (of a
different density), the ray changes direction.

Bending of light ray Optical fibers use reflection to guide light

through a channel. A glass or plastic core is surrounded by a
cladding of less dense glass or plastic.

Propagation Modes

Frequency range of Optic Fiber Cable :

45 mbps 9.6
gbps.

Applications:

(1) Telephone System.

 (2) LAN.

Advantages of twisted pair:

a) Can cover 50 km without repeater.

b) Small size and light weight.
c) No electrical or electromagnetic interference.
d) Large band width.
e) In stallion is easy.

Dis-advantages of twisted pair:

i) Easily breakable (glass).

ii) Initial cost incurred is high.
iii) Unidirectional light propagation.

UNGUIDED MEDIA (WIRELESS MEDIA)

1. It does not use an electrical or optical conductor.

2. Wireless media is used when distance or obstruction may cable
media difficult.

Radio Waves Transmission:

Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between 3 kHz and 1

GHz are normally called radio waves. Radio waves are omni
directional. When an antenna transmits radio waves; they are
propagated in all directions. This means that the sending and
receiving antennas do not have to be aligned.
A sending antenna sends waves that can be received by any
receiving antenna.
The omni directional property has a disadvantage, too. The radio
waves
transmitted by one antenna are susceptible to interference by
another antenna
that may send signals using the same frequency or band.

Omni directional Antenna

Radio waves use omnidirectional antennas that send out signals in

all directions. Based on the wavelength, strength, and the purpose
of transmission, we can have several types of antennas.

Applications:

1. Cellular communication.
2. Wireless LAN.
3. Point to Point and point to
multipoint radio System.
4. Satellite communication.

Microwaves

Electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz

are called
microwaves. Microwaves are unidirectional. The sending and
receiving antennas
need to be aligned. The unidirectional property has an obvious
advantage. A
pair of antennas can be aligned without interfering with another pair
of aligned
antennas.

Unidirectional Antenna
Microwaves need unidirectional antennas that send out signals in
one direction.
Two types of antennas are used for microwave communications: the
parabolic
dish and the horn

Applications:
1. One to one communication.
2. Cellular phone.
3. Satellite network.
4. Wireless LANs.

Advantages of Micro Wave:

1. Installation of tower an associated equipment is cheaper than

laying down a cable of 100 km length.
2. Less maintenance as compare to cable.
3. Repeaters can be use (affected of noise is reduce).
4. Size of transmitter and receiver reduce due to the use of high
frequency.

Dis-advantages of twisted pair:

1. Signal strength at the receiving antenna reduces due to the

multipath reception.
 2. The transmission will be affected by atmospheric
phenomenon’s.
Infrared

Infrared waves, with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz

(wavelengths from 1 mm to 770 nm), can be used for short-range
communication. A short-range communication system in one room
cannot be affected by another system in the next room. When we
use our infrared remote control, we do not interfere with the use of
the remote by our neighbors. In addition, we cannot use infrared
waves outside a building because the sun's rays contain infrared
waves that can interfere with the communication.

Application:

1. For communication between keyboard, mouse, P.C.S. and

printer.
2. T.V., remote.
3. Mobile Bluetooth.

Advantage:

1. Prevents interference between one system and another.

2. Very large band width.

Disadvantage:

1. It cannot penetrate walls.

2. Sun generates radiance in the infrared bands.
3. Infrared signals useless for long-range communication.
 DPP-1

1. What is network?
2. Write the definition of computer network.
3. What is the use of computer network?
4. Write the advantage and disadvantage of computer
networking.
5. Write the characteristic of data communication.
6. What are the components of data communication?
7. What is data flow and write the types of data flow?
8. What is topology and how many types of topology?
9. What is mesh topology and write its advantage and
disadvantage?
10. How the network effect our social enjoyment?
11. What is jitter?
12. Define ring topology and how is differ from star
topology?
13. What is protocol?
14. Define data representation?
15. What is transmission medium and write its types?

DPP-2

1. What is difference between LAN, MAN, WAN?

2. What is accuracy in networking?
3. What is mesh topology define briefly?
4. Define transmission medium and type of transmission
medium.
5. Write about twisted pair cable and use of twisted pair
cable?
6. Write briefly about coaxial cable.
7. What is un guided media?
8. Define term micro wave media.
9. Write frequency of all transmission media.
10. How all type topology connects computer network in
organization?
11. What is full duplex and write the example of full
duplex?
12. Write about fiber optic cable.
13. Define radio wave as a transmission media?
14. What is omni directional and unidirectional antenna?
 15. Define given short term:
i) Use of time in network.
ii) Sender
iii)Receiver
iv)Security
v) Infrared
DAY-1

1. What is network?
2. Write the definition of computer network.
3. What is the use of computer network?
4. Write the advantage and disadvantage of computer
networking.
5. Write the characteristic of data communication.

DAY-2
1. What are the components of data communication?
2. What is data flow and write the types of data flow?
3. What is topology and how many types of topology?
4. What is mesh topology and write its advantage and
disadvantage?
5. How the network effect our social enjoyment?

DAY-3

1. What is jitter?
2. Define ring topology and how is differ from star topology?
3. What is protocol?
4. Define data representation?
5. What is transmission medium and write the types of
transmission medium?

DAY-4

1. What is difference between LAN, MAN, WAN?

2. What is accuracy in networking?
3. What is mesh topology define briefly?
4. Define transmission medium and type of transmission
medium.
5. Write about twisted pair cable and use of twisted pair cable?

DAY-5

1. Write briefly about coaxial cable.

2. What is un guided media?
3. Define term micro wave media.
4. Write frequency of all transmission media.
5. How all type topology connects computer network in
organization?

DAY-6
1. What is full duplex and write the example of full duplex?
2. Write about fiber optic cable.
3. Define radio wave as a transmission media?
4. What is omni directional and unidirectional antenna?
5. What is networking?

DAY-7

1. Define bus topology.

2. Define UTP and STP.
3. What is guided media and types of guide media?
4. Define point to point and multipoint connection.
5. Define given short term:
vi) Use of time in network.
vii) Sender
viii) Receiver
ix)Security
x) Infrared