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Transformer Wiki Pedia

An ideal transformer is a theoretical device that transfers electrical energy between two circuits without loss of power. It works by electromagnetic induction: a changing current in the primary winding creates a changing magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. The voltage ratio between the two windings is directly proportional to the ratio of their number of turns. An ideal transformer is characterized by perfectly coupled windings, no power loss, and conservation of real and reactive power between its input and output.

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78 views4 pages

Transformer Wiki Pedia

An ideal transformer is a theoretical device that transfers electrical energy between two circuits without loss of power. It works by electromagnetic induction: a changing current in the primary winding creates a changing magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. The voltage ratio between the two windings is directly proportional to the ratio of their number of turns. An ideal transformer is characterized by perfectly coupled windings, no power loss, and conservation of real and reactive power between its input and output.

Uploaded by

Jitendra Pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ransformer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


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This article is about the electrical device. For the media and toy franchise,
see Transformers. For other uses, see Transformer (disambiguation).

Pole-mounted distribution transformer with center-tapped secondary winding used to provide "split-phase" power for residential and light commercial service,

which in North America is typically rated 120/240 V.[1]

A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one
electrical circuit to another, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a
varying electromotive force across any other coils wound around the same core.
Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic
(conductive) connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered
in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux
encircled by the coil.
Transformers are most commonly used for increasing low AC voltages at high current (a
step-up transformer) or decreasing high AC voltages at low current (a step-down
transformer) in electric power applications, and for coupling the stages of signal
processing circuits. Transformers can also be used for isolation, where the voltage in
equals the voltage out, with separate coils not electrically bonded to one another.
Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have
become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current
electric power.  A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and
[2]

electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than


a cubic centimeter in volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect
the power grid.

Principles[edit]
Ideal transformer equations
By Faraday's law of induction:

 . . . (eq. 1)[a][3]

 . . . (eq. 2)

Where   is the instantaneous voltage,   is the number of turns in a winding, dΦ/dt is the derivative of the magnetic
flux Φ through one turn of the winding over time (t), and subscripts P and S denotes primary and secondary.
Combining the ratio of eq. 1 & eq. 2:

Turns ratio   . . . (eq. 3)

Where for a step-down transformer a > 1, for a step-up transformer a < 1, and for an isolation transformer a = 1.
By law of conservation of energy, apparent, real and reactive power are each conserved in the input and output:

 . . . . (eq. 4)

Where   is conserved power and   is current.

Combining eq. 3 & eq. 4 with this endnote [b][4]


 gives the ideal transformer identity:

 . (eq. 5)

Where   is winding self-inductance.


By Ohm's law and ideal transformer identity:

 . . . (eq. 6)

 . (eq. 7)

Where   is the load impedance of the secondary circuit &   is the apparent load or driving point impedance of the

primary circuit, the superscript   denoting referred to the primary.


Ideal transformer[edit]
An ideal transformer is a theoretical linear transformer that is lossless and perfectly coupled. Perfect coupling implies infinitely high
core magnetic permeability and winding inductances and zero net magnetomotive force (i.e. ipnp - isns = 0).[5][c]

Ideal transformer connected with source VP on primary and load impedance ZL on secondary, where 0 < ZL < ∞.

Ideal transformer and induction law

A varying current in the transformer's primary winding attempts to create a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core, which is also
encircled by the secondary winding. This varying flux at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force (EMF, voltage) in the
secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction and the secondary current so produced creates a flux equal and opposite to that
produced by the primary winding, in accordance with Lenz's law.
The windings are wound around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the
primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the primary winding and a load connected to the secondary winding,
the transformer currents flow in the indicated directions and the core magnetomotive force cancels to zero.
According to Faraday's law, since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings in an ideal transformer,
a voltage is induced in each winding proportional to its number of windings. The transformer winding voltage ratio is directly proportional to
the winding turns ratio.[7]
The ideal transformer identity shown in eq. 5

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